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With the progress of information technology and the transformation of the global economy, the digital economy is increasingly showing rapid growth and is becoming a key force in restructuring global factor resources, the global economic structure, and the global competitive landscape. E-sports, which is an emerging cultural industry and sport, has great significance in promoting cultural exchanges among countries and enhancing their respective national soft power. Presently, owing to its professionalization, internationalization, and ecologization, e-sports enables broader and multidimensional connections between game participants. However, e-sports cooperation networks based on virtual communities have not yet received widespread attention. Therefore, this study uses the information database of the participating teams of three international esports events, namely, the League Of Legends World Championship, The International DOTA2 Championships, and the CS: GO Major, to explore the structure of transnational e-sports team networks and their evolution from a theoretical perspective of virtual communities. This study uses the social network analysis and the gravitational model methods to reveal the multidimensional proximity and national attributes that influence the e-sports cooperative network patterns. The results show that first, the spatial evolution of the global e-sports cooperation network shows rapid expansion and low density, weak association, and strong dynamic network characteristics. The number of nodes increases rapidly while the network density shows a fluctuating decrease. This indicates that the development of Internet technology and the increasing popularity of e-sports have drawn increasingly more countries to participate in international e-sports activities, and the node connection of the e-sports cooperation network tends to be decentralized as a whole. Second, the global e-sports cooperation network has evolved into five associations representing geographical regions: the European associations with Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Germany as the core, the Asia-Pacific associations with China and South Korea as the main partners, the Commonwealth of Independent States associations with Russia and Ukraine as the main partners, the Latin American associations with Peru and Argentina, as the main partners, and the Intercontinental associations with the United States and Canada as the main partners. Third, the spatial structure of the global e-sports cooperation network is influenced by the interrelationship between countries and their respective industrial bases. Social and organizational proximities drive the formation of e-sports cooperation networks, whereas geographical and cultural proximities do not significantly affect e-sports team cooperation. The interaction between geographical proximity and social proximity on the intensity of e-sports cooperation reflects a substitution effect; scientific research expenditure, e-sports revenue, and e-sports strength are the key elements affecting countries' importance in e-sports cooperation networks. Conversely, economic scale and general factors such as economic size and education level do not have significant effects on global e-sports team cooperation. This reflects the uniqueness of the e-sports industry in a digital economy. This study contributes to the research on the reconfiguration of industrial organization networks driven by the digital economy. Furthermore, this study provides a reference for making China's e-sports industry internationally competitive by improving its e-sports training system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past years, creative cities received great attention in academic circle. However, current literature mainly focuses on the cases in specific regions, lacking of research on the regional heterogeneity in the development of creative cities on the global level. Based on the concept of creative cities, this paper provides an empirical study on regional diversity of UNESCO "Creative City Network" members. Using the quantitative methods such as clustering analysis, social network analysis, it investigates the clustering of the global creative cities among different countries. The findings suggest that: (1) In terms of the types of global creative cities, the core themes in the UNESCO "Creative City Network" are handicraft, folk art and music. In terms of regional distribution, Western Europe, Northeast Asia, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico are the core areas. (2) This regional heterogeneity is greatly influenced by historical and cultural contexts, as well as geographical proximity. In general, countries over the world can be classified into four clusters: Music Media Art countries (mainly European and Caribbean countries), Literature Creative countries (mainly Indo-European countries), Handicraft and Folk Art Creative countries (dominated by ancient Silk Road countries), Design Creative Country and Food Creative Country (mainly Asian countries). (3) South Korea, Australia, Italy, the United States, China and other countries take up the central position in the global creative cities network. Although China has a lot of creative cities, its centrality is relatively faire due to that homogenization of creative cities in China is serious. There is a shortage of diversified development strategies in building creative cities in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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