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زعفران (Crocus sativus L.)‎‏ محصولی ارزشمند و نیمه مقاوم به خشکی است که می­تواند در شرایط بسیار متفاوت آب و هوایی مورد کشت و کار قرار گیرد. مهمترین ترکیب­هاى شیمیایى زعفران را کروسین، پیکروکروسین و مشتق­هاى کروسین تشکیل می­دهند که دارای خواص آنتی‌اکسیدانی می‌باشند و در داروسازی کاربرد دارند. در این پژوهش اثر اقلیم شهرستان مرند، استان آذربایجان‌شرقی طی دو سال زراعی بر کمیت و کیفیت و خصوصیات آنتی‌اکسیدانی قسمت‌های مختلف زعفران تولیدی در این منطقه بررسی شد. عوامل اقلیمی حاکم بر این منطقه طی دو سال متوالی 1393 و 1394 از نظر دما، بارندگی و رطوبت با استفاده از داده­های هواشناسی بررسی شد و میزان عملکرد زعفران در منطقه با استفاده از پرسشنامه از زعفران­کاران منطقه به دست آمد. از سوی دیگر، میزان ترکیبات کروسین، پیکروکروسین و سافرانال و فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی قسمت­های مختلف زعفران شامل کلاله، خامه، پرچم و گلبرگ‌ها هر کدام به طور جداگانه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج به دست آمده نشان داد ‌شهرستان مرند طبق روش طبقه­بندی دومارتن، در طبقه اقلیم نیمه‌خشک قرار می­گیرد و مقدار متابولیت­های کروسین در سال اول کشت 1393 (بیشترین میزان 306 میلی­گرم بر گرم در اندام کلاله)،‌ پیکروکروسین در سال دوم کشت 1394 (102/15 میلی­گرم بر گرم در اندام کلاله) و سافرانال در سال دوم کشت 1394 (بیشترین میزان: 49/95 میلی­گرم بر گرم در گلبرگ زعفران) و فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی کلاله و گلبرگ زعفران در سال اول کشت 1393 (به‌ترتیب 30/43 و 88/32 درصد) بالاترین مقدار را داشت. منطقه بناب مرند آذربایجان شرقی در اثر تغییرات آب و هوایی منطقه مناسب برای کشت زعفران می­باشد و کیفیت اندام­های مختلف زعفران در سال‌های متوالی کشت چندساله زعفران متفاوت می­باشد.

Background & Objective: Considering the increase in world population in recent years and the growing need of human societies, especially in our country, for oilseed products, proper agricultural management is very important to increase yield. The present study was conducted with the aim of the effect of different weed control methods on the growth traits and yield of safflower. Materials & Methods: An experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted to investigate the effect of straw and stubble mulch, cover plants, and herbicides in the management of spring safflower weeds in Jihad Agriculture Kalibar Farm, located in East Azarbaijan Province. Evaluation of growth traits and safflower yield was measured during the growing season and after harvest. Results: Based on the results obtained from this study, weed control methods had no significant effect on the number of leaves and the number of secondary stems. Other investigated traits were significantly affected by weed control methods. Apart from weed control, the greatest increase in plant height (38.5%), number of leaves (32%), stem dry weight (22.9%), shoot dry weight (48.5%) and harvest index (5 54.0%) was obtained in the treatment of trifluralin herbicide + straw mulch and wheat stubble. While the highest leaf dry weight (18.3%), secondary stem diameter (14.4%) and secondary stem length (26.7%) belonged to trifluralin herbicide treatment. These results show that trifluralin herbicide + straw mulch and wheat stubble were the most effective among the non-mechanical weed control treatments in the safflower field. The results showed that among the traits affected by weed control, the diameter of the main stem with 8.6% and the diameter of the secondary stem with 14.4% showed the least fluctuations in the studied treatments. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the control of weeds in the safflower field in the early stages of growth is more effective than in the more advanced stages, and it can indicate the sensitivity of safflower to the competition of weeds in the early stages of safflower growth. Because treatments with more effective control of weeds in the early stages of growth (mulch and trifluralin) were more effective in improving safflower growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: Investigating the stability and compatibility of a genotype in different environmental conditions in order to introduce it for planting in specific and known environmental conditions in multi-breeding programs is one of the basic needs and to achieve sustainable production in order to achieve sustainable self-sufficiency in It is necessary to produce strategic products, especially wheat. Methods & Materials: In the present study, in order to investigate the stability and identify high-yielding and compatible genotypes, the yield of 32 lines of recombinant inbred from the crossing of two cultivars Roshan and Superhead in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in six The region (Tabriz, Ahar, Ardabil, Faghan, Shabestar and Urmia) were investigated for two years. Results: The results of the present study showed that there was a significant difference between the locations in terms of performance. Also, the difference between genotypes, as well as the interaction effect of genotype × year, genotype × location, and the interaction effect of genotype × year × location were significant, which indicated the difference between the performance of genotypes in different