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【目的】探讨聚羟基丁酸/羟基戊酸共聚酯 (PHBV) 膜与3-羟基丁酸-co-3-羟基戊酸共聚物/溶胶-凝胶生物活性玻璃 （PHBV/SGBG） 多孔复合材料促进骨再生的能力。【方法】实验共采用8只健康杂种犬，每只犬分别于左、右胫骨各制作2个直径为5 mm的穿通骨髓腔的圆洞形骨缺损区，间隔2 cm。双侧胫骨共建立4个骨缺损模型，将其随机分为四组： A组，骨缺损内填充柱状PHBV/SGBG材料,并在其上方覆盖PHBV膜； B组，骨缺损上方覆盖PHBV膜；C组，骨缺损内填充柱状PHBV/SGBG材料；D组，不放置任何东西。分别于术后2 、4 、8 、12周各处死2只动物，组织学观察不同实验条件下骨缺损区新骨组织生长情况。【结果】所有植入材料组（A组、B组、C组）均未出现植入物排异反应。其中A组术后2周时，已有明显的新生骨岛形成；术后12周骨缺损区新生成熟骨组织再生。与其它实验组相比，A组的骨缺损修复最早，新生骨的质量最好，骨结构与周围正常骨基本一致。而空白对照组中，骨痂修复中可见纤维组织形成，骨缺损区修复不全。【结论】PHBV膜覆盖技术和PHBV/SGBG复合材料植入技术结合，具有促进骨缺损区的骨组织修复的协同作用；PHBV膜和PHBV/SGBG复合材料有望成为应用于引导骨组织再生的新一代材料。

为提升燃料的综合燃烧品质和性能，进一步降低有害物质排放和缓解温室效应，以燃烧动力学和化学反应机制作为理论基础，采用Chemkin软件将生物柴油替代物和氨气充分融合，模拟并计算氨气掺混比例分别为0、5%、10%、15%、20%的5组燃料在均质压燃发动机模式下燃烧和排放指标的数值，对比分析得到不同掺混比例对发动机燃烧和排放的影响和变化规律。结果表明：随着氨气掺混比例增加，燃料的点火滞燃期有所缩短，缸内燃烧最高温度升高，排温降低；排放方面，NOx的排放升高，CO2、CO和总碳氢化合物（THC）的排放均明显降低；生物柴油掺混氨气的最佳比例为20%，此时发动机功率下降12百分点，NO的单位功率排放升高了0.003 kW-1，而CO2和THC的单位功率排放分别降低了0.01 kW-1和0.001 3 kW-1。综上，生物柴油掺混氨气后改善了燃烧性能，降低了排放量，具有良好的应用前景 In order to improve the comprehensive combustion quality and performance of the fuel, further reduce the emission of harmful substances and mitigate the greenhouse effect, based on the theoretical basis of combustion kinetics and chemical reaction mechanism, the Chemkin software was used to fully integrate the mechanism of biodiesel substitute and ammonia gas, simulate and calculate the combustion and emission values of 5 groups of fuels with the ammonia gas molar ratio of 0, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% respectively in homogeneous charge compression ignition engine mode. The effects and change rule of different mixing ratio on engine combustion and emission were compared and analysed. The results showed that with the increase of ammonia gas ratio, the ignition delay period of fuel was shortened, the maximum combustion temperature in the cylinder increased, and the exhaust temperature decreased. In terms of emission, NOx emission increased, while CO2, CO and total hydrocarbon (THC) emissions decreased significantly. The optimal ratio of biodiesel blended with ammonia gas was 20%, and under this condition, the engine power decreased by 12 percentage, and the unit power emission ratio of NO increased by 0.003 kW-1, while the unit power emission ratios of CO2 and THC decreased significantly, which were 0.01 kW-1 and 0.001 3 kW-1 respectively. In conclusion, biodiesel blended with ammonia gas significantly improves combustion and reduces emissions, and has good application prospect.

