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動態視覺化易於解說與展演抽象概念和程序過程，經常作為促進個體認知理解的一項途徑。然而，其所伴隨的瞬變效應可能不利於學習者在短時間內進行感知及認知處理，以致無法顯現預期的學習效果。相關研究建議體現動態視覺化，意即結合手勢等體現模擬的展演方式，有助於個體在動態視覺化過程中進行有意義的學習。因此，本研究旨在探討體現模擬、圖像動畫與靜態圖示等不同展演方式對七年級學生在學習代數式基本運算的認知面與情意面之影響。研究方法採用準實驗設計，對96位七年級學生隨機提供一種展演方式進行自主學習， 並透過前、後測與學習感受問卷分析效果。結果發現：一、體現模擬或圖像動畫能明顯幫助學生在基本題、迷思概念及近遷移和遠遷移的學習效果；但靜態圖示在遠遷移部分則未能顯現學習效果；二、對高數學學習成就學生來說，體現模擬在基本題方面的學習效果會明顯優 於圖像動畫，在遠遷移方面的學習效果則會明顯優於靜態圖示；三、對低數學學習成就學生來說，體現模擬或圖像動畫在基本題方面的學習效果均明顯高於靜態圖示；四、展演方式與數學學習成就兩變項對學生在學習感受上具有明顯的交互作用。根據本研究結果，對體現動 態視覺化在數學教學與學習上的應用與方向提出建議。 Mathematical objects are artifacts of abstract thinking achieved by both conceptual and procedural knowledge. Mathematical thinking is usually communicated and constructed with external representations such as texts, symbols, or diagrams. Since it is difficult to demonstrate the dynamic nature of mathematical objects using static representations, teachers and instructional designers often apply dynamic visualization to present abstract or complex content in digital learning materials. While this illustrates abstract concepts and procedures with mathematical discipline, the accompanying transient effects may impede perceptual and cognitive processing over the short term, such that the intended learning effect may not be achieved. These transient effects are more pronounced for mathematical content with a high intrinsic cognitive load which require the integration of concepts and procedures. Relevant studies have suggested that the learning effect of dynamic visualization can be enhanced using physical experiences such as moving the body while learning. This includes demonstrating learning content using embodied simulation, which means combining gestures and actions in the process of dynamic visualization. This approach is termed embodied dynamic visualization. To facilitate the connection between physical gestures and procedural knowledge in the creation of mathematical meaning, this study adopted conceptual metaphor theory to develop related research instruments, including learning materials for embodied simulation. In addition to determining whether students can successfully integrate mathematical concepts and the processes of calculation in the cognitive process of procept formation, we investigated affective factors. Affective factors which have been shown to affect learning outcomes include aspects of cognitive load, mental effort, self-efficacy, learning strategies, and degree of initiative. Therefore, this study applied a quasi-experimental design to explore the effects of different demonstration methods (i.e., embodied simulations, instructional animations, and static illustrations) on the cognition and emotions of seventh-grade students learning algebraic manipulation. Criteria for inclusion in the experiment were participation in the whole process of the instructional experiment and a score of less 85% in the pre-test (to ensure the subjects had not already mastered the basic concepts and problem-solving skills relevant to algebraic manipulation). Based on these criteria, we recruited 96 seventh grade students, who were randomly provided with embodied simulations, instructional animations, or static illustrations. They were expected to engage in self-regulated learning of content related to algebraic manipulation. Data on both cognitive and affective aspects was collected and analyzed. For the former, students’ comprehension of algebraic manipulation was evaluated using a pre-test and a post-test. For the latter, students completed a self-reported questionnaire on their learning perceptions. Cronbach’s α for these two aspects were .743 and .887, respectively, thereby confirming reliability. Our results were as follows: (1) Students’ overall learning outcomes can be significantly enhanced by including embodied simulation, instructional animation, or static illustration. All three types of demonstration helped students solve problems related to basic algebraic manipulation. They also increased the positive learning effects on misconceptions and near-transfer problems as well as far-transfer problems. However, static illustrations did not have a significant effect on the learning performances of the seventh-grade students in solving far-transfer problems. This