environments, which indicated the necessity of stability analysis. Conclusion: The results of analysis of simple and compound variances showed a significant difference between the lines in terms of grain yield. Comparing the average of all the lines, lines No. 3, 12, 38, 42, 47, 95 and Roshan had the highest yield and the lowest average seed yield was related to line 51 with 3.023 tons per hectare. Line 90 showed good general compatibility compared to other lines. Lines No. 3, 38, 42, 95, their regression coefficient was less than one and the deviation from their regression line was higher. One of the practical aspects of this research is the identification of promising lines for carrying out further breeding studies in order to release the variety and introduce it to farmers. According to the relative alignment of the results obtained from different methods, it can be stated that in this research, lines 10, 12, 31 and the Roshan variety were recognized as the most stable genotypes and line 51 as the most unstable line and It was recognized as special for unfavorable areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Studies have shown that the use of some compounds whose importance is often neglected by researchers and farmers can have a significant effect on the growth and yield of plants and increase the amount of essential oil production in medicinal plants. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of Selenium and Silicon foliar application and zeolite soil application on the yield and components of seed yield and the percentage and yield essential oil of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.). Materials and methods This experiment was carried out in the form of a split split plot (twice chopped) based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Khosrowshahr Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in the 2019 crop year. The first factor included foliar spraying of calcium (zero and 4 gr/L) and the second factor included foliar spraying of selenium (zero and 4 gr/L) in the main and secondary plots, respectively, and the third factor was the application of zeolite (zero, 5 and 10 tons/ha) were placed in sub-sub-plots. In the full ripening stage, plants were harvested from one square meter of each plot and the dry matter of the whole plant, number of seeds per umbels, number of seeds per plant, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, percentage and essential oil yield were measured. Results and Discussion The results showed that the seed yield increased with the application of these treatments, which resulted in an increase in the yield of fennel essential oil per unit area. Based on the results of the average data comparison, the use of all three compounds of zeolite, selenium and silicon caused a significant increase in the yield of fennel essential oil and increased this attribute by 24, 23.1, and 22.5 percent, respectively. Silicon and selenium increased the yield of essential oil by increasing the seed yield. In addition, zeolite had a positive effect on seed yield through the number of seeds, while silicon and selenium increased both characteristics of yield components, including 1000-seed weight and number of seeds. Conclusion Finally, the yield of fennel essential oil was affected by the use of zeolite, selenium and silicon. In most cases, all three compounds were effective on the evaluated traits, and therefore, it can be concluded that these three compounds were effective in increasing the yield and yield components of fennel with different mechanisms. Therefore, it can be concluded that these three compounds work through different mechanisms to enhance the yield and quality of fennel essential oil, positioning them as effective tools in sustainable agriculture and the optimization of medicinal plant production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of nano-superabsorbent treatments and bio-fertilizers on some morpho-physiological characteristics, yield and yield components of Spring Canola seed under different levels of irrigation. Materials & Methods: The field experiment was conducted during 2017 and 2018 as a factorial split plot based on a randomized complete block design in 3 replications. The treatments included irrigation at three levels (irrigation after evaporation of 70, 120 and 170 mm of evaporation from the Class A pan in the main plots) and nano-superabsorbent treatments at two levels (0 and 45 kg/ha) and fertilizer treatments at four levels: control, Chitosan, growth-stimulating bacteria and chitosan + growth-stimulating bacteria were factorially placed in sub-plots. Results: Nitrogen and phosphorus content, leaf water percentage, green cover percentage, chlorophyll content, plant height, number of branches and leaves per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per plant, biological yield and consequently grain yield decreased, but the temperature Canola leaves increased. The application of fertilizer treatments, especially the combined treatment of bio-fertilizers + nano-superabsorbent under all irrigation levels, led to the improvement of these traits and rape seed yield, especially under severe stress. The application of nano-superabsorbent alone only under moderate and severe stress led to the improvement of these characteristics compared to its non-use. Conclusion: Improvement of morpho-physiological traits and product components ultimately increased seed yield. Therefore, it can be concluded that the combined application of nano-superabsorbent with bio-fertilizers can be an effective method to improve grain yield under drought stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Paclobutrazol is a growth regulator used to control growth and reduce the frequency of mowing in all types of turfgrass plants. This material also affects the height and quality of different types of turfgrass. