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Objectives: In vitro seed propagation can enhance plant species growth and enable the rapid production of seedlings while preserving genetic variability. This study aimed to develop in vitro seed propagation and acclimatization protocols for Dyckia rariflora to support conservation efforts of this bromeliad endemic to ferruginous campos rupestres. Seed germination and plant growth were tested using MS (Murashige & Skoog) culture medium with varying salt concentrations, sucrose levels, and the presence or absence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Following these treatments, seedlings were acclimatized after removal from the controlled environment. Results: Germination rates varied between 65 and 90%, unaffected by treatment. The highest germination speed index was in half MS salts without PVP, while full MS salts, sucrose, and PVP slowed germination. Half MS salts resulted in seedlings with greater height, more leaves, and longer roots. Complete MS salts were less effective. No seed oxidation was observed. After 120 days of acclimatization, survival rates exceeded 70%, with plants in half MS salts and 15 g sucrose showing the best growth. In vitro propagation of D. rariflora is viable for large-scale plant production, with half MS salt and sucrose concentrations, without PVP, recommended for better plant growth and cost reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Aim Location Taxon Methods Results Main Conclusions Plant lineages are disproportionally diverse in areas characterised by specific climatic regimes. The campos rupestres habitats in the mountains of Eastern/Central Brazil, for instance, display huge plant endemism and high precipitation seasonality. The genus Vellozia is an emblematic group in there, with most species being endemic and few occurring disjunctively across mountain outcrops of the Neotropics. We aim to test the climate conservatism in the genus, as suggested by its high levels of endemism.Neotropic.Genus Vellozia (Velloziaceae, monocots).We combined MAXENT ecological niche models (ENM) and phylogenetic comparative analyses. Niche overlap between species was estimated based on the environmental similarity and the spatial overlap projected by the ENM. We also traced the climatic niche in the environmental space to describe how its divergence accumulated through time.We found varying levels, from 16% to 100%, of species pairs displaying niche overlap across distinct lineages of the genus. When niches overlap, they are more similar than expected by chance and not due to habitat availability, suggesting habitat selection. Niche similarity estimates in both ecological and geographical space did not exhibit conserved phylogenetic signals. There was an expressive disparification in the climatic niches in the last 5 m.y., decoupled from the earlier peaks of lineages diversification.Contrary to the expected, we found labile and fast evolution of climatic niches, implying that endemisms do not result from climate niche conservatism in Vellozia. The most diverse clade of Vellozia occupies cooler and wetter environments than the ancestral and other extant lineages of the genus. This pattern contrasts with the historical climatic turnover, for example, cooling‐arid vs. warming‐wet periods, established since the Pliocene glacial cycles. Moreover, it also poses additional challenges for this lineage and its associated habitats in the face of the current climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carajasia cangae (Rubiaceae) is a narrow endemic species from the canga ecosystems of the Carajás National Forest that is facing extinction due to a limited range and habitat disturbance from hydroclimatological changes and mining activities. This study examines the influence of rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria on C. cangae seed germination to support conservation efforts. Soil samples, both rhizospheric and non-rhizospheric, as well as plant root tissues, were collected. Bacteria from these samples were subsequently isolated, cultured, and identified. DNA sequencing revealed the presence of 16 isolates (9 rhizospheric and 7 endophytic), representing 19 genera and 6 phyla: Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Chloroflexi. The endophytic isolates of Bacillus and the rhizospheric isolates of Planococcus and Lysinibacillus reduced the median germination time and initiation time, while the rhizospheric isolates Serratia and Comamonas increased the germination time and decreased the germination percentage in comparison to the control sample. These findings emphasize the crucial role of endophytic bacteria in the germination of C. cangae and highlight isolates that could have beneficial effects in the following stages of plant growth. Understanding the impact of endophytic and rhizospheric bacterial isolates on seed germination can enhance conservation efforts by shortening the germination period of this species and thereby improving seedling production. Additionally, this knowledge will pave the way for future research on the role of bacteria in the establishment of C. cangae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A new species of Cattleya ser. Parviflorae (Orchidaceae) is here described from the campos rupestres of the Diamantina Plateau, part of the Espinhaço Range, Minas Gerais, SE Brazil. The new species is named Cattleya attenboroughiana and it is here compared to the most similar taxa and illustrated with photographs. The new species is likely a microendemic but the available data is insufficient for a precise conservation status assessment, so we consider it Data Deficient (DD), reinforcing the need for further exploration in the Diamantina Plateau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Johann Emanuel Pohl (1782–1834) was a Bohemian‐born Austrian botanist who, together with Johann Baptist von Spix and Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, traveled to Brazil from 1817 to 1821. He described several new plant species from Brazil, including those in the genus Vellozia (Velloziaceae). The material analyzed by Pohl was deposited mainly at herbarium W; however, part of the collection was destroyed by war accidents, including most of the types of Vellozia. Vellozia is a Neotropical genus with its main distribution in the Brazilian vegetation named campos rupestres. Vellozia is among the most abundant and species‐rich vascular‐plant genera in the campos rupestres with 125 recognized species. Pohl described 14 new species of Vellozia. We designate lectotypes for the names V. gardneri (a synonym of V. glauca), V. graminea, V. phalocarpa, V. pusilla, and V. triquetra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sky Islands present unique landscapes for organismal evolution because they comprise high mountain peaks separated by low valleys with vastly different environmental conditions. The Espinhaço Mountain Range in eastern Brazil is formed of groups of Sky Islands in