type of demonstration illustrates the algorithm and structure of algebraic manipulation; however, the procedure and approach to calculation are not shown. Therefore, students must depend on their own imagination to determine how these algebraic expressions are calculated based on the result alone. This places a high cognitive demand on students and may thus hinder the learning effects on far-transfer and other applications relevant to algebraic manipulation. (2) For high-performing students, exposure to embodied simulation enabled the students to perform significantly better on basic questions related to algebraic manipulation than did exposure to instructional animation. Moreover, students exposed to embodied simulation performed significantly better on far-transfer problems than did students exposed to static illustration. This indicates the value of using different gestures to simulate the operations involved in the calculation process, such as distribution expansion or the merging of similar items. This enabled high-performing students to acquire basic operating rules and calculation skills more effectively. In addition, embodying the process of the calculation exerted a more positive learning effect for high-performing students solving far-transfer problems than did exposure to static illustrations. This is because embodied simulation not only offers a form of dynamic visualization, but also connects the elements of the calculation based on operation processes. In addition, the simulated gestures help students understand the meaning of the operations, thereby generating meaningful dynamic mental images. (3) For low-performing students, exposure to either embodied simulation or instructional animation resulted in significantly better performance in the solution of basic questions related to algebraic manipulation than did exposure to static illustration. This means that dynamic visualization methods such as embodied simulation or instructional animation help improve understanding of procedural knowledge of algebraic manipulation for low-performing students. However, a lack of sufficient prior knowledge or proficiency at solving basic problems hampered the learning effects for low-performing students in the topic of far-transfer problems. For these, the results of exposure to embodied simulation or static instruction did not differ from those of exposure to static illustration. (4) We found significant interaction effects in terms of students’ learning perceptions among the different forms of demonstration and high and low performance groups. That is, for different forms of demonstration, students’ learning perceptions differ according to their level of mathematics learning achievement. To be specific, for high-performing students, exposure to instructional animation enable the students to perceive significantly better on the degree of initiative than did exposure to embodied simulation.However, for low-performing students, exposure to instructional animation showed significantly better on the self-efficacy and learning strategies than did exposure to static illustration. Based on these results, we make the following recommendations for future studies into the use of dynamic visualization in mathematical instruction: (1) The current study focused on embodied simulation, instructional animation, and static illustration. It would be worth exploring whether other forms of dynamic visualization (such as an instructional video with a human instructor) could help students in the learning of algebraic manipulation, enabling them to successfully integrate the concept and process of algebraic manipulation. (2) In the current study, students studied algebraic manipulation using non-interactive demonstration. In future studies, it would be worth investigating the effects of interactive gestures on students’ learning performances and perceptions. (3) As the complexity of algebraic manipulation problems may have been too low for high-performing students, it would be worth exploring the effects of embodied simulation or interactive gestures on other algebraic topics of higher cognitive complexity, such as solving square-root equations or completing the square, as well as geometric calculation and geometric reasoning.

