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Copyright of Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Medical Sciences) is the property of Xian Jiaotong University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Medical Sciences) is the property of Xian Jiaotong University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Medical Sciences) is the property of Xian Jiaotong University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To evaluate the diet quality of pregnant women in Shaanxi Province by Diet Balance Index for Pregnancy （DBI＿P） and investigate the influencing factors. Methods By using a multi-stage stratified random sampling method, 7375 pregnant women in 30 districts （counties） of Shaanxi Province were recruited. A structured questionnaire was adopted to collect general information in pregnancy, and a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to obtain dietary information in pregnancy. DBI＿ P was used to evaluate the diet quality during pregnancy, and the factors influencing diet quality were assessed by multiple linear regression. Results More than 50% pregnant women had inadequate intakes of dairy products, fish and shrimp, meat and poultry, vegetables, eggs, fruits and diet variety. More than 69% pregnant women had excessive intakes of cooking oil, cereals and salt. The average values of high bound score, low bound score, and diet quality distance were 12.9, 19.5, and 32.5, respectively. The proportions of medium inadequate, excessive, and imbalance of dietary intakes were 20.3%, 22.55%, and 40.8%, respectively. DBI＿LBS during pregnancy was negatively correlated with childbearing age, education level, family per capita annual income, antenatal examination frequency and folic acid supplementation, but positively correlated with living in southern and northern Shaanxi, residing in rural areas, being farmers, and drinking alcohol. DBI＿HBS during pregnancy was negatively correlated with living in southern and northern Shaanxi, but positively correlated with active/passive smoking and drinking strong tea. DBI＿DQD during pregnancy was negatively correlated with education level, family per capita annual income, antenatal examination frequency and folic acid supplementation, but positively correlated with living in southern Shaanxi, residing in rural areas, being farmers, parity, active/passive smoking, and drinking strong tea and coffee. Conclusion The dietary intake of pregnant women in Shaanxi Province was insufficient and unbalanced, and the dietary quality was affected by sociodemographic and life behavior factors during pregnancy. Nutritional intervention measures should be targeted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Medical Sciences) is the property of Xian Jiaotong University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Medical Sciences) is the property of Xian Jiaotong University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To investigate the incidence of the second child􀆳s adverse birth outcome in Shaanxi Province and the relationship between sex of the first-born child and the adverse birth outcome of the second-born child. Methods Data used in this study were derived from the prevalence and risk factors of birth defects in Shaanxi Province from 2010 to 2013. Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the data of the secondborn child􀆳s adverse birth outcome. Logistic regression model was employed to do regression analysis of the factors related to the second-born child􀆳s adverse birth outcome. Results Large for gestational age infant and small for gestational age infant accounted for 15.88% and 12.27%, fetal macrosomia and low-birth weight accounted for 7.16% and 4.22%, premature delivery and birth defects accounted for 3.25% and 2.51%, while postmature infant accounted for 2.18%, respectively. Sex differences on large for gestational age infant, small for gestational age infant, fetal macrosomia and low-birth weight existed (P <0.05). Analysis of logistic regression model indicated that for the second-born child, having an elder brother compared with having an elder sister associated with an increased risk of small for gestational age (OR=1.251) and a lower risk of macrosomia (OR=0.808) and large for gestational age (OR =0.873). Conclusion For the second-born child, having an elder brother compared with having an elder sister is associated with an increased risk of small for gestational age and a lower risk of macrosomia and large for gestational age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Kunming Medical University / Kunming Yike Daxue Xuebao is the property of Kunming Medical Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Medical Sciences) is the property of Xian Jiaotong University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Medical Sciences) is the property of Xian Jiaotong University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To understand the status of perinatal folic acid intake by childbearing-aged women in Shaanxi Province and analyze the influencing factors so as to provide data support for current policy adjustment. Methods We sampled in 10 cities of Shaanxi and Yangling Demonstration area, and chose women who had been pregnant in the past 3 years or were pregnant at the time of the survey to answer