the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia. Several phylogeographic studies have discovered strong genetic structure among populations of organisms occupying the campo rupestre (rupestrian fields) in the mountains of the Espinhaço. In this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis of spatio-temporal structuring of populations of Scinax curicica in the campo rupestre of the Espinhaço. We recovered three lineages of S. curicica : one lineage occurs in the north portion of the Espinhaço (North Lineage) in an area called Chapada Diamantina, and other two occur in the south portion of the Espinhaço (South 1 and South 2 Lineages) in Minas Gerais. All three lineages showed stable population sizes through time, probably due to the climatic stability of mountaintop areas, which was supported by ecological niche modelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serra do Padre Ângelo, a quartzitic massif in eastern Minas Gerais, Brazil, was nicknamed "Land of Giants" due to the gigantism observed in some plant species found in its campos rupestres. During fieldwork for the floristic inventory of this Serra, a small Eriocaulaceae species was collected. Initially it was believed to be a new species, but a thorough revision of names and type specimens revealed that it was conspecific with Paepalanthus minimus. This taxon was known only from the type specimen collected over 100 years ago and more than 200 km distant from the new collections. It had been overlooked in previous studies dealing with the family in Brazil, which could be explained by its diminutive size and the poor conditions of the type specimen. Here we present the implications of this rediscovery, including the combination of P. minimus in Giuliettia, a genus recently proposed based on general habit, inflorescence and seed morphology. We also present information on distribution and ecology and briefly discuss the biogeographical pattern that could explain this rediscovery far away from the previous record. Considering its likely local extinction at the type locality and threats to the quality of its remaining habitat, the species is preliminarily assessed as Critically Endangered. This highlights the urgent need for conservation actions to protect Serra do Padre Ângelo and its unique biodiversity. Citation: Andrino C. O., Rocha L. H. & Gonella P. M. 2024: A tiny rediscovery in the Land of Giants: a new combination in Giuliettia (Eriocaulaceae, Poales) and other implications of finding Paepalanthus minimus again. – Willdenowia 54: 81–93. Version of record first published online on 11 April 2024 ahead of inclusion in April 2024 issue. A Serra do Padre Ângelo, um maciço quartzítico no leste de Minas Gerais, Brasil, foi apelidada de "Terra de Gigantes" devido ao gigantismo observado em algumas espécies de plantas encontradas em seus campos rupestres. Durante o trabalho de campo para o inventário florístico desta Serra, uma pequena espécie de Eriocaulaceae foi coletada. Inicialmente, acreditava-se ser uma nova espécie, mas uma revisão minuciosa dos nomes e espécimes tipo revelou que ela era na verdade conspecífica com Paepalanthus minimus. Esse táxon era conhecido apenas pelo espécime tipo, coletado há mais de 100 anos e a mais de 200 km das novas coletas, tendo passado despercebido em estudos anteriores sobre a família no Brasil, o que pode ser explicado pelo seu tamanho diminuto e pelas condições precárias do espécime tipo. Aqui, apresentamos as implicações dessa redescoberta, incluindo a combinação de P. minimus em Giuliettia, um gênero recentemente proposto, com base em seu hábito geral, morfologia da inflorescência e da semente. Também fornecemos informações sobre a distribuição e ecologia, e discutimos brevemente o padrão biogeográfico que poderia explicar essa redescoberta tão distante do registro anterior. Considerando sua provável extinção local na localidade tipo e as ameaças à qualidade de seu habitat remanescente, a espécie é preliminarmente avaliada como Criticamente em Perigo. Isso destaca a necessidade urgente de ações de conservação para proteger a Serra do Padre Ângelo e sua biodiversidade única. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geodiversity of rocky ecosystems includes diverse plant communities with specific names, but their continental‐scale floristic identity and the knowledge on the role of macroclimate remain patchy. Here, we assessed the identity of plant communities in eastern Brazil across multiple types of rocky landscapes and evaluated the relative importance of climatic variables in constraining floristic differentiation. We provided lists of diagnostic species and an assessment of the conservation status of the identified floristic groups. We compiled a data set of 151 sites (4498 species) from rocky ecosystems, including campos rupestres, campos de altitude, granitic‐gneiss lowland inselbergs, and limestone outcrops. We used unsupervised clustering analysis followed by ANOSIM to assess floristic groups among sites. We performed a random forest variable selection to test whether the identified floristic groups occupy distinct climatic spaces. Six groups (lithobiomes) segregated floristically according to lithology and climate. Alongside campos de altitude and limestone outcrops, inselbergs were divided according to the biome in which they occur (Atlantic Forest or Caatinga), and campos rupestres were largely segregated according to their lithological matrix (ironstone or quartzitic). Plant communities of Caatinga inselbergs were more similar to limestone outcrops, while Atlantic Forest inselbergs communities resembled campos de altitude. The composition of plant communities on outcrops seems to be largely constrained by lithology, but climatic factors are also meaningful for sites with similar lithology. The current network of protected areas does not cover these unique ecosystems and their floristic heterogeneity, with Caatinga inselbergs and limestone outcrops being the least protected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RESUMO Complexos Rupestres de Altitude compreendem biomas singulares que ocorrem nas cimeiras das principais cadeias montanhosas do Brasil. Diferem-se dos biomas dominantes pelas características dos solos e da biota, apresentando altas taxas de diversidade e endemismos. A vegetação apresenta adaptações às condições adversas do solo e ao fogo. Os solos são rasos, arenosos, oligotróficos e ricos em alumínio trocável. São encontrados horizontes húmicos e até mesmo orgânicos. Grande parte do carbono ocorre na forma de ácidos fúlvicos. Observa-se a iluviacão de matéria orgânica no solo sendo formados horizontes espódicos e rios negros. O material orgânico apresenta forte melanização em função da grande quantidade de fragmentos de carvão encontrados no solo, os quais são um testemunho de incêndios naturais. Solos sobre quartzito diferem dos solos sobre rochas ígneas por serem ainda mais pobres em nutrientes. Os processos de pedogênese observados apontam a degradação natural destes ambientes nas atuais condições climáticas.

