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The modernization of territory spatial governance plays an essential role in realizing Chinese modernization. Towards the goal of high-quality development, promoting subject systems and professional learning provides fundamental and strategic support for the modernization of territory spatial governance. This paper focuses on the construction of the subject system of territory spatial governance from three aspects of the subject framework, the professional learning mode, and the team establishment strategy. We propose a life-cycle strategy for establishing the subject system of territory spatial governance in terms of the unified survey, spatial planning, utilization controlling, approval supervision, and construction of laws and regulations. We build a systematic talent training mode with the goal of generous theoretical foundation, method synthesis and excellent practical ability, and design a multi-field team construction strategy for territory spatial governance. In order to guarantee the modernization of land and space governance, the future works should focus on the synergetic development of subject development, talent training and team building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimal allocation of land‐use is an important technical means to solve the contradiction be‐ tween supply and demand of land resources and to coordinate social and economic development with eco‐ logical protection, and it is also one of the key issues that need to be solved for the sustainable use of land resources. With the development of spatial simulation and intelligent optimization technology, the theoretical basis and methodological system of land‐use optimization are constantly updated. Based on bibliometrics analysis, this paper systematically summarized the driving theories and methodology of land‐use optimal al‐ location at home and abroad, focused on the application of spatial simulation models and intelligent optimization models in land‐use optimization problems, discussed and prospected the challenges and the future development of optimal land‐use allocation, and put forward that: The coupling drive of natural and human processes, spatial collaboration of multiple models, embedding big data knowledge mining methods, and the support of digital twin technology, should be the research direction of the next stage in the field of optimal land‐use allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural accessibility can depend mainly on the services and facilities available, as well as the travel options for each group in the settlements. The layout of rural living facilities can be optimized to enhance the rural development and the happiness index of rural residents. The rural accessibility of facilities has gradually received much attention in recent years, since the rural revitalization strategy was launched in China. But, the current evaluation can be limited to a single evaluation object and perspective. Taking the Gao’an City, Yichun City, Jiangxi Province, China, as the study area, the spatial distribution characteristics of rural accessibility were analyzed from the perspectives of “Threshold- Supply and Demand”. An accessibility zoning model was then proposed to determine the driving mechanism and optimization path of rural accessibility using a coupling perspective. Firstly, the accessibility evaluation index system of rural life was constructed by considering four types of facilities: education, medical, commercial and cultural, and sports, together with the needs of rural residents in daily life and the demand for higher facilities and services, as the living standard improved. Secondly, a network data set with the time cost was constructed using the ArcMap network analysis tool in the road network of Gao’an City. The “isochronous analysis method for service demand” was used to obtain the lowest time cost of reaching specific living facilities at any location. The “two-step floating catchment area method” was improved to calculate the accessibility from the supply perspective. In addition, an accessibility zoning model was proposed to identify the four accessibility types using the coupled perspective of “Threshold-Supply and Demand”. There were different spatial distribution characteristics of facilities and settlements in the rural areas from those in cities. Finally, the accessibility model was evaluated on the influencing factors of rural accessibility for the optimal paths and specific measures. The results show that there were some large barriers to rural preschool education, medical treatment for major diseases, logistics, express delivery, and cultural and sports activities from the perspective of the minimum time cost, indicating the significant imbalance between urban and rural development. A relatively balanced regional supply and demand were observed in the education resources and population. The medical facilities presented a higher supply in some township centers than that in urban areas, whereas, there was an outstanding urban bias in the supply of commerce, culture, and sports. Four types (namely high threshold-low supply, high threshold-high supply, low threshold-low supply, low threshold-high supply) of accessible and inaccessible zones were divided in the Gao’an City under the rural accessibility zoning using the coupling perspective. Among them, the rural living accessibility was also influenced by the spatial impedance and supply-demand relationship. Three aspects can also be optimized: the spatial relationship adjustment, living facilities and road construction, and flow of living service elements. Therefore, decision-making can be very necessary to balance rural accessibility from different perspectives. A trade-off strategy between the different zoning and facilities can greatly contribute to optimal rural living and the layout of rural settlements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable territorial spatial development faces severe challenges globally, especially the threats from rapid urbanization. It is important for territorial spatial planning in the new era to explore the principles, methodology and models for the territorial spatial optimization aiming sustainable urbanization from global and national perspectives. This paper rethink the spatial optimization for sustainable development by reviewing the literature on urbanization, spatial optimization and sustainable development. The results show that there is no readymade path for sustainable territorial spatial development, and sustainability should be the fundamental objective of territorial spatial