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در ادوار پیش از سلطنت محمد دوم(855-886/1451-1481)، سیر تاریخی مناسبات دولت عثمانی و طبقه علمیه، به گونه‌ای پیش رفته بود که فارغ‌التحصیلان مدارس به‌واسطۀ دانش مدرسی و جایگاه دینی‌ـ ‌اجتماعی خود، در دولت عثمانی جایگاه مهمی پیدا کرده بودند و در تصمیم‌گیری‌های مهم تأثیر تعیین‌کننده‌ای داشتند. مرسوم‌شدن انتخاب و انتصاب وزیراعظم، به عنوان مقتدرترین فرد در ساختار دولت پس از شخص سلطان، از میان مدرسیان خود دلیل آشکاری برای این مهم بود. با وجود این، به‌رغم اینکه دوره زمامداری محمد فاتح، به واسطۀ تأسیس مدارس صحن ثمان و گسترش آموزش مدرسی، نقطۀ عطفی در تاریخ عثمانی محسوب می‌شود، اما مناسبات طبقه علمیه با دولت عثمانی در این دوره، از حیث تأثیرگذاری بر سیاست‌های سلطان عثمانی تفاوت‌های بارز و آشکاری با ادوار پیشین داشت. بر این اساس، در مطالعه حاضر با رویکردی تحلیلی، این مناسبات و عوامل دخیل در آن مورد بررسی قرار خواهد گرفت. یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که فتح شهر استانبول در 857/1453، قدرت و اقتدار محمد دوم را به گونه‌ای افزایش داد که او دیگر نیازی برای مشارکت مدرسیان در قدرت و کسب مشروعیت از طریق جلب نظر آنها احساس نمی‌کرد. از این رو، محمد فاتح برخلاف رسم مألوف، انتخاب وزیراعظم از میان مدرسیان را کنار گذشت و فردی از طبقه غلامان(قول‌ها) را جایگزین ساخت تا برخلاف وزراء مدرسی پیشین، کاملاً تابع اوامر او باشد. بر این اساس جایگاه و نفوذ مدرسیان طبقه علمیه در دولت عثمانی را به شکل چشمگیری کاهش داد. این سلطان عثمانی بر آن بود جهت برقراری اقتدار مطلق سلطنت، تلاش‌های مدرسیان برای تحت تأثیر قرار دادن او و سیاست‌های دولت را به حداقل برساند. با توجه به اینکه این مهم، نمودار تلاش‌های اقتدارگرایانه این سلطان عثمانی بود، اظهار نارضایتی متعدد علمای برجسته و مخالفت‌های آشکار آنها نیز تغییر خاصی را در رویه او در قبال مدرسیان و طبقۀ علمیه ایجاد نکرد.

مقاله پژوهشیمقدمه: این مطالعه به منظور بررسی اثرات آنتی‌اکسیدانی، آنتی‌باکتریالی و ضدسرطانی روغن مازو به عنوان یک گیاه دارویی مهم در طب سنتی صورت گرفته که به روش نانوامولسیونی به‌عنوان یک روش نوین در داورسانی سنتز شده است.روش‌ها: فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی نانوامولسیون روغن مازو با روش سنجش فعالیت مهاری رادیکال‌های 2 و 2 دی فنیل- 1- پیکریل هیدرازیل (DPPH) و خواص ضدمیکروبی آن بر روی چهار باکتری پاتوژن فرصت طلب شامل استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس، میکروکوکوس لوتئوس و باکتری‌های گرم منفی اشرشیاکلی و کلبسیلاپنومونیه به روش انتشار دیسک بررسی شد. برای تعیین حداقل غلظت مهارکننده و کشنده رشد از روش میکروبراث دایلوشن استفاده شد. همچنین، خواص ضد سرطانی نانوامولسیون روغن مازو بر روی سلول‌های سرطان پروستات رده‌ی PC3 به روش MTT مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و نتایج آن با سلول‌های نرمال فیبروبلاست پوست رده‌ی HHF مورد مقایسه قرار گرفت.یافته‌ها: بر اساس نتایج دیسک دیفیوژن، نانوامولسیون روغن مازو تنها علیه پاتوژن‌های گرم مثبت استافیلوکوکوس ارئوس و میکروکوکوس لوتئوس قدرت مهاری دارد، در حالیکه باکتری‌های گرم منفی به این ترکیب مقاوم بودند. نانوامولسیون روغن مازو خواص آنتی‌اکسیدانی قابل قبولی دارد و میزان مهار رادیکال‌های آزاد (50IC) با روش DPPH حدود 58/905 میکروگرم/ میلی‌لیتر اندازه‌گیری شد. تست تعیین سمیت نیز بیانگر تأثیر معنی‌دار نانوامولسیون روغن مازو در از بین بردن سلول‌های سرطانی پروستات در مقایسه با سلول‌های نرمال فیبروبلاست پوست می‌باشد.نتیجه‌گیری: مطالعه‌ی حاضر نشان داد که نانوامولسیون روغن مازو در شرایط برون‌تنی دارای درجاتی نسبی از خواص آنتی‌اکسیدانی، ضدسرطانی و آنتی‌باکتریال علیه پاتوژن‌های گرم مثبت است که وجود آن‌ها می‌تواند در محصولات غذایی کمک‌کننده باشد.

of course, the expression “Azkarwa Mutakam Balkhair” is not mentioned in the sources of Al-Furiqin as a narration, although its content is mentioned in numerous narrations in the books of Sunnis. The result of this article with descriptive and analytical method is that; The evidence of these hadiths in the Hadith gatherings of Ahl al-Sunnah is flawed and is not accepted. Also, regarding the meaning and content of the hadiths, there is confusion and disagreement on this issue, and no unified view is presented; That is, it is sometimes said that it is meant to express good and to forbid the expression of evil so that the living are not bothered by the relatives of the dead. Sometimes it is said that it is because of the sanctity of occultation, and sometimes it is said that it is because of expressing good prayers for the dead, or it is said because