questionnaires. The unconditional logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors. Results At the whole provincial level, the intake rate of folic acid was 84.1%. The intake rate of folic acid varied significantly among different regions, being 88.9% in southern Shaanxi, 85.7% in Guanzhong area, and 88.9% in northern Shaanxi (χ2=24.011, P<0.001). It also significantly differed between urban and rural areas (89.5% vs. 80.6%, χ2=19.974, P<0.001). The intake rate of folic acid was different significantly among different age groups, too, being lower in the old-age group than in the young-age group (χ2=13.637, P=0.003). The rate of free access to folic acid and duration of folic acid intake also significantly differed among urban and rural areas, different regions and different age groups (P<0.05). By using logistic regression model we found that the childbearing-aged women’s knowlage of folic acid was the most important influencing factors besides urban/rural area, region, age and education level. Among these factors the odds ratio of awareness intake of folic acid during perinatal period was 14.13 (95% CI: 6.16-32.44), the odds ratio of knowing that folic acid can prevent neural-tube defects was 2.71 (95% CI: 1.43-5.14) and odds ratio of knowing the policy of free distribution of folic acid supplements was 2.88 (95% CI: 1.52-5.47). Conclusion The rate of folic acid intake among childbearing-aged women in Shaanxi Province is relatively high, but the duration of folic acid intake is still short. The understanding about folic acid is an important factor which affects the use of folic acid. Improving the cognitive level of folic acid among childbearing-aged women is the most useful way to enhance the effective prevention of neural tube defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the effect of special risk exposures during periconception period on birth defects of newborns. Methods From Jul. to Dec. 2013, the multi-stage stratified random sampling method was adopted. Women of childbearing age between 15 and 49 who were pregnant during 2010 to 2013 in Shaanxi Province were selected as study subjects for investigation on special risk factors exposed during periconception period. The Logistic regression model was adopted to analyze the association between newborns' birth defects and special risk exposures. Results The study included 30010 women of childbearing age and 29550 newborns with 572 (193.57/10000) cases of birth defects. After adjusting for demographic factors, the risk factors for birth defects were drinking [OR=2.29, 95% CI (1.22, 4.29)] and passive smoking [OR=1.25, 95% CI (1.02, 1.53)] during periconception. There was a higher risk of birth defects when exposure to medicine [OR=1.64, 95% CI (1.04, 2.61)], pesticides [OR=2.41, 95% CI (1.09, 5.35)], biological risk factors [OR=1.64, 95% CI (1.05, 2.56)], physical risk factors [OR=1.15, 95% CI (1.13, 2.34)] and chemical risk factors [OR=2.36, 95% CI (1.36, 4.11)] 3 months both before and after pregnancy. Similarly, after adjusting for demographic factors and behaviors, we found that birth defects were related to antibiotics, salicylates, and antitussive, which could increase the risk of birth defects (P<0.05). Conclusion Exposure to passive smoking and drinking during periconception and exposure to medicines and pesticides, as well as biological, physical and chemical risk factors 3 months before and after pregnancy could increase the risk of birth defects in newborns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Birth defects are the abnormalities in structure, function or metabolism of embryonic or fetal development. They are the main cause of early abortion, stillbirth, perinatal mortality, infant mortality and congenital disabilities. Birth defects affect not only the health and life quality of children, but also the population quality of the whole country. This paper reviews the current epidemic situation and possible causes and risk factors of birth defects. It also expounds on the importance of epidemiological study on birth defects, possibility of primary prevention of birth defects, and necessity of interdisciplinary and collaborative research. It may provide reference for prevention and control of birth defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Medical Sciences) is the property of Xian Jiaotong University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Medical Sciences) is the property of Xian Jiaotong University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Medical Sciences) is the property of Xian Jiaotong University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Medical Sciences) is the property of Xian Jiaotong University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Medical Sciences) is the property of Xian Jiaotong University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Medical Sciences) is the property of Xian Jiaotong University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Medical Sciences) is the property of Xian Jiaotong University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Medical Sciences) is the property of Xian Jiaotong University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Medical Sciences) is the property of Xian Jiaotong University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)