为探究生物柴油在船舶柴油机上的适用性，基于六缸中速柴油机试验台架，在不同负荷推进特性工况下，对燃用0#柴油、B10生物柴油柴油机的动力性能、经济性能、振动特性和缸内燃烧特性进行对比分析。结果发现：与0#柴油相比，燃用B10生物柴油柴油机的输出功率和耗油量基本不变，耗油率有所升高，但随着负荷的升高有所改善,燃用B10生物柴油使得在25%负荷工况下的柴油机缸盖振动烈度下降，50%、75%、90%、100%负荷工况下的柴油机缸盖振动烈度稍有上升，不同负荷工况下的机体振动烈度均下降；从振动功率谱密度可以看出，两种燃油在不同负荷下低频段的振动响应相似，但高频段处振动响应存在差异；对两种燃油的缸内压力和压力升高率曲线的分析可知，燃用B10生物柴油可以使缸内压力峰值和最大压力升高率升高，燃烧反应速度加快。综上，B10生物柴油在不同负荷工况下动力性能、经济性能、振动特性和缸内燃烧特性方面均表现良好，在船舶柴油机上具有较好的应用前景。 In order to explore the applicability of biodiesel on marine diesel engine, based on a six-cylinder medium-speed diesel engine test bench, under different load propulsion characteristics, the power performance, economic performance, vibration characteristics and combustion characteristics in-cylinder of diesel engine burning 0# diesel and B10 biodiesel were analyzed and compared. The results showed that compared with 0# diesel, the output power and fuel consumption of diesel engine burning B10 biodiesel remained basically unchanged, and the fuel consumption rate increased but improved as the load increased.B10 biodiesel made the vibration intensity of the cylinder head of the diesel engine at 25% load decreased, and the vibration intensity of the cylinder head of the diesel engine at 50%, 75%, 90% and 100% load increased slightly, and the vibration intensity of the engine body decreased under different load conditions. It could be seen from the vibration power spectrum density that the vibration response of the two fuels in the low frequency band under different loads was similar, but there was a difference in the vibration response in the high frequency band.The analysis of the pressure in-cylinder and pressure rise rate curves of the two fuels showed that the combustion of B10 biodiesel could increase the peak pressure and maximum pressure increase rate in the cylinder, which accelerated the combustion reaction speed. In summary, B10 biodiesel performs well in terms of power performance, economic power performance, vibration characteristics and combustion characteristics in-cylinder under different load conditions, and has good application prospect on marine diesel engines.

为探讨生物柴油应用于船舶柴油机的可行性，将餐厨废弃油脂生物柴油与柴油混合，在船舶柴油机上进行试验，测试其对船舶柴油机性能、排放特性和燃烧特性的影响。结果表明：生物柴油混合物的高黏度以及低热值会降低有效热效率，并导致燃油消耗率略有升高；由于生物柴油的高含氧量促进完全燃烧，相比于柴油，燃烧生物柴油混合物后，一氧化碳排放量最高下降17%，二氧化碳排放量最高下降5.1%，二氧化硫排放量最高下降41%，碳烟排放量最高下降36%；生物柴油过快的燃烧速率提高了气缸内的燃烧温度，以及高含氧量促进了氮氧化物的排放；生物柴油混合物燃烧时的缸内压力与柴油非常接近。餐厨废弃油脂生物柴油对船舶柴油机的性能、燃烧特性和排放特性均具有较好的表现，可以作为柴油的替代燃料用于船舶柴油机。 In order to discuss the feasibility of applying biodiesel to marine diesel engine, waste cooking oil biodiesel was mixed with diesel, and the test was carried out on marine diesel engine to investigate the effects of biodiesel on performance, emissions characteristic and combustion characteristic of marine diesel engine.The results showed that the high viscosity and low calorific value of the biodiesel mixture reduced the effective thermal efficiency and cause a slight increase in the fuel consumption rate. After burning the biodiesel mixture, the high oxygen content of biodiesel promoted complete combustion. Compared with diesel, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and soot emissions were reduced by up to 17%, 5.1%, 41% and 36%, respectively.However, the excessively fast combustion rate of biodiesel increased the combustion temperature in the cylinder, and the high oxygen content promoted the emission of nitrogen oxides. The cylinder pressure of biodiesel was very close to that of diesel. Waste cooking oil biodiesel has good performance on performance, combustion characteristic and emissions characteristic of marine diesel engine, and it can be used as an alternative fuel to diesel for marine diesel engine.