为了研究双钢板组合剪力墙在施工时的应力和应变分布情况,进行了2片双钢板组合剪力墙施工应力的实测试验,监测了从开始浇筑混凝土到最终应变值稳定这一过程中各测点的应变值。将应变值进行整理并对同一水平高度或同一竖直方向的应变值进行对比分析。根据监测结果分析得出在浇筑混凝土时的应变分布规律,并得出外侧钢板及对拉栓钉的最大主应力的大小和方向,通过不同位置的应变值随时间的变化情况及最终趋于稳定时的稳定值大小,得出混凝土凝结硬化过程对外侧钢板应变值的影响规律,为类似的工程提供参考依据。

為培養學生能適應快速變遷的社會及面對未來挑戰，教學設計必須考慮相關的知識、技能、思維、態度等學習要素。而數學常展現於日常的活動、科技的發展、社會及經濟現象的解讀等生活及各種研究中，因此，「數學素養」一詞成為國民基本教育課程中的重要理念。然而，許多文獻都在探討數學素養的意涵及其目標，卻很少說明培養數學素養的教材設計。本研究從彙整現有文獻中的數學素養意涵，從而提出「知」識、應「用」、「觀」點與「學」習是數學素養的構成要素，而教材設計可從現實問題轉譯為數學問題，利用數學結果詮譯情境意義的學習迴圈，並配合APOS 理論之起源分解說明數學知識的認知發展，發展以數學「知」識為核心，發展具內含及外顯特質的「用」、「觀」、「學」之素養導向教材。在此架構中，素養教材設計不限於同時包含迴圈中的所有元素，且知」、「用」、「觀」、「學」是教材設計之方法而非必須依循的發展順序，教材設計者應考量學習者的認知及數學概念的發展，設計配合知識的應用、對數學的觀感、終身學習的思維及技能為導向的數學教材。本研究提供設計實例以說明教材設計的可能方向，並由此提出未來相關研究建議。 To help students’ adapt in a rapidly changing society, subject materials should incorporate learning components that feature knowledge, skills, thinking, and attitudes. Mathematics is commonly used in daily life, and it is vital for technological development and explaining economic phenomena. The term “mathematical literacy” is regarded as the main idea behind compulsory education in Taiwan. However, studies have often explored the objectives and implications of the mathematics curriculum rather than the design of subject materials for mathematical literacy. In this paper, based on a review of the literature, we propose that knowledge, application, disposition, and learning are the four components of mathematical literacy. Mathematical literacy-oriented subject materials can be designed based on a learning loop, which first translates real-life problems into mathematical problems and then uses the mathematical results to explain the context. This learning loop framework illustrates cognitive development of knowledge based on the genetic decomposition of APOS theory. The framework can be used to develop literacy-oriented mathematical subject materials with knowledge at the center, incorporating application, disposition, and learning and possessing implicit and explicit features. When designing teaching materials, some components can be excluded. The components of knowledge, application, disposition, and learning serve as the approach to teaching design rather than the sequence of cognitive development. The designers of subject materials should consider the development of both learners’ cognition and understanding of mathematical concepts. Moreover, the skills of knowledge application, mathematical perspective, and lifelong learning should be included in subject materials. Herein, several examples of possible directions for the design of subject materials are proposed, alongside suggestions for further investigations.

采用非线性导线模型，结合重冰区特高压输电线路实际情况进行计算机建模，应用有限元分析，计算档数、档距、覆冰量、脱冰比、高差、风速等因素与导线脱冰跳跃的关系。同时定性分析了导线脱冰跳跃的影响因素，对工程设计提出建议。计算结果表明，在耐张段内档数不超过5档时，脱冰跳跃高度随档数增加而增大；在档距小于1000 m时，档距越大，脱冰跳跃越严重；覆冰量越多，脱冰跳跃越严重；高差越大，垂直脱冰跳跃高度越小；风速越大，脱冰跳跃水平位移值越大。通过对计算结果的分析，对塔头设计时导（地）线层间距、水平偏移值的确定给予建议。

文章应用全矢量有效折射率方法（FVEIM）对芯区具有两个椭圆小空气孔的全内反射光子晶体光纤（TIR-PCF）进行了研究。结果表明,光子晶体光纤（PCF）的芯区折射率与包层区等效折射率的差随波长的增大而增大;固定包层空气孔的相对孔径,PCF基模的两个正交偏振态简并被打破,呈现出模式高双折射;随着芯区小空气孔椭圆率变大,模式双折射增大,PCF的总色散曲线变平坦。

文章对基于电模拟转换开关和混频器的采用单调制器产生载波抑制归零（CSRZ）码的方案进行了理论分析,提出了一种基于预编码器的简单、易集成的单调制器生成CSRZ码的方法,仿真验证了该方法生成的CSRZ码与传统方法产生的CSRZ码相比具有更窄的调制谱宽（约15 GHz）和更强的色散容纳能力（可达±1 320 ps/nm）。

文章研究了网际协议/多协议标签交换（IP/MPLS）网络升级为通用多协议标签交换（GMPLS）网络的过程中存在的几种演进模型,并重点分析了岛式模型。同时,还分析了MPLS网络和GMPLS网络互联时存在的问题、两种协议间的差异以及解决这些问题所采用的路由、信令和通道计算技术。