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to compare the growth behavior of two types of turfgrass subjected to paclobutrazol treatment and also to evaluate the possibility of using paclobutrazol to reduce the growth of turfgrass in areas with the same climate of Tabriz. Materials and Methods To determine the effect of paclobutrazol on height, and visual properties of turfgrass such as density, clippings fresh weight, leaf chlorophyll index, length and width of leaf blade, two grass plants Poa pratensis and Festuca arundinacea were treated with paclobutrazol in different concentrations. Grass plants were tested with concentrations of zero (control), 15, 30 and 45 mg/L-1 paclotrazol as foliar spray in 4 replicates of each treatment. This research was carried out in as a split plot experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design, so that the type of grass as the main factor in 2 levels and paclobutrazol as a secondary factor were considered in all the evaluated traits in both plant species. Results and Discussion The results of this research showed that paclobutrazol significantly affects the height of P. pratensis and F. aranudinaceae turfgrass plants. This effect was in the form of a significant reduction in the height of plants and controlling their growth. By increasing the concentration of paclobutrazol from zero to 45 mg/L, the height of the plants decreased. In both mentioned types of turfgrass, the most effective concentration was 45 mg/L. By increasing the concentration of paclobutrazol, the density of P. pratensis and F. aranudinaceae turfgrass plants has increased. The increase in density after paclobutrazol treatment was more evident in F. aranudinaceae. In general, the fescue turfgrass plant has stronger foliage, deep and strong roots, and lower density. The only exception was the increase in the chlorophyll index of fescue leaves (10 days after treatment) and P. pratensis (20 days after treatment) and in both of them under the concentration of 30 mg/L of paclobutrazol. Following paclobutrazol treatment and increasing its concentration, the length and width of the leaf blade as well as the clippings fresh weight of turfgrass plants were decreased. The reduction in the length and width of the leaf blade was similar in both plants, and the most effective concentration of paclobutrazol was 30 mg/L. However, the optimal effect of paclobutrazol was observed up to 30 days after the treatment. In the fourth measurement (40 days after the treatment), the effect of paclobutrazol decreased and there was no significant difference in the length and width of the leaves of the treated plants and the control plants. Conclusion In general, with the treatment of different concentrations of paclobutrazol, the number of aerial branches produced in F. aranudinaceae was more than that of P. pratensis. Since paclobutrazol is a growth inhibitor and by preventing the synthesis of gibberellin hormone, it prevents plants from elongation, this substance can be used to control the growth of turfgrass plants. This growth control reduces the number of mowing times, reduces fertilizer consumption, increases the efficiency of water use, and ultimately saves the cost of maintaining turfgrass plants. Since paclobutrazol accumulates in the roots and eventually causes the formation of new branches, it can be concluded that the effect of paclobutrazol on the density of F. aranudinaceae is greater than that of P. pratensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl.) belonging to the family Gesneriaseae is a very popular indoor plant. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of red, blue, red and blue light (one part blue and three parts red) and white fluorescent on the vegetative and reproductive growth of African violet plants. