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Potassium(K) is one of the most important essential elements for plant growth and function.However,both the concentration and the availability of K are very low in most soils.The chemical K supplemented through fertilization is rapidly adsorbed by soil minerals resulting in a 20%—35% of K use efficiency.Studies have found that rhizobia,which have the capacity not only to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere to contribute plant nitrogen nutrition,but also to mobilize soil K for plant use.As a result,the improvement of plant K use efficiency through some specific rhizobia to mobilize soil K has attracted much attention around the whole world.However,less information is available to illustrate the mechanisms how rhizobia could directly mobilize K from the soil.Eight strains of rhizobium sp.,which isolated from a gray brown purple soil in Chongqing,southern China and coded as R 01,R 02,R 03,R 04,R 05,R 06,R 07 and R 08,respectively,were grown a liquid medium to study their capacity to mobilize soil K.The medium contained 1L H2O,10 g mannitol,1.0 g yeast powder,0.5 g NaH2PO4,0.2 g MgSO4·7H2O,0.1 g NaCl,0.1 g CaCl2·6H2O and 4.0 mL microelement solution(each 1 L contained 5.0 g H3BO3 and 5.0 g Na2MoO4 dH2O).Compared to the non-rhizobium control,concentrations of proton in the liquid media under all eight rhizobium treatments were increased by 22 times at least leading a significant pH decrease after 7 days of incubation.All rhizobium strains exuded oxalic acid and malic acid and most of them exuded acetic acid,but varied their capacity to exude succinic acid,formic acid,citric acid and lactic acid.Soluble K in the liquid medium was significantly higher whilst mineral structure K was significantly lower in the soil in the rhizobium treatments than in the non-rhizobium control.Mineral structure K in soil negatively correlated with total organic acids(r=-0.878* *,n=9),but positively correlated with pH in the liquid medium(r=0.863*,n=9).So,rhizobia could mobilize soil K through the exudation of organic acids and protons.Oxalic acid has a strong capacity to complex calcium,magnesium,iron and aluminum and positively correlated with total organic acids(r=0.870* *,n=9),which suggests that oxalic acid exuded by rhizobia might contribute directly in the mobilization of soil K.In addition,protons ionized from organic acids were from 4.15% to 27.56% of the total protons in liquid medium,which showed that rhizobia could exude directly protons and led pH reduction in liquid medium.Our results demonstrated an alternative pathway to enhance plant K nutrition through proton and organic acid exudation could offer a potential effective practice to increase crop productivity by intercropping or growing cereal crops with legumes,in which the latter could not only provide nitrogen,but also to meet the growth requirements of both nitrogen and K for the cereal crops.Nevertheless,more research on the capacity of rhizobia to mobilize soil K and to benefit to its host plants and neighbouring plants are further required.

The de-interlaced scan input signal is easy to produce line image sticking in TFT-LCD.This paper researched the relationship between line image sticking with the drive signal.The result shows that line image sticking can be reduced by changing the polarity inversion mode of drive signal.At the same time by adding the pre-charge and controlling the TFT current ratio of Ion/Ioff,the flash problem brought by changing drive signal could be resolved.The research established the solution and theoretical basis for line image sticking.