基于流量工程扩展的资源预留协议（RSVP-TE）作为自动交换光网络（ASON）中最重要的信令协议之一被广泛应用。RSVP-TE的可靠性和生存性机制直接影响到ASON的可靠性。文章具体分析了RSVP-TE的可靠性机制和支撑RSVP-TE生存性的软状态机制,阐述了影响生存性的两种基本故障类型——控制信道失效和平面节点失效,并深入研究了它们相应的恢复机制。

自动交换光网络（ASON）信令的可靠性会直接影响业务的可靠性和服务质量,是信令研究中的一个重要课题。文章研究了基于受限路由的标签分发协议（CR-LDP）和扩展的资源预留协议（RSVP-TE）的可靠性机制。分析、总结了CR-LDP的邻居发现、会话建立和维护,以及RSVP-TE中的软状态、Hello过程及消息传送的具体可靠性扩展机制,并对二者进行了比较。

自动交换光网络（ASON）可以提供快速高效的生存性。文章介绍了基于故障恢复的ASON仿真平台,并且分析了有故障情况下的网络控制信息,仿真了在不同负载和不同网络拓扑情况下控制信息的变化,最后对网络故障下的控制信道比特率作了分析。

[目的]探讨内窥镜辅助支撑喉镜下应用喉吸切钻切除青少年型复发性呼吸道乳头状瘤（JO-RRP）的麻醉方式的选择.[方法]配对比较20例JO-RRP患儿分别在静脉复合麻醉高频通气辅助呼吸和气管内插管全麻下应用内窥镜辅助支撑喉镜下喉吸切钻切除肿物;肿物的严重程度分为三级（轻1分,中2分,重3分）,评价患儿27个呼吸和消化道的解剖亚区,计算总积分并按积分分两组,比较两组同积分病例的手术时间、术后声音质量和麻醉苏醒时间变化.[结果]20例患儿进行了40次手术,相同积分的病例中,高频通气辅助呼吸或气管插管全麻下应用喉吸切钻切除JO-RRP的麻醉苏醒时间、手术时间和术后声音质量均无显著差异.前者有6例出现憋气、喉痉挛等现象,后者无1例出现.[结论]内窥镜辅助支撑喉镜下应用喉吸切钻处理JO-RRP,选择静脉复合麻高频通气辅助呼吸或气管内插管全麻均能顺利完成手术,但后者麻醉风险较少.

【目的】评价多节段脊柱环绕截骨矫正术和髋关节置换术, 探讨两种手术各自的指征和优点。【方 法】328 例强直性脊柱炎驼背矫正和48 例强直性脊柱炎髋关节屈曲强直行手术的患者中, 同时有驼背伴随髋 关节骨性屈曲强直9 例, 先行髋关节置换,然后强直性脊柱炎驼背行经椎弓根一次性多节段脊柱环绕截骨矫 正术, 生物力学原理设计截骨术。随访5 年以上, 行髋关节置换效果按Harris 标准结合X 线片评价, 并对脊柱 受力进行生物力学分析。【结果】优5 例, 良2 例, 一般1 例, 差1 例。所有病人髋关节活动范围明显增大。多节 段椎弓椎体截骨驼背矫正术后, 矫正Cobb′s 角56°(40°~ 88°), 驼背矫正率78%。较好地恢复脊柱的生理曲线 和负重特点。术后无神经血管损伤, 感染和死亡等并发症。【结论】先行全髋关节置换手术, 再多节段椎弓椎体 截骨矫正驼背, 是强直性脊柱炎驼背并髋关节骨性屈曲强直的较佳手术方案。