optimization. Cases from the globe and China show that urban sprawl tends to make cities disperse, decline population density, and fall in a path dependency. Cities should be laid at the core of territorial spatial optimization. Chinese sustainable urbanization should be characterized by compact development, high-density, livable urban development, and low carbon. The concepts of sustainable urbanization oriented territorial spatial optimization include ecological protection, resource saving, intensive development, and green development, which forms the path of sustainable territorial spatial development. The modeling of territorial spatial optimization can be reconstructed from index system and quantification, setting of objectives, and constraint rules in a multi-objective collaborative optimization model. In this paper, we conclude that China has to build her own way of sustainable spatial development in accordance with the conditions of the nation, promoted by territorial spatial optimization with sustainable urbanization as a core. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of China’s rail transit system, the transfer problem directly affects the convenience of hundreds of thousands of passengers day after day, and has become an important factor which affects the operation of public transportation systems. The problem of public transportation transfer should be “people-oriented” and analyzed from the time and space mode of passengers' transfer. Based on the smart card data (SCD) of Wuhan City in March 2015, this paper studies the time-space characteristics of passenger transfer, analyzes the current situation of rail transit development, and summarizes the transfor travel mode. The research results are as follows:① In the process of the development of rail transit in Wuhan, the imbalance of rail transit services has arisen and a single-center urban structure has emerged. ② The geographical characteristics of transfer behavior are related to the city’s own geographical pattern, and three factors which influence the transfer behavior are proposed. ③ Using intelligent bus card data, it can effectively identify the social behavior of passengers (transfer behavior) and the time and space mode of passengers traveling. This paper analyzes the spatiotemporal patterns of travel behaviors such as transfer behavior and urban planning and urban space utilization from the perspective of “people-oriented” based on the analysis of big data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community detection is an important topic in spatial network researches. It can discover interesting spatial patterns, which help understand the spatial structures hidden in the networks. However, community detection in spatial networks is more difficult than traditional networks. Since it has to consider some other spatial correlations, e.g., spatial contiguity, geographic distance. This paper proposes a new spatial community detection algorithm-geographial weighted central node distance based Louvain method (GND-Louvain). It uses a geographical and network dual-constrain to measure the distance and to calculate the distances decay effects between spatial nodes and meta-communities. It also extends the famous fast unfolding community detection algorithm-Louvain, by using the distance-modularity. In addition, a merge order is defined during the GND-Louvain's optimization process to get high quality and stable community results. Comparative experiments are designed on five different community detection methods based on five different spatial constraints, which are ① no distance constraint, ② spatial contiguity edge constraint, ③ geometry median center distance, ④ degree center distance, and ⑤ degree weighted geometry median center distance. The experimental data comes from the Chinese railway lines. And results prove that the newly defined GND-Louvain algorithm can produce more accurate spatial communities than others. And the merge orders also ensure the high quality and stable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human mobility is a cross-disciplinary research hotspot which reflects the complex man-land relationship. Understandings of the intra-urban employment population flow, as an important part of urban group mobility, are crucial for urban planning and traffic forecasting. The common use of location-awareness devices such as mobile phones enables to capture human behavioral data for analyzing intra-urban employment flow. In this paper, we attempt to characterize the employment flow and interpret its formation mechanism using mobile phone data recorded during 30 days (from June 1, 2016 to June 30, 2016) in Wuhan. Considering the spatial distribution of cellular base stations, we divide our study area into grids sized 250 m×250 m. We then adopt approaches to extract daily individual mobility information by identifying positon and duration of stagnations. Next, we propose several rules to infer in which grids people work and reside from individual mobility information we extracted and estimate the job/housing distribution as well as the employment flows between sub-districts. We then build the employment flows network, and methods such as network centrality analysis, network density analysis and community detection are applied to discover the pattern and characteristic of employment flows. Finally, we examine the influence of employment potential, traffic accessibility, spatial proximity, cultural difference and major industry on the size of employment flow between sub-districts and interpret its formation mechanism using logistic regression. The results firstly show that the number of intra-urban employment flow in Wuhan is unevenly distributed as large amounts of employment flow are concentrated in a few sub-districts. Secondly, the employment flows mainly occur in the sub-districts with good spatial proximity. It shows the distribution of the outflow employments decrease gradually as distance and accessibility time increase, and forms several employment communities (such as Hanyang, Wuchang North, Wuchang South, et al.) in the influence of geographical barriers and cultural differences. Thirdly, the employment potential measured by the resident population of the origin sub-districts and the working population of the destination sub-districts is the most important factor to increase the size of employment flow. Rather, cultural differences and poor accessibility hinder employment flow. The result also verifies that differences in major industries affect the employment flow, that commerce and education have a negative effect on the outflow of employments, but the industry attracts