Carajasia cangae (Rubiaceae) is a narrow endemic species from the canga ecosystems of the Carajás National Forest that is facing extinction due to a limited range and habitat disturbance from hydroclimatological changes and mining activities. This study examines the influence of rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria on C. cangae seed germination to support conservation efforts. Soil samples, both rhizospheric and non-rhizospheric, as well as plant root tissues, were collected. Bacteria from these samples were subsequently isolated, cultured, and identified. DNA sequencing revealed the presence of 16 isolates (9 rhizospheric and 7 endophytic), representing 19 genera and 6 phyla: Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Chloroflexi. The endophytic isolates of Bacillus and the rhizospheric isolates of Planococcus and Lysinibacillus reduced the median germination time and initiation time, while the rhizospheric isolates Serratia and Comamonas increased the germination time and decreased the germination percentage in comparison to the control sample. These findings emphasize the crucial role of endophytic bacteria in the germination of C. cangae and highlight isolates that could have beneficial effects in the following stages of plant growth. Understanding the impact of endophytic and rhizospheric bacterial isolates on seed germination can enhance conservation efforts by shortening the germination period of this species and thereby improving seedling production. Additionally, this knowledge will pave the way for future research on the role of bacteria in the establishment of C. cangae.

RESUMO (Gentianaceae Juss. da Serra do Lenheiro, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil). Apresentamos um tratamento taxonômico para Gentianaceae da Serra do Lenheiro, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Cinco gêneros e oito espécies foram registrados. Chave de identificação, descrições morfológicas, fotos e comentários sobre a distribuição geográfica, ecologia e taxonomia das espécies são fornecidos.

Despite the exceptional species richness and endemism, the environmental drivers of plant diversity along old tropical mountains remain under-explored. The respective importance of vegetation types, elevation, slope, and soil to drive diversity across life-forms is poorly addressed. Here, we tested whether environmental variables drove local and regional plant diversity along an old tropical mountain according to the three main life-forms: graminoids, herbaceous and woody species. We sampled all Angiosperm species on 180 plots across five elevations, at the tropical old-mountain region of Serra do Cipó, South-eastern Brazil. We assessed soil, slope, and vegetation types, and calculated richness and beta-diversity, applying generalized least square models, linear mixed-models and partial Mantel tests to test for relationships. Richness of graminoids and herbaceous species increased with greater elevation and more nutrient-impoverished soils, while woody richness showed the inverse pattern. Beta-diversity was primarily driven by species turnover, correlated with elevation and soil and higher in less dominant vegetation types, with unique species. Despite the limited elevational range in these old mountains, it still played an important role in filtering woody species, while fostering graminoid and herbaceous species. Conservation and restoration actions need to foster the high regional diversity supported by the old mountain heterogeneous landscape and the diversity of life-forms, especially the dominant and highly diverse grassy component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mountains are renowned for their bountiful biodiversity. Explanations on the origin of such abundant life are usually regarded to their orogenic history. However, ancient mountain systems with geological stability also exhibit astounding levels of number of species and endemism, as illustrated by the Brazilian Quartzitic Mountains (BQM) in Eastern South America. Thus, cycles of climatic changes over the last couple million years are usually assumed to play an important role in the origin of mountainous biota. These climatic oscillations potentially isolated and reconnected adjacent populations, a phenomenon known as flickering connectivity, accelerating speciation events due to range fragmentation, dispersion, secondary contact, and hybridization. To evaluate the role of the climatic fluctuations on the diversification of the BQM biota, we estimated the ancient demography of distinct endemic species of animals and plants using hierarchical approximate Bayesian computation analysis and Ecological Niche Modelling. Additionally, we evaluated if climatic oscillations have driven a genetic spatial congruence in the genetic structure of codistributed species from the Espinhaço Range, one of the main BQM areas. Our results show that the majority of plant lineages underwent a synchronous expansion over the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, c. 21 thousand years ago), although we could not obtain a clear demographic pattern for the animal lineages. We also obtained a signal of a congruent phylogeographic break between lineages endemic to the Espinhaço Range, suggesting how ancient climatic oscillations might have driven the evolutionary history of the Espinhaço's biota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims - This study is part of ongoing research on the Arecaceae Flora of the Serra do Cabral, an isolated massif in the southwest of the Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais State. Because of the isolation of the massif, the area has a rich biodiversity and a high level of endemism. While searching for populations of the rare and critically endangered Syagrus cabraliensis, a new bluish-leaved palm species was discovered and it is described here. Material and methods - The new species' morphology is described based on field collections. The pinnae were analysed using SEM and LM cross- and longitudinal sections following default methodology. In addition, we compared the species to S. cabraliensis and provided ecological notes and a conservation status assessment. Key results - Syagrus carvalhoi resembles S. cabraliensis but they can easily be distinguished by morphoanatomical characters. Both species occur non-sympatrically in the Serra do Cabral, in contrasting microhabitats: S. carvalhoi in the southern quartzitic campos rupestres and S. cabraliensis in the northern ferruginous campos rupestres. A key to the known grass-like Syagrus species from the massif is provided. Based on the restricted area of occurrence and the anthropogenic threats, Syagrus carvalhoi is assessed as critically endangered. Conclusion - Syagrus carvalhoi is the second grass-like endemic Syagrus species from the Serra do Cabral and presents rare characters within the genus (grass-like aspect, colonial habit, flowers in tetrads, and the stem forking at or below the ground). This discovery corroborates that this isolated OCBIL is a home for endemic and rare palm species. The Serra do Cabral massif has proved a source of morphological and anatomical novelties in Arecaceae, affecting the taxonomy and understanding of the evolution and ecology of palms. Our results reinforce the notion that it is important to conserve this area with rich and rare biodiversity but under alarming and unprecedented threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mountains play a crucial role in the origin and maintenance of Neotropical biodiversity, but there are still unanswered questions about the diversification of the campos rupestres (CR), an herbaceous-shrubby sky-island vegetation in eastern South America. For orchids distributed across this disjunct rock habitat, difficulties with distinguishing morphological taxa add an additional challenge to disentangling the history of divergence. Here, we combined the power of ddRAD genomic data with broad sampling of Bulbophyllum sect. Didactyle (Orchidaceae), across the CR and other Neotropical outcrops, to estimate evolutionary relationships and evaluate the biogeography of the group's diversification. Although genetic lineages generally align with geographic disjunctions, we also observe distantly related lineages within some previously recognized species. For such taxa, their lack of monophyly and a shared regional divergence pattern suggests a complex history that may include unrecognized diversity. When viewed through the lens of morphological variability, our study raises intriguing questions about the persistence and permeability of species barriers among orchid populations. These results, in addition to the recency of the divergence history of B. sect. Didactyle, provide insights about hypothesized community level vs. species-specific paths of diversification across the Neotropical sky-islands of the CR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract We present a taxonomic treatment of the Malvaceae from Serra do Lenheiro, a montane range in the municipality of São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil, in order to contribute to the knowledge of this family and the state’s flora. Eleven genera and twenty-nine species were recorded. Sida, Pavonia and Peltaea are the richest genera. Among the recorded species, nine are considered as ruderal and ten are endemic of Brazil. Three species have São João del-Rei as the type-locality. Analytic keys, morphological descriptions, photographic plates and comments about the treated species are presented. Illustrations are presented for two species: one has no iconography in Brazilian studies for Malvaceae (Sida plumosa) and one has only poor iconographic representations (Sida viarum).