he is involved in his actions and we are not the accounting God to judge, etc. Therefore, there is only one possibility that this narration indicates that it is improperly taken and used to purify evil people, which is also against the Qur’an and correct narrations from Sunnis themselves. The pronouns of the audience in these narrations determine the meaning of these narrations. are excluded from these narrations. There is also a possibility that these hadiths were brought up from the reference area and entered the hadith sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The victory of the School of Ijtihād over the Akhbārīs school is above all influenced by the scholarly power, eloquence, and mentorship of Vaḥīd Bihbahānī. The type of Ijtihād formulated by him was never a continuation of Muḥaqiq Ardibīlī's thought pattern, but rather accompanied by developments in the acceptance of repots. In facing the Akhbārīs, he acknowledged Ijtihād as an offspring of the needs of the scholarly community, putting emphasis on the credibility of Imāmī books instead of the apparent reliability of narrational sources. The main question of this research is to recognize Vaḥīd Bihbahānī 's main criteria in dealing with Ḥadīth, and to investigate how he formulated his approach. The theory of Blocking (ʾInsidād) was his most important tool in expanding the scope of accepting reports. Based on this theory, he would justify the authority of reliable, good, and strong reports as well as that of authentic news. Similarly, he would even consider suspicion enough to prove the reliability of the narrator. Later experts did not approve of this theory. Another important tool employed by Vaḥīd Bihbahānī in expanding the scope of accepting narrations was to compensate for the weakness of the document through the actions of Aṣḥāb (companions). Therefore, by proposing the theory of ʾInibār, he considered only weak non-compelled reports as invalid among the four categories of Ḥadīth (authentic, good, reliable, and weak). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of auxin and gibberellin on Euphorbia trigona Mill. in a randomized complete block design in greenhouse conditions in 2020. One minute pretreatments including auxin regulators of NAA, IBA and IAA at a concentration of 500 mg / l and treatments containing GA, IAA, IBA and NAA, 250 mg / l were applied and compared with each other and with control plants. Fresh and dry weights of stems and roots, dry weight percentage, total photosynthetic pigments content, and total terpenoids were measured. Fresh and dry weight and the percentage of dry weight of stem did not show sensitivity to the treatments and pretreatments, and the effects were not significant. NAA treatment had the most positive effect on root fresh and dry weight, although the percentage of root dry weight was not significantly affected by the treatments. The highest significant increase in terpenoid content was observed in NAA treatment and NAA and IBA pretreatments. GA treatment had the most positive effects on the content of chlorophylls a, b, total and carotenoid content. In terms of effects on photosynthetic antenna composition, the most positive effects on the ratio of total chlorophyll to carotenoids were observed in GA, NAA, IAA treatments and IAA pretreatment. IAA treatment also showed a significant increase in chlorophyll a to b ratio. The correlation between growth parameters with each other and also the correlation of chlorophyll content with each other and with carotenoids were positive and significant. However, the correlation of terpenoid content with none of the other traits was significant. On the other hand and from an application point of view, based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry measurements, naphthalene-acetic-acid treatment was effective in severely increasing the content of valuable medicinal compound, bis-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, compared to the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research concluded that the electrical conductivity values ​​in the soil of Al-Qadisiyah Governorate in general are low to medium salinity according to the soil classification criterion according to the degree of its salinity depending on the electrical conductivity dS/m of the saturated soil paste, and that there is a spatial and seasonal variation in its values ​​as a result of the influence of a group of factors, the most important of which is the climate And the natural vegetation and wrong agricultural practices by farmers that comply with adding chemical fertilizers in large quantities to the soil and not using the agricultural cycle

