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文章针对基于拉曼散射的分布式光纤测温系统（DTS）实际应用于监测光缆温度过程中可能对测温结果产生影响的几种因素进行了研究,并为如何提高DTS在实际监测光缆温度过程中的精度提供了可行性建议。首先,对裸纤和光缆测温进行了对比实验,实验结果表明,若将裸纤获得的定标参数直接用于现场光缆,会导致在同样的温度下,光缆和裸纤测温结果之间总是存在一定的差值,因此可通过对裸纤定标参数修正或光缆直接定标获得更高测温精度;其次,对架空光缆在实际工况下存在的弧垂和振动对测温精度影响进行了研究,实验结果表明,弧垂和振动对测温精度的影响较小,但相比于振动,弧垂对测温结果的影响更大,即光缆的动态应变比静态应变对测温影响更明显。

【摘要】 本文介绍国家重点学科继续医学教育规范化、科学化管理方式，分析了首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经外科脑血管病科继续医学教育管理优势和当前存在的问题。通过持续改进实际工作中存在的问题，达到规范化、科学化管理继续医学教育工作的目的，促进继续医学教育工作持续良性、健康发展，增强社会效益。 【Abstract】 The standardized and scientific management of continuing medical education (CME) of national key discipline, and the advantages and current problems in vascular neurosurgery CME management at Beijing Tian Tan Hospital were introduced and analyzed in this article. According to the actual problems, the innovative improvement measures were made and carried out, which greatly enhanced the efficiency and efficacy of CME and made CME management more standardized and scientific, and all the above promoted the sustained and healthy development of CME management and enhanced social benefits.

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With the intensification of population aging in China, the incidence of cerebrovascular diseases is increasing year by year, and the demand for cerebrovascular surgery professionals is also getting higher. Cerebrovascular surgery has the characteristics of many difficult and complex cases, which brings challenges to talent training. The goal of cerebrovascular surgery education is to cultivate high-quality applied medical talents. This article aims to achieve refined teaching management by applying the plan, do, check, action (PDCA) cycle, combined with innovative teaching resources and new teaching models, to adapt to the demand for high-quality training of cerebrovascular surgery professionals in the new era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

本研究目的企圖透過一套園藝活動方案，探討方案對養護機構之輕、中度失智症長者正向情緒與福祉效益的事實情形及影響，獲取一個初步的理解。研究方法採單一組前／後測之準實驗設計，運用園藝治療方案並結合正向情緒相關理論，以新北市某區養護機構65 歲以上之輕、中度失智症患者為對象，規劃12人接受六週12次的課程，藉以瞭解受試者在「歡樂」、「自信」、「知足」、「樂觀」四個正向情緒的經驗與收獲；研究工具包括：「失智症老人正向情 緒問卷」、「園藝治療福祉效益前後測問卷表」及「觀察紀錄」。本研究結果發現：一、園藝治療方案以提升「知足」情緒效益最佳；二、對失智症老人最具有效益的是「成就感」及「心情放鬆」兩項；三、能促進正向情緒達到正向循環效果；四、參與方案後之輕度失智症長者效益最佳；五、參與活動的失智症老人對生活充滿期待，並增添與子女間之話題。最後，提出對機構實務及未來研究五項建議。整體而言，藉由導入園藝治療方案，有助輕、中度失智 症長者提升正向情緒，因而獲得某種程度的改善；在面對全球罹患失智症者日增的趨勢下，本研究結果特別具有意義與價值。 This research sought to acquire a preliminary understanding regarding the facts and effects of a horticultural therapy program on the emotional well-being of older adults living in care facilities with early or middle-stage dementia. A quasiexperimental design was adopted based on the pretest and posttest results of a single group. Relevant theories regarding positive emotions were incorporated into the horticultural therapy program, which consisted of a 6-week course of 12 sessions for a 12-person group. The subjects were elderly residents at a care facility in New Taipei City aged ≥ 65 years with early or middle-stage dementia. The objective was to understand the feelings and achievements of the program participants regarding four positive emotions: joy, self-confidence, contentment, and optimism. The research instruments were a “Questionnaire on the Positive Emotions of Older Adults with Dementia,” “Questionnaire for Pre- and Posttest on the Benefit and Effectiveness of the Horticultural Therapy Program,” and “Record of Observation.” The results revealed that: (1) The horticultural therapy program was most effective at elevating levels of contentment. (2) For older adults with dementia, the program was most helpful for “creating a sense of achievement” and “relaxing the mind.” (3) The program helped to promote positive emotions and lifestyles. (4) The older adults with early stage dementia benefited the most from attending the program. (5) The older adults with dementia exhibited strong life aspirations and were able to think of more topics to discuss with their children. In summary, introducing the horticultural therapy program helped the older adults with early or middle-stage dementia develop more positive emotions. The findings of this study are particularly valuable given the increasing prevalence of dementia in aging societies.