employments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Land subsidence in urban areas brings loss of ground elevation, damages urban infra-structure and buildings, and affects surface runoff and hydrological cycle. Monitoring the status of land sub-sidence and revealing its formation mechanism is of great significance for sustainable urban development. Methods: Using ALOS-PALSAR images from 2007 to 2011 and Radarsat-2 images from 2015 to 2019 as data sources, based on SBAS-InSAR technology to obtain the land subsidence rate and time series, and using geographic detectors to reveal the dominant driving factors and the interaction mechanism between the driving factors of land subsidence at the scale of planning unit. Results: The results show that: (1) The average land subsidence rates from 2007 to 2011 and from 2015 to 2019 were − 3.53 mm/a and −1.48 mm/a, respectively. The hot spots for land subsidence from 2007 to 2011 are Hankou, the coast and north of Shahu Lake, the west of Nanhu Lake, and the Baishazhou area. From 2015 to 2019, it is Hankou, the north of Shahu Lake and the Baishazhou area. (2) The temporal and spatial evolution of land subsidence in Wuhan is localized, staged, and related to natural conditions and human activities. Rapid sub-sidence only occur in certain region, shows the different trends at various stages, and is closely related to the regional natural conditions and human activities. (3) Hydrogeological conditions are necessary conditions to form the spatial-temporal pattern of land subsidence in Wuhan through interaction with various factors such as ground load, underground space development, and engineering construction. The interactive effects between engineering construction and hydrogeological conditions from 2007 to 2011 are found to be significant, so do ground load and hydrogeological conditions from 2015 to 2019. Conclusion: The geographic detector can quantitatively identify the driving factors of land subsidence and the interactions between them. The interactive effects between hydrogeological and conditions engineering construction, ground load to a large extent affected spatial variation of land subsidence from 2007 to 2011 and from 2015 to 2019 respectively. In the future, continuous monitoring of land subsidence and multi-scale research on the formation mechanism of land subsidence should be carried out to further enrich the theory and method system of land subsidence research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives：Due to the sharp decline of global ecosystem services (ESs), there is an urgent need for correct environmental governance policies. The two problems in the current ecological environment governance in China need to be solved: (1) The lack of overall planning based on ecological function areas, (2) The shortage of in⁃depth synergy and tradeoff understanding among ESs. This study takes ecological function areas as the research units to measure the spatio temporal changes of four ESs (grain production (GP), carbon sequestration (CS), outdoor recreation (OR), and biodiversity conservation (BC)). It also explores the formation mechanism of the synergy and tradeoff among ESs and its spatially non⁃stationary response of the synergy and tradeoff to the five influencing factors of temperature, precipitation, sunshine, altitude, and urbanization. Methods: Various models and multisource data are integrated to estimate the yield distribution of ESs in Fujian Province. A difference comparison method is proposed to determine the spatial distribution of the synergy and tradeoff among ESs. The Moran􀆳s I applied is to determine the spatial autocorrelation of the synergy and tradeoff among ESs. The influencing factors are selected by principal component analysis, and the geographical weighted logistic regression (GWLR) determined the spatial response of the synergy and tradeoff to the influencing factors. Results: The main results are as follows: (1) The four ESs selected in the study (GP, CS, OR, And BC) have spatial heterogeneity. Among them, the yield distribution of GP is significantly related to the administrative region, and the highest values of BC, OR and CS appear in the ecological functional areas of biodiversity and water conservation. (2) All the Moran􀆳s I values applied are greater than 0, which means the synergy and tradeoff among ESs have significant spatial autocorrelation and are spatially clustered. (3) In space, there are synergy and tradeoff, instead of a single relationship between two ESs. (4) When the yield spatial distribution of two services is similar, such as BC and OR, the spatial distribution of synergies and tradeoffs of other services is also very similar. (5) The synergy and tradeoff among ESs showed significant responses to climate, topography, and urbanization. (6) The responses of the synergy and tradeoff among ESs to the influencing factors are spatially heterogeneous, and their positivity, negativity, and intensity varied with space. Conclusions: The diagnosis results of the model show that GWLR is superior to the global regression model in explaining the correlation of synergy and tradeoff among ESs with the influencing factors. By summarizing the law of the occurrence of synergy and tradeoff among ESs, this paper refines the existing formation mechanism of the synergy and tradeoff among ESs: In a certain area, the area proportion of supporting type of land and non⁃supporting type of land, and the degree of their support effect for each service will divide the two services into superior service and inferior service within the region. Due to the changes in land use, there are a dynamic gap between the superior service and the inferior service, and the increase in the gap may lead to tradeoff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural settlements bear the important functions of farmers' production and life, which is the core expression of the human-land relationship in rural areas. In order to meet the production demand, farmers tend to establish settlements close to various industries. The development of secondary and tertiary industries in rural areas is backward, and settlements are mainly scattered around cultivated land. In view of the scattered distribution, economic poverty and functional weakness in rural settlements, the study on the consolidation mode based on local conditions will effectively promote the process of rural spatial reconstruction. Industrial development, as the core power of rural revitalization, is a key factor in the planning of rural settlements. Under the background of “national spatial planning” policy and “rural revitalization” policy, rural