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It has been reported that Jumonji histone demethylase inihibitor（JIB-04） inhibits the occurrence and development of tumors, but the specific mechanism is still unclear. In this paper, hepatocellular carcinoma cells HepG2 and Huh7 were used as the models, and the effect of JIB-04 on the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma was explored and its mechanism was explained. CCK-8 assays and EDU staining assays showed that JIB-04 reduced the proliferation ability of HepG2 and Huh7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, with the half-inhibitory concentrations being 0.7689 μmol/L and 0.7392 μmol/L, respectively. Flow cytometry analysis showed that JIB-04 could significantly activate the accumulation of ROS in cells. The levels of intracellular GSH and lipid peroxide MDA were detected by glutathione（GSH） detection kit and lipid peroxide malondialdehyde（MDA） detection kit, respectively. It was found that under 2 μmol/L JIB-04 treatment, the intracellular GSH of HepG2 and Huh7 cells decreased by 88.4% and 80.7%, respectively. Lipid peroxides increased 4.75-fold and 9.25-fold, respectively. qRT-PCR and Western blotting results showed that JIB-04 could significantly reduce the mRNA levels and protein levels of ferroptosis related factors GPX4 and SLC7A11, while ferroptosis related pathway protein MDM2 was significantly down-regulated and P53 protein was significantly up-regulated. Mechanistic analysis found that JIB-04 reduced histone demethylase KDM4C protein levels by about 58% and 51%. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that Tri-methylation level of histone H3 at lysine 9 at the promoter region of the MDM2 gene, was increased by 2.19-fold and 2.14-fold respectively in JIB-04 treated hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Meanwhile, qRT-PCR proved that MDM2 mRNA level was significantly down-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma cells after JIB-04 treatment. In summary, this study initially reveals that JIB-04 could downregulate the expression of the specific demethylase KDM4C, and then affect the methylation level of H3K9me3 in the promoter region of MDM2 gene to inhibit the expression of MDM2 gene, reduce MDM2 protein binding to P53 protein, upregulate P53 protein expression and simultaneous downregulate ferroptosis related proteins SLC7A11 and GPX4. It leads to intracellular GSH depletion, ROS and lipid peroxide accumulation, and finally leads to ferroptosis of cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Tunnel Construction / Suidao Jianshe (Zhong-Yingwen Ban) is the property of Tunnel Construction Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Coal Science & Technology (0253-2336) is the property of Coal Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Rural Water & Hydropower is the property of China Rural Water & Hydropower Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Engineering Science Research & Application is the property of Omniscient Pte. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Engineering Management & Technology Discussion is the property of Omniscient Pte. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Urban Architecture & Development is the property of Omniscient Pte. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Guangdong Medical Journal is the property of Guangdong Medical Journal Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electric Machines & Control / Dianji Yu Kongzhi Xuebao is the property of Electric Machines & Control and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Railway Construction Technology is the property of Railway Construction Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Heilongjiang Province, as a major agricultural and forestry province, is rich in walnuts. This kind of shell is rich in source and high in yield. At the same time, it is accompanied by a large number of agricultural wastes. In order to improve this situation, it is necessary to make rational use of waste walnut shells. In this experiment, waste walnut shell was selected as the powder matrix material, and phenolic resin powder with rich carbon content was used as the binder to prepare walnut shell / phenolic resin biomass composites for selective laser sintering. It can not only expand the types of biomass composite powder, but also customize the porous carbon precursor with complex structure through the three-dimensional nature of the technology, and contribute to seawater desalination and new energy. The orthogonal experimental scheme of four factors and three levels was established. The influence of laser power, scanning speed, scanning spacing and layer thickness on the density, bending strength and Z-axis accuracy of sintered parts was discussed by variance analysis and comprehensive weighted evaluation method. The optimal combination of laser sintering process parameters was determined, and the sintering section of the molded parts was characterized by scanning electron microscopy ( SEM). The experimental results showed that the laser power had the greatest influence on the density, bending strength and Z-axis accuracy of the sintered parts. The scanning speed had the least influence on the density and bending strength of the sintered parts. The factor that had the least influence on the Z-axis accuracy was the scanning spacing. The optimal process parameter combination is: laser power 10 W, scanning speed 2 m / s, scanning spacing 0. 1 mm, layered thickness 0. 12 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Pathophysiology is the property of Jinan University, School of Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Mechanical Engineering is the property of Editorial Board of China Mechanical Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Zhengzhou University: Engineering Science is the property of Editorial Office of Journal of Zhengzhou University: Engineering Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Osteoporosis is the property of Chinese Journal of Osteoporosis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)