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Objective To analyze the relationship between No.12a lymph node metastasis and clinicopathological features of upper gastric cancer and to discuss the indications and prognostic significance of lymph node dissection in this group. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical records of 377 patients with upper gastric cancer, to compare the relationship between No.12a lymph node metastasis and clinicopathological characteristics of patients with upper gastric cancer. Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the prognosis of patients with or without No.12a lymph node metastasis, and Cox regression analysis was performed to analyze the influencing factors of prognosis and survival of patients with upper gastric cancer. Results Tumor location (lesser curvature side), tumor diameter (≥5.5 cm), degree of differentiation, and T/N/TNM stage were significantly correlated with No.12a lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). After excluding N staging, Cox regression results showed that the degree of differentiation (HR: 0.668, 95%CI: 0.48-0.931, P=0.017) and pTNM stage (HR: 6.319, 95%CI: 4.063-9.828, P<0.001) were the independent risk factors, but No.12a lymph node metastasis (HR: 1.477, 95%CI: 0.71-3.075, P=0.297) was not an independent risk factor for survival of upper gastric cancer patients. Conclusion No.12a lymph node metastasis does not seem to be an independent risk factor for the prognosis of upper gastric cancer patients. However, the prognosis of patients with No.12a lymph node metastasis is worse than that of patients without No.12a lymph node metastasis. The No.12a lymph nodes should be actively dissected when the tumor is in the following situations: the tumor is located in the lesser curvature, the degree of differentiation is poorly differentiated, and the tumor stage is late (T4, N3, or Ⅱ-Ⅲ stage). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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中央集權機制、地方分權機制與學校自主機制是課程發展機制的三種基本型 態。在大陸地區，儘管在管理體制上基礎教育主要由地方負責，但在課程發展方面 卻是典型的中央集權機制，實行的是統一的國家課程發展策略，並且通過自上而下 的行政推動來實施。 大陸地區在統一的國家課程框架下，課程發展機制呈現出明顯的層次性結構特 徵，不同層次間存在著主導、輔助、強化、補償、監督及調適等多重作用和複雜關 係，共同影響著課程發展機制系統的運行走向和功能效應。 由於統一的國家課程難以適應不同地區、學校和學生的差異性，所以國家課程 框架也試圖經由地方和校本課程發展策略實現對於國家課程的調節及補充和拓展功 能。然而，集權機制下的地方和校本課程發展卻並不如其政策所預期的那樣順利， 特別是在體制與觀念、管理與評價，以及現實需要與文化傳統之間存在內在的矛盾 和衝突，導致集權機制下的地方和校本課程發展與分權機制下的地方和校本課程發 展存在著不同的意義理解和策略選擇。 There are three basic forms of curriculum development mechanism, which are centralization, decentralization and school autonomation. In Chinese Mainland, basic education is the responsibility of local authorities according to the management system, but its curriculum development mechanism is a typical form of centralization with a uniform strategy of national curriculum development. Under the national curriculum frameworks, its curriculum development mechanism shows a distinct structural hierarchy in which there are complex relations and coactions of dominance, assistance, reinforce, compensation, supervision and adjustment. The curriculum developers under the mechanism of centralization are trying to fi nd a way of decentralization to counteract the centralization’s weakness. One of their strategies is local and school-based curriculum development (SBCD), as has occurred in Chinese Mainland. But in fact, SBCD under the mechanism of centralization doesn’t go on as smoothly as its policy makers expect. Especially there are many internal contradictions between and within institutions and ideas, managements and evaluations, current needs and cultural traditions. Therefore, the mechanism of centralization has brought about greatly different meaning understanding and strategy making in SBCD from the mechanism of decentralization.

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