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The surface modification of carbonyl iron powders（CIPs） was carried out by using zirconium butoxide（TBOZ） solution. Zirconium dioxide coated carbonyl iron powders（ZrO2@CIPs） composites with different zirconium content were synthesized by adjusting the amount of TBOZ. The static magnetic properties and insulating properties of CIPs and ZrO2@CIPs composites have been investigated, and it has been shown that ZrO2 can effectively suppress the deterioration of the static magnetic property of CIPs when the temperature is increased to 200 ℃. Meantime, the resistivity of ZrO2@CIPs composites has been greatly improved. Comparing the magnetic loss capacity of CIPs and ZrO2@CIPs composites, it can be found that the magnetic loss capacity and DC bias properties of ZrO2@CIPs composites are improved with increasing the amount of TBOZ. When the amount of TBOZ is 15.57 mL, the μ″ of ZrO2@CIPs composites is only 0.05, quality factor is 116.7, and the rated current is 17.10 A. In addition, compared with CIPs（-0.91 V）, the corrosion potential of ZrO2@CIPs composites is increased to-0.33 V, demonstrating the enhanced corrosion resistance. In general, the results of this work can be served as a reference for the modification of conventional CIPs in the inductance domain.  [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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非顯而易知性的判斷標準，一直是美國專利法實務與學界想要嘗試解決的問題之一。本文認為，由於客觀證據與時間因素，可呈現出發明當時的狀態，因此，符合美國專利法第103 條的文義要求，而應被優先考量。因此，本文嘗試將最高法院於Graham 案中提出的「輔助性判斷因素」，加入美國學界所提出之「時間判斷法」判斷架構中，主張若有客觀證據可證明，同業與發明人面臨相同的發明條件，卻只有發明人成功解決他人無法克服的需求，則發明即可合理被認為非顯而易知。本研究之最大貢獻在於克服先前判斷標準之判斷困境，特別是在KSR 案中仍未解決的後見偏差問題。 The test of obviousness has long been a problem which the courts and scholars in U.S. are trying to resolve. This Article argues the objective indicia and the timing of invention should have priority when considering nonobviousness, because these factors can demonstrate the conditions at the time the invention was made and therefore fit the requirement of Section 103 of Patent Law. Hence, this Article tries to merge “Secondary Consideration” mentioned in Graham case by Supreme Court with “the Timing Approach” raised by scholar, and argues if there are objective evidences to prove that the person having ordinary skill in the art faces the same conditions of invention, only the inventor can resolve the problem successfully while others cannot, then the invention can be reasonably seen as nonobvious. The most contribution of this research is overcoming problems of previous tests of nonobviousness, especially the hindsight problem which was still not solved in KSR case. solved in KSR case.

Soil moisture is one of the most important indicators for the exchange of energy and water in the landing gas. The resulting surface evapotranspiration, water distribution, and soil heat capacity can be changed under the local, regional, and even global climate. Therefore, soil moisture can be measured to control the dry and wet state of the soil, as well as the climate. This study aims to explore the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and evolution trends of soil moisture memory at multiple time scales. The soil moisture data was collected from the European central reanalysis products (ERA5-Land) in China from 1979-2018. The lag autocorrelation was then combined to calculate the soil moisture memory. Finally, a systematic investigation was implemented to determine the spatiotemporal distribution and evolution trend of soil moisture memory under different time scales (season, year, and inter-year) and dry/wet conditions. The results show that: 1) There was no autocorrelation coefficient in the 0.01 significance test after the lag time over 300 d from the perspective of the annual average state, indicating the average regional memory time of 300 d. Spatially, the memory time presented a spatial pattern of high in the north and low in the south. Among them, the memory time was less than 20 d in the southwest, less than 40d in the central, the East, and South China, whereas, there was over 80 d in the northwest, and North China, with a maximum of 240 d. 2) In season, the memory time of soil humidity in most areas was characterized by short summer, long winter, as well as the second autumn and spring. There were small seasonal differences in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, whereas, the large seasonal differences were found in North China, with the winter exceeding 70, 20 d in summer, and 30-50 d in spring and autumn. There was also the spatial distribution pattern of high in the north and low in the south under different dry and wet conditions. But the memory time was much longer in the dry period than the wet one. For example, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, North China, and northeast China were recorded as more than 90 d during the dry period, whereas, the wet period was less than 60 d. 3) The evolution trends of soil moisture memory and duration were relatively consistent in the northeast, central, South China, and the northern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The memory time of soil moisture decreased in the northern, especially in the north, and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. There was an increase in the southern regions. In addition, the spatial distribution of the memory evolution trend was changed with the increase in lag time, indicating a lag time of 30 d in most parts of Chinese mainland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The microstructure and properties of NiTiAlCrN coatings with different N contents were explored by changing the nitrogen-argon flow ratio. The microstructure and morphologies of the coating was characterized and analyzed by X-ray