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 16 replications in the first phase and 16 treatments with 4 replications in the second phase. The tallest plants in the first and second phases were those treated with red light with an average of 8.2 and 12.5 cm, respectively. Plants treated with mixed blue and red light produced the highest leaves/plant in the first phase of the experiment. However, these plants reduced their number of leaves in the second phase when treated with the blue light. In the first phase, the fluorescent and red light alone developed the greatest canopy area (about 350 cm² ), while in the second phase, the canopy area in fluorescent light reached its maximum rate (500 cm² ). Similar results were observed for the leaf area. Blue light produced the highest flowers/plant in the first phase, although in the second phase, plants transferred from fluorescent light to the mixed blue and red light indicated increases in flowers/plant. The overall results of the experiment indicate that the blue light plays an important role in early flowering and the red light has an important effect on the rate of canopy extension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Background and objectives: Agriculture has always struggled with weeds throughout history and has achieved considerable progress in this regard. Weeds compete with agricultural plants to receive nutrients, soil moisture and sunlight and lead to a decrease in the yield of agricultural plants. Due to its slow growth in the rosette stage, the safflower plant is very vulnerable to the competition of weeds, and weeds can severely reduce the yield of safflower and even cause the loss of the entire crop. Therefore, eliminating the competition of weeds is effective in increasing its performance. Manual weed control is timeconsuming and expensive. Chemical weed control method is one of the important methods used in weed control. But these herbicides can have a serious impact on the environment. Non-chemical weed control such as the use of mulch and cover plants are the preferred methods for weed control. Considering the importance of weed control and the existence of few studies on the comparison of different safflower weed control methods, this experiment was conducted with the aim of comparing the effect of different weed control methods in safflower fields. Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effect of different weed control methods on oil percentage and yield in safflower plant, an experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with 12 treatments and four replications in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Tabriz University located in the Khilat Pushan research station in the area near Basmanj. Preparation and planting of safflower seeds was done in the middle of April. Weed control operations were carried out according to different weed control treatments. After the physiological treatment, the harvesting operation started and after removing the side rows of each plot, 10 samples were taken from the middle row by removing 0.5 meters from the margins and separately for each plot, they were taken to the laboratory for the necessary measurements. Results: In this research, V. Ervilia had an increase of 33.5 and 40.5 percent on the dry weight of the stem of safflower. Also, in the two treatments of manual weeding twice before the stem lengthening and complete manual control of weeds, the length of the secondary branches of safflower (C. tinctorius) was 35 and 35.5 cm, respectively, which is 38.6 and 32.6 percent compared to the absence of weed control. In this research, in the treatments of V. ervilia cover plant, V. ervilia cover plant and a combination of V. ervilia cover plant and V. ervilia cover plant, biomass produced 1.69, 1.73 and 2.32 tons, respectively, which can in addition to control Weeds and improving safflower yield are of economic importance. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the control of weeds in the safflower field in the early stages of growth is more effective than in the more advanced stages, and it can indicate the sensitivity of safflower to the competition of weeds in the early stages of safflower growth. In addition to that, the treatments of V. ervilia, V. ervilia and V. villosa, the use of trifluralin herbicide, trifluralin + phenmedipham herbicide, trifluralin + Haloxyfop-R-methyl and two manual weeding before the stem elongation also had a significant increasing effect on the harvest index and this trait compared to the control, it increased significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

خانواده کوچک‌ترین نهاد و گروه اجتماعی است که زیربنای جامعه را تشکیل می‌دهد. اساس خانواده، برقراری پیوند زناشویی بین زوجین، و پذیرش حقوق و تکالیف مترتب بر آن است. در رابطه با حقوق زن بعد از ازدواج، به دو نوع حق تأکید شده است؛ حقوق مالی و غیرمالی. مهریه و نفقه از حقوق مالی مختص به زوجه هستند. مسئله اصلی این مقاله، بررسی تأثیر عوامل مختلفی مانند جنس، سن، تحصیلات، پایگاه اجتماعی و اقتصادی خانواده، اعتماد‌ اجتماعی، عرف، پایبندی به ارزش‌های دینی، همسالان و رسانه‌های جمعی بر نگرش افراد درخصوص کارکرد مهریه و عوامل تعیین میزان مهریه است. نمونۀ مورد مطالعه شامل 261 نفر از دانشجویان دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی بودند. روش مطالعۀ اسنادی و پیمایشی و ابزار جمع‌آوری داده‌ها پرسشنامه بود. نتایج حاکی از آن است که متغیرهای اعتماد اجتماعی، عرف، تحصیلات، پایبندی به ارزش‌های دینی، پایگاه اجتماعی و اقتصادی خانواده، رسانه‌های جمعی، جنسیّت، همسالان و سن 65% از نگرش افراد درخصوص کارکردهای ‌‌مهریه را تبیین می‌کنند که از بین آن‌ها، متغیر اعتماد اجتماعی بیش‌ترین سهم را داشته است. همچنین متغیرهای ذکر شده 63% از نگرش افراد درخصوص عوامل تعیین میزان مهریه را تبیین می‌کنند که بین آن‌ها، متغیر عرف بیش‌ترین سهم را دارا است.

