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【Objective】The study aimed to clarify the degradation behavior and residual risk of fluazinam on Pamax notoginseng,and to provide a theoretical busis for the sate use of fluazinam.【Method】In 2018, controlled field application of fluazinam on P. notoginsengwere carried out inexperimental sites in Zhanyi, Shilin, Mile and Qiubei of Yunnan province. To detect and quantify fluazinamin P. notoginseng, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC-MS/MS） method was established.【Result】The recovery efficiency of fluazinam in P. notoginseng and soil ranged from 82% to 103% with relative standard deviations（RSDs） of 1%-13% and limits of quantification（LOQ） of 0.01-0.02 mg/kg. The results of dissipation dynamic experiments indicated that the half-lifeof fluazinam in P. notoginseng plants were 6.5-7.4 days, and the half-lifein soils were 20.0-30.1 days, but the degradation of fluazinam in rhizosphere soils and roots of P. notoginseng were not consistent with the first-order kinetic model. The ultimate residue experiments showed that 50% fluazinam suspension applied at doses of 250 g/hm²and 375 g/hm² for 3-4 times with an interval of 7 days, at 7, 14, and 21 days after the last application the residues of fluazinam were below 1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg in rhizome and root hair, respectively. The results of the dietary intake risk assessment revealed that the national estimated daily intake（NEDI） of fluazinam was 0.45 mg, with a risk quotient（RQ） of 71.4%, will be a posean unacceptable risk to the health of the general population. 【Conclusion】Fluazinam is easy to be degraded in crops and environment. At present, the Maximum Residue Level（MRL values） of fluazinam isset at 1 and 2 mg/kg in rhizome and root hair of P. notoginseng in China, respectively. When using 50% fluazinam suspension to control P. notoginseng diseases, it is recommended to apply at the most effective dose of 250 g/hm² and up to 3 times, and the safe pre-harvest interval is 7 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the action of reproduction and metabolism of probiotic bacteria, the feed improves the nutritional characteristics of the feed and reduces some anti-nutritional factors in the feed raw materials. The use of probiotic fermented 宦ed in sow production could increase the feed intake of pigs and feed digestibility, improve the milk quality of lactating sows, improve reproductive performance, and alleviate the constipation of pregnant sows. The artical indicates that the related concepts, physical and chemical characteristics of probiotic fermented feed and the impact of probiotic fermented feed on the production performance of breeding sows, analyzes the problems existing in the application of probiotic fermented feed in breeding sows, and analyzes the future research and development direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To ensure the safe use of chlorothalonil and clarify the residual behavior of chlorothalonil and its metabolite 4-hydroxy chlorothalonil in P. notoginseng, the supervised field trials were conducted in the main producing areas of P. notoginseng in Yunnan Province, including Qiubei, Guangnan, Mile and Shilin in 2017. In addition, analytical methods were established for the determination of chlorothalonil and 4-hydroxy chlorothalonil in P. notoginseng using gas chromatography (GC-ECD) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), respectively. Chlorothalonil in samples were extracted with V (ethyl acetate) : V (n-hexane) = 2 : 8 mixed solvent, cleaned-up by silica gel solid phase extraction column, and detected by GC-ECD. 4-Hydroxy chlorothalonil was extracted with acetonitrile, cleaned-up by N-propyl ethylenediamine (PSA) dispersible solid phase extraction, and detected by UPLC-MS/MS. Both analytes were quantified with external standard method. Satisfactory recoveries of 93%-98%, relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 3%-6%, and limit of quantity (LOQ) of 0.05 mg/kg for chlorothalonil, and satisfactory recoveries of 75%-94%, RSDs of 3%-9%, and LOQ of 0.02 mg/kg for 4-hydroxy chlorothalonil were obtained in P. notoginseng root and fibrous root. The dissipation experiments in Qiubei and Guangnan showed that the half-life of chlorothalonil was 8.4-8.5 d, and the half-life of 4-hydroxy chlorothalonil was 16.5-17.3 d on P. notoginseng plant. However, the dissipation of chlorothalonil and 4-hydroxy chlorothalonil in the underground root system of P. notoginseng did not conform to the first-order kinetic model. It was observed that, within 45 days after the application, the residues of chlorothalonil decreased slowly, while the residues of 4-hydroxy chlorothalonil increased slowly, and both followed a fluctuating trend. The terminal residue experiments in the above 4 sites showed that when 40% chlorothalonil suspension applied for 3-4 times with an interval of 7 d at doses of 2 400 and 3 600 g (a.i)/hm2, the residues of chlorothalonil and 4-hydroxy chlorothalonil were <0.05-3.14 mg/kg and 0.19-1.54 mg/kg in root, and 0.085-0.760 mg/kg and 0.46-4.48 in fibrous root, respectively, 21 d after the last application. The results of the risk assessment of dietary intake revealed it would not pose an unacceptable risk to the health of the general population. Given that the national estimated daily intake (NEDI) of chlorothalonil was 0.967 mg, its risk quotient (RQ%) was 76.8%. Given that NEDI of 4-hydroxy chlorothalonil was 0.012 mg, its RQ% is 2.4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Progress in Modern Biomedicine is the property of Publishing House of Progress in Modern Biomedicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)