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电转氢技术可将富余的可再生能源电能转化为化学能，运用于电力系统中有望实现富余可再生能源的大规模消纳。氢在交通、发电等领域具有重要作用，但受限于燃料电池技术的成熟度，现阶段应用的规模较小，难以匹配富余电量的体量。同时，氢在化工领域具有较大的应用潜力，发展面向可再生能源消纳的电化工（P2X）技术，是解决可再生能源弃电问题的一条有效途径。针对电转氨、电转甲烷、电转甲醇及电转汽油4种主要电化工技术，从市场规模、技术路线、能源转化效率以及示范工程进展4个方面进行了综述，对比分析了4种电化工技术的能效、电耗、边际电价、等效产量及市场占比五大主要技术经济指标。基于低温电解技术路线的研究结果表明：电转甲烷与电转汽油技术综合能效较高（50%）；电转汽油技术最具经济性（边际电价为0.37元/kWh），但合成过程需要一氧化碳，碳排放与技术风险大；电转氨推广将对市场影响最大（17.18%）。此外，电转油的节煤意义显著（降低煤耗约2285万t），电转氨的环保意义显著（减少碳排放约3910万t），是未来电化工技术的两大重要发展方向。面向未来P2X技术的发展，同时对基于高温固体氧化物的高温电化工技术路线的方案与经济性进行了初步探讨与展望。

电转气技术（power to gas，P2G）是实现中国可再生能源大规模消纳的潜在方案，其核心电解技术按照工作温度可划分为低温与高温电解两类，其中高温电解电池具有转换效率高、转换产物丰富以及支持可逆运行等优势，是未来能源与电力系统中极具吸引力的规模化储能技术。文章主要从电池结构、转换模式、系统接入等方面介绍高温电解技术的特点及其在电力储能中的潜在应用。电池结构方面，新兴的扁管式结构兼具了板式与管式的结构优点；转换模式方面，高温电解池可单独制取H2或CO，也可共电解直接合成CH4；系统接入方面，可采用纯电电解接入、余热辅助电解接入、可逆的储气发电接入等多种模式，从而在高效消纳可再生能源的同时提供丰富的灵活性资源。在能源互联网建设的大背景下，高温电解技术在大规模储能方面的应用指日可待。

电动汽车作为灵活负荷可以减小配电网负荷波动、降低运行成本。本文在建立节点充电负荷模型的基础上，提出了含电动汽车充电负荷、可再生能源与无功补偿装置的配电网两阶段优化策略。日前阶段通过建立混合整数二次锥规划模型，计算得到在预测电动汽车流及分布式能源出力情况下总购电成本最小的无功补偿装置动作策略及电动汽车充电策略，日内阶段采用滚动优化求解各时段最优充电策略。采用33节点系统进行算例分析得到，优化充电可以促使充电负荷转移进而减少购电成本，同时可以降低网损、提高电压水平，验证了优化模型的可行性与有效性。

"二氧化碳排放力争于 2030 年前达到峰值, 努力争取 2060 年前实现碳中和"这一国家战略目标, 不 仅体现了我国作为世界大国的担当, 也符合我国经济产业结构转型的需要。城市在我国人口、能源消耗、碳 排放中均占据主导地位, 是我国实现碳达峰、碳中和的主战场。文章首先指出城市能源系统在推进国家"双 碳"目标中的重要角色及其面临的重要挑战。然后, 以澳门为例分析城市能源消费、碳排放的基本特征。最 后, 提出"推广需求侧管理为主、利用分布式清洁能源为辅、主动外购绿电为补充、发展智能化技术为支 撑"的城市实现碳中和的技术路径, 为推动我国城市碳中和进程提供参考依据。. China's ambitious goal "strive to peak carbon emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060" not only shows China's responsible attitude towards climate change, but also aligns with the upgrade requirement of China's economy and industries. Since cities occupy a dominant position in China's population, energy consumption, and carbon emissions, they are the main battlefield for achieving national carbon neutrality. This study first analyzes the challenges and requirements that cities' energy systems facing in order to realize carbon neutrality. Then, it takes Macao as an example to analyze the characteristics of cities' energy consumption and carbon emissions. Finally, it proposes a pathway to realize cities' carbon neutrality that include four major measures: promote demand-side management in cities' energy systems; encourage distributed clean energy integration; actively purchase clean electricity from outside of cities; and leverage intelligent techniques for urban energy systems operation & optimization. The proposed pathway can provide a reference for promoting the carbon neutrality for China's cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Based on a comprehensive survey on smart city definitions across the world and a series of public consultations, we first provide a definition of “Smart Macao.” Then we address the basic principles, development goals and strategies, and the main themes of Smart Macao. Next, we identify the potential bottlenecks in developing Smart Macao by inspecting Macao’s current situation. Finally, we argue that the building of Smart Macao must follow the laws of urban development, gather the insights of the public, grasp the opportunity of Greater Bay Area construction, and provide opportunities for young talents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]