diffractometer(XRD), scanning electron microscope(SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS). The cavitation experiment was carried out by an ultrasonic vibration cavitation machine. The results show that NiTiAlCrN coating exhibits a face-centered cubic(FCC) structure with preferential orientations on the(111) and(200) crystal planes. With the increase of nitrogen-argon flow ratio, the hardness, elastic modulus and cavitation resistance increased first and then decreased. When the nitrogen-argon flow ratio is 1∶1, the structure of the coating is the densest, the grains are the smallest, the hardness is the highest, and the cavitation resistance is the strongest. When the nitrogen-argon flow ratio is 3∶2, the coating exhibits the largest elastic potential energy and the strongest toughness, but the ability to resist cavitation is lower than that of the coating when the nitrogen-argon flow ratio is 1∶1, which reveals that the hardness has a greater effect on the cavitation resistance of the coating. A large number of oxides of cavitation resistance such as Cr2O3 and Al2O3 were found on the inner wall of the cavitation pit, which alleviated the impact of the micro-jet and further reduced the damage to the coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Flash droughts are extreme events characterized by a short duration, strong intensity, and rapid onset. Owing to their unusually rapid occurrence, the use of current drought monitoring tools to capture them is still challenging. In this study, using ERA-Interim soil moisture reanalysis products from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast, an approach that considers the rate of decrease in soil moisture content during the onset stage of flash droughts was proposed for the identification of the flash droughts that occurred during the 1979-2018 period. Further, the anomalies associated with meteorological variables during the drought onset stage of these events were analyzed, and the feasibility of using precedent meteorological driving forces to realize flash drought simulation based on a multivariate linear regression model was investigated. The results obtained showed that the rate of soil moisture intensification during the onset state of flash droughts showed significant spatial discrepancy. Specifically, during this stage, soil moisture content declined much faster in the south of the Yangtze River than in Northwestern China. Additionally, the mean, peak, and variation ranges of the anomalies of the different meteorological variables exhibited more significant spatial discrepancies during this stage. Particularly, the peak values showed the most significant variation, and were half the standard deviation higher than the slowly-evolving drought. Furthermore, by integrating the anomalies associated with multiple meteorological variables during the early and onset stages of the flash drought events, the regression model provided satisfying simulations of the soil moisture intensification rate, suggesting that it is possible to simulate flash droughts from a meteorological perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the colonization characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in patients undergoing solid organ transplantation, and to provide strategies for prevention and treatment. Methods There were 523 recipients of organ transplantation in the study group, including 172 adult liver transplantation recipients, 157 pediatric liver transplantation recipients, 177 kidney transplant recipients, and 17 pancreas kidney transplanta tion recipients. Sixty-two donors of living related liver transplantation ( LRLT) were selected as the control group. The anal swabs were taken from all patients when they were transferred to and out of ICU, and bacteria were identified by VITEK 2 compact automatic microbial identification and drug sensitivity analyzer. The CRE positive patients who were detected by a nal swabs were regarded as CRE colonizers. CRE colonization was compared between the two groups ( CRE detection rate and CRE positive rate), and CRE colonization was observed when patients were transferred into or out of ICU. Blood, a septic body fluid, sputum and urine of CRE colonizers were collected for bacterial culture and bacteria identification. CRE culture positive patients were regarded as CRE infected patients. The patients who died of CRE infection in the two groups were observed. Results A total of 1 420 cases of anal swab were detected in the two groups; there were 134 CRE posi tive strains ( 9. 4% ), including 104 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 29 strains of Escherichia coli, and 1 strain of Enter obacter cloacae. The CRE detection rate and CRE colonization positive rate in the study group were higher than those in the control group ( P < 0. 05). The positive rate of CRE colonization in pediatric liver transplantation recipients was higher than that in other types of organ transplantation recipients (all P < 0. 