During a botanical expedition carried out by the Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora to northern Minas Gerais, Brazil, the first records of Melastomataceae were catalogued for the Morro das Marombas, in the Serra de Montevidéu, situated on the Espinhaço Septentrional. These first records and an identification key for the melastomes from Morro das Marombas are presented. Among these records, the first collection of Marcetia viscida is documented in Minas Gerais, and two new microendemic species of Pleroma were found and are described and illustrated here. Pleroma congestifolium resembles three congeners from the Cerrado of Minas Gerais (P. ferricolum, P. martinellii, and P. trinervium) to which it is compared, and their morphological relationships and differences are discussed. Pleroma martinellii is a remarkable new species, and it can be morphologically approximated to two species (P. congestifolium and P. velutinum) from the Cerrado of Minas Gerais and Bahia. Preliminarily, we suggest the Deficient Data category as the conservation status for both species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Full implementation of phylogenetic classifications remains pending, particularly to delimit infrageneric divisions of large genera. Mimosa, one of the largest genera of Fabaceae, includes five sections and 41 series, most of which are not monophyletic. Here we investigated the phylogenetic relationship among species of Mimosa series Pachycarpae and Setosae, two diverse series from the Brazilian Cerrado (savanna) Domain. We analysed morphological and molecular data for a wide taxonomic sample in a total-evidence approach. Our results show the non-monophyly of these series is more problematic than previously realized and extends to M. series Piresianae. Nonetheless, most taxa of M. series Pachycarpae and Setosae fall in a clade, which has an enlarged underground organ as one of its synapomorphies and an important functional trait underlying adaptation to fire in the Cerrado Domain. On the basis of these results, and after transferring some species to M. series Piresianae, we synonymize M. series Setosae under M. series Pachycarpae. These updates are a first step towards aligning the infrageneric classification of Mimosa with the tenets of phylogenetic systematics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rodriguésia is the property of Revista Rodriguesia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hohenbergia is one the most diverse genera in Bahia state, and inhabits almost all regions of the state. As a result of ongoing studies on Hohenbergia in Bahia, Brazil, here we describe and illustrate Hohenbergia erecta, endemic to the municipality of Mucugê, at Chapada Diamantina. Hohenbergia erecta differs from its morphologically related, H. catingae, by an elongated tubular rosette (vs short stem with a crateriform rosette), and a once-branched cylindrical inflorescence (vs 2–3-branched pyramidal inflorescence), with branches congested at the apex (vs branches laxly arranged). Due to a small distribution area in the Caatinga forest and based on a spatial analysis we categorized it as Endangered (EN), following the IUCN criteria. Hohenbergia erecta is endemic to the central region of Chapada Diamantina, dominant in the area, where no other known Hohenbergia species have been found sympatrically. It is important, however, that new field expeditions are conducted in the region to observe the richness of the genus at Chapada Diamantina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A compreensão do funcionamento dos capões de mata associados à vegetação campestre em turfeiras da cadeia do Espinhaço é ainda incipiente, a despeito da sua importância para a conservação da biodiversidade e a proteção de mananciais hídricos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer os padrões de sazonalidade vegetativos e reprodutivos de um capão de mata e a sua relação com as condições climáticas locais. O trabalho foi realizado em uma mata de capão no Parque Estadual do Rio Preto (PERP), em MG. Foram observados dois picos de maior produção de serrapilheira, pela maior deposição de folhas, nos meses de maio e de setembro de 2022, que correspondem aos meses de início e final da estação seca. Verificou-se um pico de produção de frutos em abril de 2022 e um pico de produção de flores em setembro seguido de outubro. A produção anual de serrapilheira no capão estudado foi de 5,52 Mg ha-1, composta principalmente por folhas (72,4%) e por galhos (11,9%), enquanto as estruturas reprodutivas corresponderam a 12,1% do material coletado (4,6% de flores e 7,5% de frutos).

Topos de montanha são muitas vezes refúgios de vegetação por se tratarem, em geral, de ilhas isoladas distintas da vegetação do entorno, muitas vezes abrigando espécies raras e endêmicas. Nos últimos anos, muitas espécies raras que antes se pensava estarem extintas ou à beira da extinção foram redescobertas em regiões montanhosas. É o caso das espécies apresentadas aqui, que foram redescobertas depois de décadas, ou são ainda desconhecidas pela ciência. Os estudos florísticos em andamento em áreas de turfeiras no alto da Serra do Espinhaço Meridional, especificamente na Chapada do Couto, revelaram a existência de seis espécies raras de Eriocaulaceae, endêmicas dessas áreas elevadas do Espinhaço Meridional e associadas a ecossistemas úmidos. Duas espécies pertencem ao gênero Actinocephalus e quatro ao gênero Paepalanthus, incluindo uma redescoberta e duas espécies ainda desconhecidas pela ciência. Dada a raridade das ocorrências, o alto grau de endemismo e a fragilidade dos ecossistemas dos topos de montanha, são apresentados o estado de conservação destas espécies, além de comentários sobre morfologia, distribuição geográfica e imagens ilustrando cada uma delas.