The school of Mutikallimān - theologians - (Baghdad) lost its effectiveness over time due to the loss of the first books and works, and this inefficiency showed itself more with the emergence of a wave of Shādh fatwās (exceptional rulings) in the jurisprudence of ʾIbn Idrīs Hillī. Additionally, Shīʿa jurisprudence was criticized by the opponents due to its simplicity, and therefore the raging wave of opposition to Khabar-i Vāḥid gradually subsided and the theory of the authenticity of Khabar-i Vāḥid was proposed by ʿAllāmih Ḥillī. ʿAllāmih Ḥillī, unlike his predecessors, established various arguments about the authenticity of Khabar-i Vāḥid, and following the theory of the authenticity of Khabar-i Vāḥid, the discussion of the narrators' conditions also became relevant and important, and the dual-centered division of traditions was replaced by Tanwīʿ-i rubāʿī (four-fold diversification). Among these four types, ʿAllāmih considered the Muvaththaq as lacking in authenticity due to the requirement of faith and considered only the Șiḥāḥ and the Ḥassān as accepted. But on the other hand, he offered solutions to bring himself closer to the early companions in practice and to authenticate the narrations which are not Ḥassān or Șiḥāḥ, and the theory of ʾInjibār (compensation) was the most important tool to achieve this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: University professors, due to their great impact on their environment, especially on students, in addition to performing their scientific and research duties, also have a sensitive moral role in educating students. Therefore, it is necessary to address professional ethics in this group. Objective: This study was conducted to determine the level of professional ethics in faculty members and teachers based on self-assessment in Shahroud University of Medical Sciences. Material and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study conducted in the academic year 2022-2021. 121 faculty members and teachers of Shahroud University of Medical Sciences were included in the study by counting method. To collect data, two questionnaires were used: demographic information and quality of performance of Sadat et al. Data were collected and analyzed using SPSS software version 18 with the help of descriptive and analytical statistics (P<0. 05). Results: Out of 121 teachers participating in the study, 70 (57.9%) were male and the rest were female and the mean age of the participants was 39.14±6.18 years. The highest age group of participants (66 people) was between 36-45 years (54.5%) and the most active place was the teachers (46 people) of the medical school(38%). 71 people had a doctorate (58.7%), 108 people had a scientific degree (89.3%) and 79 people had a history of 1-5 years (65.3%). There was no significant relationship between ethics score and any of the demographic variables. The mean and standard deviation of the morality score was 151.29± 16.30. The highest scores respectively were: the areas of practical commitment 34.57 ± 4.04, professional ability 33.76 ± 4.35, management and leadership of the class 30.68±3.89, the professional ethics 26.42 ± 2.69 and the scientific and educational ability 25.84 ± 3.38. Cunclotin: The level of professional ethics in general among the professors of Shahroud University of Medical Sciences is at a high level, but some scores in the fields are low. University officials should promote these sub-areas by holding workshops, training courses, pamphlets and ethical charters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the effect of sulfur fertilizer on Euphorbia tirucalli L. in pot culture conditions. Plants were cultivated under 10 NPK treatments with sulfur fertilizers (granular or bentonite, with or without thiobacillus and