05) . Thirty-seven patients had no CRE colonization when they were transferred to ICU, but there were CRE colonization when they were transferred out of ICU; 24 patients had CRE colonization when they were transferred into ICU, but no CRE colonization when they were transferred out of ICU; 21 patients had CRE colonization when they were transferred into and out of ICU. In the study group, 8 patients died of CRE in fection, including 7 pediatric liver transplantation recipients and 1 adult liver transplantation recipients, while no one in the control group died of CRE infection. Conclusion CRE detection rate and CRE colonization positive rate increase in solid organ transplantation recipients, and CRE colonization positive rate in pediatric liver transplantation recipients is the highest, which may increase the mortality of pediatric liver transplantation recipients caused by CRE infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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With the continuous improvement of liver transplantation techniques and the innovation of related disciplines, great changes have been observed in the etiology and clinical outcome of middle- and long-term complications after liver transplantation, and thus related prevention and treatment strategies are worthy of exploration and adjustment. In recent years, breakthroughs have been made in the prevention and treatment of post-transplantation complications including the recurrence of hepatitis, but standardized diagnosis and treatment should be strengthened in order to maximize the benefits of recipients. So far, the prevention and treatment of middle- and long-term complications with unknown pathogenesis and complicated causes after liver transplantation still rely on the long-term monitoring, prevention, and control of related risk factors. The main tasks of long-term management of liver transplantation recipients is to maintain the function of transplanted liver, control the recurrence of primary diseases, prevent and treat the new-onset diseases, and continue to treat the concomitant diseases before surgery. This article elaborates on the tasks and strategies for the prevention and treatment of middle- and long-term complications after liver transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective To improve the surgical efficacy of bilateral lung transplantation for pediatric cystic fibrosis through multi-disciplinary team (MDT). Methods Preoperative MDT consultation was delivered for a 10-year-old child with rare end-stage cystic fibrosis to establish the corresponding treatment protocol. Results The child was diagnosed with cystic fibrosis for 5 years, and the indication of lung transplantation were confirmed. After preoperative MDT consultation, bilateral lung transplantation via a Clam-shell incision was determined. The vital signs were maintained stable during operation. Postoperatively, ventilator-assisted ventilation, anti-infection, immunosuppression, acid suppression, prevention of stress ulceration and other treatments were delivered. Individualized treatment was given according to the characteristics of the child, and the child was well recovered. Conclusions Through preoperative MDT consultation, lung transplantation yields satisfactory surgical efficacy in treating pediatric cystic fibrosis and lowers the risk of postoperative complications, which deserves application in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To summarize the experience of diagnosis and treatment of Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) after liver transplantation. Methods Clinical data of one TTS patient after liver transplantation was retrospectively analyzed. Clinical features, diagnosis and treatment strategies were summarized, and literature review was conducted. Results A 43-year-old female patient successfully underwent split liver transplantation due to primary biliary cirrhosis for 8 years. At postoperative 3 d, the patient developed anxiety, irritation, dyspnea, disorientation, hypotension, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) of >35 000 pg/mL, creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) of 5.9 U/L and troponin I (TnI) of 1.78 μg/L. Electrocardiogram indicated the signs of sinus rhythm. Echocardiography indicated diffuse weakening of the left ventricular wall motion and spherical dilatation of the apex, accompanied with moderate and severe regurgitation of the mitral valve and tricuspid valve. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) declined to 23%, whereas no abnormal segmental motion of ventricular wall or corresponding electrocardiogram changes were observed. The possibility of acute coronary syndrome was excluded. The InterTAK diagnostic score was 73. The diagnosis of TTS after liver transplantation was considered. Metoprolol, coenzyme Q10, recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide, deacetyl lanatoside and lorazepam were given. Echocardiography at postoperative 10 d showed that the left ventricular function was significantly improved and the LVEF recovered to 50%. The patient was discharged 40 d after liver transplantation. The liver function was recovered well. During postoperative follow-up, she was given with metoprolol till the submission date, and no recurrence was reported. Conclusions TTS after liver transplantation is rare in clinical practice. It is difficult to make the diagnosis. The condition of TTS is severe and clinical prognosis is poor. Prompt diagnosis and interventions should be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at lacking dedicated control technique of complex rockbursts in coal mines,the authors propose a 7-component framework for controlling rockbursts based on rockburst classification,the 7-component framework includes classification,evaluation,danger-breaking,early-warning,inspection,support and management.Through analyzing mining depth,overburden,coal seam,tectonics,mining method and boundary conditions,the eight external load types and ten typical surrounding rock structures of under-ground openings are identified.Subsequently,a comprehensive rockburst classification scheme is presented using different combinations of external loads and surrounding rock structures.The evaluation,dan-ger-breaking,early-warning,inspection,support and management technology are analyzed and optimized based on rockburst classification.The 7-component rockburst control framework has been successfully applied in Xinjulong Coal Mine of Shandong Energy Group,and ensured the deep mining safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]