Abstract The Espinhaço Range is known for its unique plant diversity and richness of endemic species. We identified the distribution patterns, areas of endemism, floristic similarity, and the areas of richness and diversity of Convolvulaceae within the Espinhaço Range by analyzing a database of approximately 2600 occurrence records. One hundred and eighty-four taxa were categorized into one of four distribution patterns: continuous, disjunct, centered in the Bahia sector, and centered in the Minas Gerais sector. Nineteen Convolvulaceae species are endemic to Espinhaço Range. Endemic species had all of the different distribution patterns. Parsimony analysis of endemism indicated two main centers of endemism for the family: one in the Minas Gerais sector, on the Diamantina Plateau, and another in the Bahia sector, in the Chapada Diamantina. The floristic similarity, richness, and diversity analyses evidenced a principal group in each portion, mainly concentrated in the Chapada Diamantina, and secondarily in the Iron Quadrangle. Such studies are important both for understanding biodiversity and for decision-making in public conservation policies.

ABSTRACT Pitcairnia is a species-rich genus with about 400 species distributed mainly in the Neotropics. We propose and diagnose a new rheophytic species of Pitcairnia, P. mineira, found in campos rupestres vegetation in the Southern Espinhaço Province (Minas Gerais State). We provide a description, including anatomical characters, illustration, distribution map, photographs, preliminary conservation assessment and comments on the distribution, habitat, phenology, and taxonomy of the new species. We also include an identification key to all species of Pitcairnia in the Espinhaço Range, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

RESUMO Nós apresentamos o tratamento taxonômico para a família Orobanchaceae da Serra de São José e da Serra do Lenheiro, no Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Seis espécies e quatro gêneros foram registrados. Chave de identificação, descrições morfológicas, fotos e comentários sobre a distribuição geográfica, ecologia e taxonomia das espécies são apresentados.

Phenological studies with species of cactus have grown in recent decades but the number of species studied remains very low, considering the high species richness of this group. In addition, temporal patterns of flowering and fruiting are important to understanding the processes that govern these crucial events of plant demography and ecology. Based on a five-year study of the reproductive phenology of C. minensis we asked if there is seasonality of flowering and fruiting. Secondly, we tested which climatic variables trigger C. minensis reproductive events in the Espinhaço region. We found that not all individuals produced flowers and fruits each year and a few individuals contributed with most flowers. Flower and immature fruit production is higher during the dry months, with fruits maturing during the rainy season or just before. In general, phenological events were seasonal, except for mature fruit production in 2010 and flower production in 2011. Some phenological traits such as flower timing, frequency, duration, and timing of immature fruit production had not been reported for the genus Cipocereus and were detected only because of the long-term phenological observations. Phenological heterogeneity in cactus might be a response to annual climatic fluctuations, mainly rainfall. • There is yearly variation in individual pulsing, and synchrony. • Few individuals flower at the same time. • Few individual cactus blooms in all flowering pulses in any studied year. • Climatic conditions greatly influenced flower production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resurrection plant family Velloziaceae are an iconic element in the Brazilian campos rupestres, where Barbacenia and Vellozia have undergone episodes of explosive species accumulation. Here we focus on the patterns of evolution of growth forms, dry-season physiological strategies and morphofunctional divergence to untangle these radiations. The timings of marked 'disparification' (evolution of trait disparity throughout a clade) in both genera were uncoupled from the shifts towards increased diversification rates, with the former accumulating during the Plio-Pleistocene (< 5 Mya). Except for growth forms in Vellozia , the traits analysed display convergent evolution in both genera. Morphofunctional diversity is lower in Barbacenia than in Vellozia , reflecting a young radiation occurring mostly in the southern Espinhaço Province. Growth-form divergence in Vellozia coincided with the Oligocene/Miocene burst in diversification, followed by a slowdown in rate. Moreover, the recent morphofunctional disparification indicates pulses of trait divergence within a mature radiation. Both growth form and divergence in functional traits affect diversification rates in the genera, with the growth forms displaying fastest diversification usually associated with mountain radiations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origin of the high biodiversity in the Neotropics remains an unresolved but critical question, especially for the species-rich but understudied savannas of Brazil, such as the campos rupestres and Cerrado. To address this knowledge gap, we leveraged Tibouchina s.s. , a clade of flowering plants in Melastomataceae found in the Cerrado and campos rupestres, to uncover the processes that generated the hyper-diverse flora of Neotropical savannas. We used a phylogenomic approach combined with ecological niche modelling and biogeographic analysis to infer the evolutionary processes that have influenced the diversification of Tibouchina s.s. We identified the importance of multiple interacting evolutionary forces, including geographical and ecological divergence, polyploidy and hybridization, and found that Tibouchina s.s. harbours greater diversity than once thought due to polyphyletic species, polyploid species and previously undocumented species. Taken together, these findings support a complex evolutionary history for Tibouchina and underscore the need for continued efforts to generate thoroughly sampled, robust phylogenetic trees for additional plant clades of these threatened Neotropical savannas and for intensive collecting and taxonomic work in these highly diverse but neglected regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Over 70% of the total channel length in all river basins is formed by low order streams, many of which originate on mountaintops. Headwater streams play fundamental roles in processing and transporting terrestrial and aquatic organic matter, often harboring high biodiversity in bottom leaf patches deposited from riparian vegetation. The objective of this study was to assess the variation in taxonomic composition (measured by beta diversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates) among stream sites located in the Espinhaço Meridional Mountain Range, part of a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in eastern Brazil. We tested two hypotheses. (a) Taxa turnover is the main reason for differences in aquatic insect assemblages within stream sites; we predicted that turnover would be higher than nestedness in all stream sites. (b) Stream site altitude and catchment elevation range are the main explanatory variables for the differences in beta diversity; we predicted that local stream site variables would account for only minor amounts of variation. In both dry and wet seasons, we sampled twice in two habitat types (five leaf patches in pools and five in riffles) in each of nine stream sites distributed in three different river basins. We computed average pairwise beta diversity among sampling stations and seasons in each stream site by using Jaccard and Bray–Curtis indices, and calculated the percentages of diversity resulting from turnover and nestedness. Finally, we tested the degree that local‐ or catchment‐level predictor variables explained beta diversity. We found that turnover was the main component of beta diversity and that both dissolved oxygen and elevation range best explained Bray–Curtis beta diversity. These results reinforce the importance of leaf patches in montane (sky islands) Neotropical savanna streams as biodiversity hotbeds for macroinvertebrates, and that both local and landscape variables explained beta diversity.