development should be comprehensive and multi-dimensional, emphasizing the people-oriented, spatial carrier and industrial development as the core driving force to realize the coordinated development of rural nature, society, economy and ecological system, as well as the comprehensive improvement of production, ecology, life and cultural functions. As an activity to improve farmers' production, living conditions and rural ecological environment, rural settlement consolidation should emphasize the evaluation of total factors of the relationship between people and the life community of mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes and grasses, as well as the coordination of production, life and ecological space. Existing studies on industry and consolidation mode mostly focus on the accessibility, suitability and coordination of production space, and seldom discuss the multi-dimensional guidance and driving effect of industry status and development prospect. In terms of the study areas, there is little attention paid to the township. As “industry first” is the key to “targeted poverty alleviation” policy, researches which study in township areas will be more accurate and effective to implement the “industrial poverty alleviation” policy. In the above conditions, this paper took Wuyang Township as a case study, which is located in western Hubei eco-zone. Based on industrial guiding and overall coordination, we carried out comprehensive assessments of the development potential in rural settlements dominated by multi-dimensional industry, and identified the consolidation modes and development directions according to industry status, industry radiation and industry convergence. The results showed that the consolidation modes of the study area mainly included five categories: comprehensive development mode, steady industry development mode, industry radiation mode, industry convergence mode and industry cultivation mode, which were distributed in circles with Wuyang Village as the centre. Differentiated consolidation modes of rural settlements are the keys to ensure the actual implementation of consolidation plans, this work constructs the novel consolidation modes and zoning of rural settlements under the guidance of multi-dimensional industry, which can make the regional characteristic organic industry and tourism industry reach the coordination stage, guarantee the rural ecological security, and promote the integrated development of industry. What is more, this paper breaks through the restriction of administrative boundaries, so as to combine the capital and technology of advanced villages with the natural resources and labour force of backward villages under the condition of clear property rights. In this way, we can solve the shortage of unbalanced development among villages, strengthening the collective economy and promoting the rapid development of rural local industries. This work is expected to contribute to the implementation of the “rural revitalization” strategy and the “industrial poverty alleviation” policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the basic means of agricultural production, cultivated land plays an irreplaceable role in ensuring food security and promoting social and economic development. With the enhancement of urban interactions in space, the land use conflicts between urban development and agricultural protection have been intensified due to the diversified land demands caused by population agglomeration, industrial restructuring and infrastructure construction. Exploring the impacts of urbanization on cultivated land change has become a hot issue in China at present. Most of current studies have paid increasing attentions to the relationship between the growth of individual cities and cultivated land occupation, and few of them attempted to reveal the driving factors of cultivated land change from the perspective of spatial interaction of cities. Urban agglomeration is the main form of new urbanization in China. It is crucial to identify the distribution of cultivated land change and its driving factors from the perspective of urban agglomeration. In this paper, we measured the spatial connection of urban agglomerations based on the gravity equation and the urban flow intensity model, and then explored influencing factors of cultivated land conversion at the scales of individual cities and urban agglomerations during the period of 2005-2015 using a multilevel linear regression model. The research results show that the area of cultivated land in the major urban agglomerations has dropped sharply by 17 572.8 square kilometers in the decade from 2005 to 2015. The situation of cultivated land protection is grim. Then it shows significant scale effects and regional heterogeneity of cultivated land change in urban agglomerations. At the urban scale, the change of cultivated land is positively correlated with agricultural population, industrial economy and agricultural science & technology development, whereas negatively correlated with the growth of foreign investment and the expansion of construction land. At the scale of urban agglomeration, both indicators of spatial connection have a negative correlation with cultivated land change. Moreover, remarkable regional differences of influencing factors of cultivated land change exist between coastal and inland China. Comparing the regional differentiation of the degree of influence of outward functional forces, it can be found that the spatial interaction of coastal urban agglomerations has a more positive effect on the protection of cultivated land than the inland urban agglomerations with relatively backward development, and the negative impact is also smaller than that of inland urban agglomerations. The comparison with other models verified the effectiveness of the multilevel linear regression approach to reveal the influencing mechanism of cultivated land change on different scales. And the result of null model has proved the necessity and rationality in the research perspective of spatial interactions between cities. As a word, the strengthening of spatial interaction in urban agglomerations under rough development will obstruct the protection of cultivated land. In this case, controlling industrialization and urbanization reasonably, concerning the scale effects and regional heterogeneity, improving laws and regulations, correcting the rough development path, and improving land use efficiency might be the critical roads to relieve conflicts between development of urban agglomerations and protection of cultivated land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]