Evaluation, identification, and conservation of native ecotypes of medicinal plants as human heritage are essential. Therefore, collecting and evaluating native ecotypes, as well as introducing adaptive ecotypes, are important for farmers. In order to evaluate the agricultural characteristics of 49 ecotypes of the dragon's head collected from different regions of the country, a randomized complete block design with three replications was applied at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture at Tabriz University. The tallest plant was associated with the ecotype number 6 (Kolvanagh 5), with an average of 41.13 cm. The ecotype number 23 exhibited the highest number of leaves on the main stem, with an average of 30.14 leaves. The highest chlorophyll index was associated with ecotype number 49 (Nazirlo and Darwish Bakal villages), averaging 36.04. The highest leaf area index was associated with ecotype No. 20, averaging 2.89 cm2. The highest seed yield of a single plant was associated with ecotype number 25 (the local population of Taze Kand 1 Haris village), averaging 1.05 g. The findings indicate that ecotypes No. 7 (Kolvanagh 6) and 14 (Tabriz 3), which exhibited the highest biological performance, could be used for fodder production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato (Solanum tubersum) is an important economic crop in the world. In order to investigate the effect of potassium (Potabarvar Bioferrtilizer) and Phosphorus (Barvar 2 Biofertilizer) biofertilizers on the yield and quality of two families of true potato seeds, including Fanta free pollinators and Savalan × Agria hybrids, an experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized block design with 8 treatments and three repetitions were done. The results showed that the use of Potabarvar Bioferrtilizer and Barvar 2 Biofertilizer affected plant height, leaf area and the dry matter percentage of tuber and leaf and led to an increase in yield compared to the control plants and the application of a mixture of biological fertilizers at the probability level of 1%. So that the highest yield in the treatment of Potabarvar biofertilizer was obtained on the free-pollinating Fanta family. Also, the application of these fertilizers led to an increase in the leaf chlorophyll index at the five percent probability level. The use of these biofertilizers led to an increase in the concentration of potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus elements in the plant at the level of 1% probability. The application of these fertilizers had a greater effect on the free-pollinating Fanta family. Also, the application of the mixture of these biofertilizers did not lead to an increase in the desired indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Taking advantage of the symbiotic relationship between plants and Trichoderma fungi is one of the ways to reduce water stress in plants. The present study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of Trichoderma fungus on the antioxidant properties of the basil medicinal plant (Ocimum basilicum L.) under water stress conditions. Methods: This experiment was carried out in the greenhouse of the Department of Horticulture Sciences of Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources and laboratory studies in the basic and general laboratories of Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources (University of Tabriz) in 2019 in a factorial manner based on a randomized complete block design with three repetitions. The treatments included different levels of water deficit stress, including severe stress (25% of field capacity), moderate stress (50% of field capacity), mild stress (75% of field capacity), and no stress (100% of field capacity). Each pot contained a commercial mushroom species Trichoderma harzianum Na-lac with concentrations of 109 and 106 spores per milliliter as the inoculum. Results: The results showed that the amount of malondialdehyde, catalase and peroxidase, antioxidant activity and total flavonoid increased with the application of dehydration stress. The concentration of 106 spores per milliliter had a better impact on improving the mentioned indicators. Based on this, Trichoderma fungus proves effective when improving the antioxidant status of plants under drought stress and can prevent the effects of oxidative stress in plants by reducing the oxygen free radicals produced. Conclusion: The results indicated that the use of Trichoderma mushroom in comparison with the control (without inoculation with the mushroom) can be a suitable tool to improve the physiological traits and antioxidant activities in the conditions drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid flowering of bedding flowers, such as petunia (Petunia hybrida L.) and zinnia (Zinnia elegans L.), increases the uniformity of the seedbed and their simultaneous flowering. In this study, the effect of seed priming on the germination and vigor of petunia and zinnia seedlings has been investigated. A factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with two factors, the first factor, the plant species, and the second factor, three salts of potassium nitrate, calcium chloride, and sodium chloride along with control in the laboratory of the Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Qasim-ul-Akhra University of Babol, Iraq. The results showed that in both plants, halopriming treatment with 50 mM potassium nitrate and calcium chloride for 24 hours provided better results in terms of germination and seedling growth. Between the two treatments of potassium nitrate and calcium chloride, there was no significant difference in the characteristics of time to reach 50% germination, average germination time, germination index, final germination, and wet and dry weight of roots and shoots of petunia and dry weight of zinnia shoots. In general, the findings of this study will be important in understanding the direct physiological effect of halopriming in increasing seed germination and seedling establishment in petunia and zinnia and can provide detailed information about the potential effectiveness of priming with potassium nitrate and calcium chloride to the seed industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]