Background and aims – Recent botanical discoveries have highlighted the occurrence of campos rupestres in the Serra do Padre Ângelo (SPA), eastern Minas Gerais, Brazil. Here, we introduce the first new species of Paepalanthus subg. Xeractis to be described in the last three decades. Discovered in the SPA, it belongs to an emblematic lineage endemic to the campos rupestres of Minas Gerais.Material and methods – The new species is described based on herbarium material and in situ observations. A morphological phylogenetic analysis was carried out by including the new species in a previously published character matrix. Its spatial distribution is discussed based on the obtained topology.Key results – The new species is endemic to the SPA, but its closest related taxa are endemic to the Espinhaço Range (ER), ca 200 km distant. Its placement in the phylogeny supports the inclusion in P. ser. Fuscati, representing an escape from the ER. We present a clear morphological differentiation between the new species and its closest related taxa. Other similar cases of disjunct distribution among these areas of campos rupestres (SPA vs ER) are reviewed and discussed.Conclusion – Based on the restricted distribution, allied with threats to the habitat, the new species is inserted in the IUCN category of Critically Endangered (CR). This new discovery reinforces the singularity of the SPA and the relevance of biodiversity inventories and conservation studies in the easternmost campos rupestres, and their classification as a priority area for conservation.

ABSTRACT Mikania is a pantropical genus of Asteraceae with ca. 450 species distributed mainly in South America. Although most of its species occur in forested phytophysiognomies, significant richness is found in the mountaintop grasslands known as campos rupestres in Brazil. Recent botanical exploration of campos rupestres areas outside their core distribution, namely Serra do Padre Ângelo, Pico da Aliança, and Sete Salões State Park, all located in the eastern part of the state of Minas Gerais and within the Atlantic Forest phytogeographic domain, led to the description of several new plant species. After fieldwork and study of herbarium specimens, we recognize two new species of Mikania endemic to Pico da Aliança and Serra do Padre Ângelo. Mikania semirii is related to Mikania phaeoclados and differs by leaf indumentum, subinvolucral bract shape and size and position on the peduncle. Mikania funkiae is related to Mikania glauca and Mikania obtusata, and differs by the petiole length, leaf shape, texture, and margins. We provide full descriptions, illustrations, distribution maps, composite color figures, preliminary conservation status assessments, and comments on the taxonomy and ecology of these two species. These findings highlight the continued importance of floristic and taxonomic work on the rich eastern Brazilian flora.

Two new species of Oocephalus (Ocimeae: Hyptidinae), O. griseus and O. campestris, from the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park (CVNP), in Goiás state, Brazil, are proposed. For each species, description and comments on distribution and taxonomy are provided. Also, a diagnostic key to all Oocephalus species occurring in the state of Goiás and Distrito Federal is provided, as well as a line drawing and illustrated photographs of the new species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims – Vegetation on ironstone outcrops is highly threatened, particularly due to the impact of mining. In this study, two new species of Ditassa (Metastelmatinae, Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from the cangas of the Iron Quadrangle (Minas Gerais, Brazil) are described and illustrated, and their conservation status is discussed.Material and methods – Species recognition is based on a morphological and molecular study of recent and historical collections, including a survey of the main herbaria of Brazil, Europe and the United States. Conservation status assessments are based on the evaluation of areas of occupancy and the impact of iron mining in the region.Key results – The two new species are morphologically similar to species in the “Hemipogon from the Espinhaço” clade, which includes Morilloa. Nevertheless, they exhibit flowers with a double corona and are described in Ditassa here, following preliminary phylogenetic analyses with 73 plastid-coding regions. These species are known from only two highly disturbed locations each and are Critically Endangered. A key to identify the 14 species of Metastelmatinae currently recorded in cangas of the Iron Quadrangle is provided.Conclusion – The Critically Endangered Ditassa cangae and D. ferricola are examples of poorly known, nearly extinct species under strong anthropogenic pressure caused by intense mining activities and the lack of adequate legislation for the protection of canga landscapes.

Stylosanthes, with approximately 50 species, is a pantropical, economically important genus of Leguminosae, with several species having forage potential and soil improvement potential. Thirty-two species have been recorded in Brazil, with the Northeast region being one of the main centers of diversity of the genus in the country. Despite this, no taxonomic work focusing on Stylosanthes has been done for the region. This study presents a taxonomic treatment of Stylosanthes species occurring in the Northeast region of Brazil. Botanical specimens were collected in the field together with visits to the main herbaria in the Northeast (ALCB, HUEFS, HUNEB, HVASF) for specimen analysis. Online consultation of databases in virtual herbaria, analysis of regional flora accounts, assessment of types and discussions with legume experts were also undertaken. Twenty-three taxa were confirmed as occurring in NE Brazil, with six new occurrences recorded for the states of Ceará, Paraíba, Piauí, and Rio Grande do Norte. Species in the studied area are mainly differentiated by their fruit and bract morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide the floristic treatment for Acanthaceae in the Serra Negra, a region belonging to the Mantiqueira Range. We recorded nine genera and 16 species of Acanthaceae: Aphelandra longiflora, Hygrophila costata, Hypoestes phyllostachya, Justicia carnea, J. citrina, J. dasyclados, J. minensis, J. serrana, Lepidagathis kameyamana, Mendoncia puberula, M. velloziana, Odontonema barleriodes, Ruellia brevifolia, R. elegans, R. macrantha, and Staurogyne euryphylla. They occur naturally in the Atlantic Rainforest and other Brazilian domains, found predominantly in forest environments. Species studied had their distribution area expanded, with new records for the Atlantic Rainforest and for the state of Minas Gerais. Morphological descriptions, identification key, photographs, and the geographic distribution are provided for each species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciência Florestal (01039954) is the property of Ciencia Florestal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Here we describe a new species of Passiflora subg. Passiflora (Passifloraceae sensu stricto) found in the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest in areas of campos rupestres of the João Pinto formation in Minas Gerais and on granitic inselbergs of Espírito Santo. The new species, named Passiflora ita, is described, illustrated, compared to similar species and its conservation status is preliminarily assessed as Endangered (EN) following IUCN Red List categories and criteria, reinforcing the importance of the areas where it occurs (which are not national or state-level parks) as priorities for conservation. Citation: Mezzonato-Pires A. C., Ribeiro R. da S. & Gonella P. M. 2021: Maracujá on the rocks: a new Passiflora species (Passifloraceae sensu stricto) from the rupicolous ecosystems of the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest. – Willdenowia 51: 371–381.https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.51.51305 Version of record first published online on 14 December 2021 ahead of inclusion in December 2021 issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desiccation tolerance is the ability that some organisms show to equilibrate their water content with that of dry air and recover when water supplies are re-established. This is a widespread although rare strategy in angiosperms, and most desiccation-tolerant (DT) species are restricted to tropical rock outcrops. Such restricted ecological range is attributed to weak competitive potential caused by low productivity, due to the temporal limitation in carbon assimilation that occurs when plants desiccate. However, few studies addressing this question in angiosperms have been conducted. We investigate 20 species of Velloziaceae of campos rupestres that differ in their desiccation tolerance. Campos rupestres is an ecoregion characterized by particular vegetation growing on rocky substrates that occurs along mountains in central/south-eastern Brazil, above 900 m a.s.l. It is considered a Neotropical hotspot and the main centre of diversity for DT vascular plants and the Velloziaceae. Here, we tested whether carbon assimilation rates, functional traits and species habitats corroborate the hypothesized trade-off between productivity and desiccation tolerance. All species showed similar photosynthetic rates during the wet season; in the dry season, only DT species showed drastic decrease in their metabolism. Non-desiccation-tolerant (NT) species are larger than DT ones (i.e. greater maximum plant height; stem volume). Relative canopy area and stem dry-matter content were lower in DT compared to NT, while leaf phosphorous concentration was higher in DT. The remaining morphofunctional traits evaluated did not vary between these groups. DT species occupied mainly exposed rock soils, while NT species occurred in deep, sandy soil habitats. Our results support the hypothesis of a trade-off between desiccation tolerance and productivity in angiosperms and suggest that DT strategy may only evolve and persist in habitats where severe growth limitations due to drought limit competition from more productive species.

A bacia do Rio das Velhas vem sendo intensivamente estudada com bioindicadores de qualidade de água nas últimas duas décadas. O objetivo foi avaliar a qualidade ecológica no alto Rio das Velhas (São Bartolomeu, Ouro Preto, MG), utilizando abordagem de Avaliação Ecológica Rápida. Buscamos responder: (i) A qualidade das águas do rio das Velhas é alterada por lançamento de efluentes urbanos no Distrito de São Bartolomeu? (ii) Houve perda de qualidade de água ao longo do tempo, comparando o biomonitoramento histórico com as condições atuais? Avaliamos três sítios amostrais: P1 (referência), P2 (dentro do distrito), P3 (jusante efluentes da Estação de Tratamento). Utilizamos um Protocolo de Avaliação Rápida de Diversidade de Hábitats e Integridade de Zonas Ripárias, mensuramos parâmetros físicos, químicos e bacteriológicos na coluna d’água e calculamos o Índice de Qualidade de Água. Foram amostrados macroinvertebrados bentônicos e peixes como bioindicadores. Em comparação à média histórica, houve aumento das concentrações de N-total e P-total e redução de sólidos totais dissolvidos, turbidez e condutividade elétrica. Os bioindicadores evidenciaram perda de qualidade ambiental, redução do índice de diversidade em P2 e P3, menor percentual de sensíveis e tolerantes, maior abundância de organismos resistentes à poluição. Observamos aumento de vinte vezes nas concentrações de bactérias Escherichia coli em P2 e P3, evidenciando risco sanitário às populações ribeirinhas. Recomendamos que seja aprimorada a eficiência da Estação de Tratamento e que não sejam lançados esgotos domésticos no Rio das Velhas. Reforçamos a importância da conservação do leito natural, conservando a diversidade de habitats e mata ripária. Sugerimos a intensificação de campanhas de sensibilização ambiental, a implementação de campanhas de reflorestamento da mata ripária e a realização de um Programa de Biomonitoramento de longo prazo com atividades de Educação Ambiental e ciência cidadã com moradores, turistas, professores, jovens e crianças em fase escolar.

Plants from Brazilian campos rupestres usually present morphological strategies that allow them to survive in extreme environments. However, in Chamaecrista (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae), one of the most diverse genera in the campos rupestres, needle-like leaflets are rare. Reviewing the species that present such leaf morphology, we describe Chamaecrista acicularis, a new species from the Canastra Range, in the southwestern region of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that C. acicularis is not closely related to other quite similar needle-like leafleted species and that this trait evolved convergently. We also present comments on the phylogenetic relationships of needle-like leafleted species as well as the evolution of the leaflet amplitude, and a detailed description of C. acicularis alongside illustrations, photos, geographical distribution, a key to the needle-like leafleted species and taxonomic notes on similar species. Additionally, we expand the description of Chamaecrista strictifolia and present an informal conservation status for all needle-like leafleted species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent phylogenetic tree for the large paraphyletic genus Paepalanthus showed that the genus Actinocephalus is also paraphyletic with two species of Paepalanthus nested within it: Paepalanthus macrocephalus and Paepalanthus camptophyllus. These species have the diagnostic morphological traits of Actinocephalus, but they are too small to be seen in Paepalanthus macrocephalus and difficult to interpret in Paepalanthus camptophyllus, which has resulted in them being overlooked until now. Furthermore, Paepalanthus macrocephalus has a challenging circumscription, with several putative synonyms whose nomenclatural confusion has persisted for decades. Here we analyzed the morphology of Paepalanthus camptophyllus and Paepalanthus macrocephalus to confirm their relationship with other species of Actinocephalus as shown in the phylogeny and to investigate the diagnostic features that distinguish these species in Actinocephalus. The opportunity was also taken to evaluate putative synonyms of Paepalanthus macrocephalus and Paepalanthus camptophyllus, and to include the remaining variety of A. phaeocephalus (Paepalanthus phaeocephalus var. foliosus) in Actinocephalus, which was lacking in the revision of the genus. Four new combinations and eight lectotypes are provided, as well as six new synonyms. We also provide comments on diagnostic characteristics, distribution, and notes on Actinocephalus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Ancient climatic fluctuations are invoked as the main driving force that generates the astonishing biodiversity in ancient mountains. As a result, endemism and spatial turnover are usually high and few species are widespread amongst entire mountain ranges, precluding the understanding of origins of macroevolutionary patterns. Here, we used a species endemic to, but widespread in, one of the most species‐rich ancient mountains in the globe to test how environmental changes acted on and how their macroevolutionary patterns were shaped. Location: Espinhaço Range, Eastern Brazil. Taxon: Vriesea oligantha species complex (Bromeliaceae). Methods: We compiled data for plastidial regions and nuclear microsatellites to assess genetic diversity, population structure, migration rates and phylogenetic relationships. Using temperature and precipitation variables, we modelled suitable areas for the present and the past, estimating corridors between isolated populations. We also implemented Bayesian demographic analyses to estimate ancient populations dynamics. Finally, we tested if population structure is driven by isolation by environment or by distance using a Bayesian modelling approach. Results: Our results showed that the intraspecific divergence events of V. oligantha are older than those associated with the latest Pleistocene climatic oscillations, supporting the view that Quaternary climatic fluctuations are key components for understanding its population differentiation processes. Species distribution modelling estimated corridors between populations in the past, as also shown in the demographic analyses, depicting a major spatial reorganization during colder climates. Besides, the high genetic structure estimated results from both models of isolation by distance and by environment. Main conclusions: V. oligantha is a remarkable model to test the effects of climatic oscillations over the biological community, since this species originated in the early‐Pleistocene, prevailing over several cycles of climatic fluctuations until today. The estimated demographic dynamics of V. oligantha agrees with the species‐pump mechanism, suggesting it as the main cause of speciation within the Espinhaço Range. Moreover, the phylogeographic patterns of V. oligantha reflect previously recognised spatial and temporal macroevolutionary patterns in the Espinhaço Range, providing insights into how microevolutionary processes may have given rise to this astonishing mountain biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O domínio tropical atlântico do sudeste brasileiro apresenta compartimentos geomorfológicos montanhosos que se consubstanciam, sobretudo, em zonas de cisalhamento reativadas de forte expressão no relevo, o que engendra elementos azonais na estruturação dos geossistemas regionais. O município de Lima Duarte, localizado na Zona da Mata Mineira, apresenta distintamente uma interpenetração de componentes zonais e azonais na composição das paisagens que ocorrem no território municipal, sendo que o estudo destas paisagens pela óptica geossistêmica é que encerra os objetivos do presente artigo, cuja fundamentação teórica e metodológica se assenta nos pressupostos desenvolvidos na corrente moderna do pensamento geográfico russo-soviético. Palavras-chave: Geossistema. Lima Duarte. Cristas quartzíticas. Campos rupestres. THE ZONAL AND THE AZONAL IN THE INTERPRETATION AND IN THE CLASSIFICATION OF GEOSYSTEMS IN THE CITY OF LIMA DUARTE, ZONA DA MATA OF MINAS GERAIS Abstract: The Atlantic tropical domain on the Brazilian southeast presents geomorphological mountainous compartments that are consolidated mainly in reactivated shear zones with strong expression in the relief what engenders azonal elements in the regional geosystems structuration. The city of Lima Duarte located in Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais distinctively presents an interpenetration of zonal and azonal components in the composition of the landscapes occurring in the municipal territory wherein the studies of those landscapes in the geosystemic optics is what the objectives of the present article comprehends which theoretical and methodological substantiation is settled in the presuppositions developed in the Russian-Soviet scope. Keywords: Geosystem. Lima Duarte. Quartzitic combs. Rocks fields. EL ZONAL Y EL AZONAL EN LA INTERPRETACIÓN Y EN LA CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS GEOSISTEMAS DEL MUNICIPIO DE LIMA DUARTE, ZONA DE LA MATA MINERA Resumen: El dominio tropical atlántico del sudeste brasileño presenta compartimentos geomorfológicos montañosos que se consubstancian sobre todo en zonas de cizallamiento reactivadas de fuerte expresión en el relieve, lo que engendra elementos azonales en la estructuración de los geosistemas regionales. El municipio de Lima Duarte, ubicado en la Zona de la Mata Minera, presenta claramente una interpenetración de componentes zonales y azonales en la composición de los paisajes que ocurren en el territorio municipal, siendo que el estudio de estos paisajes por la óptica geosistémica es que encierra los objetivos del presente artículo, cuya fundamentación teórica y metodológica se asienta en los presupuestos desarrollados en la corriente moderna del pensamiento geográfico ruso-soviético. Palabras- clave: Geosistema. Lima Duarte. Sierras quartzíticas Campos rupestres.

Abstract The native flora of the Brazilian rupestrian grassland (campos rupestres) is threatened by the spread of invasive grasses. In this study, we evaluated the effect of habitat on the functional traits and CSR ecological strategies of three invasive alien grasses occurring both in the ironstone (IRG) and quartzitic (QRG) rupestrian grassland habitats. Although in both habitats the invasive species predominantly showed a stress-tolerant strategy, they exhibited distinct degrees of stress-tolerance and slightly differences in functional traits values in the IRG compared to the QRG. Habitat type distinctly influenced invasive grasses functional traits and ecological strategies, revealing a species-specific pattern.

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