ammonium sulfate each in two concentrations) and one NPK treatment without sulfur, compared with the control in randomized complete blocks for 4 months. Growth parameters including dry and fresh weight of plants, roots, shoots and the ratio of fresh or dry weight of roots to plants as well as protein, chlorophyll, potassium, phosphorus and sulfur content in roots or shoots were measured. NPK fertilizer did not increase phosphorus and potassium uptake but decreased root growth. Addition of sulfur fertilizers except for bentonite sulfur with a concentration of 0.8 g per 80 cm² of soil with Thiobacillus commercial liquid fertilizer, 250 ml / l, had no effect on recovering the negative effects of NPK and even in most treatments, shoot dry weight and fresh weight decreased. Ammonium sulfate showed the most negative effect on growth parameters. Also, some sulfur treatments had a positive effect on increasing the amount of shoot protein. Chlorophyll a, b and total levels did not show a significant difference between treatments. The effect of sulfur fertilizer on soil pH was different and higher concentration of granular sulfur fertilizer containing Thiobacillus caused a more severe drop. None of the sulfur treatments increased the phosphorus of the shoot and even some treatments had a negative effect on the phosphorus content of the roots as well as the potassium content of the roots and shoots. Only in the treatment of granular sulfur fertilizer with Thiobacillus at lower concentrations, root potassium content increased. Negative effects of sulfur fertilizers were not due to increased sulfur uptake, because the sulfur content changes between treatments were not significantly different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory of Sheikh al-Mofid and Seyyed al-Mortaza about the criteria for accepting hadiths (the lack of authenticity of "al-Khabar al-Vahed") over time and with the loss of evidence of trust in the transmission of narrations, revealed its ineffectiveness to the later generations, and therefore Allameh alHelli presented a new model And he made the reliability of narrators a criterion for accepting hadith. But he and other jurists, from the first circle of the Helleh School, were not indifferent to the performance of their predecessors and they considered the action of past jurists on a hadith as compensating for the weakness of the chain of that hadith. In this way, the jurisprudence of this spectrum was spared from the evil effects of this theory (the evaluation of the transmitters as the only criterion for the acceptance of hadiths). However, the last circle of the Helleh school (thinking circle of Mohaghegh al-Ardabili) by setting strict rules in accepting the chain of hadiths (on the one hand) and ignoring the performance of past jurists (on the other hand), many hadiths that were accepted by the predecessors knew, they left it and made this evaluation of the narrators of hadith the only criterion for its acceptance. This performance became one of the most important reasons for the emergence of the al-Akhbari school and the isolation of the al-Ijtahad school in the Imamiyyah. In this article, the authors have explained the evolution of the theory of the scholars of the Helleh School in accepting the theory of al-Enjibar and explained its role in the emergence of the school of al-Akhbari. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural antioxidants are nowadays used to replace synthetic antioxidants to delay or prevent the oxidation of edible oils. In this study, Rapeseed (Brasica napus L.) was used as a natural compound to improve oxidative stability and increase shelf life of soybean oil. In this study, the extract was extracted under the influence of three variables at three levels: concentration (200, 500 and 800 ppm), time (10-30 minutes) and temperature (35-55°C). After extraction optimization, extracts with the highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds were added to soybean oil with three concentrations (800, 500 and 200 ppm) and then oil samples at three levels temperature (72, 48 and 24 hours) and temperature (65, 55 and 45°C) were maintained. After various experiments on the extracts, the best extraction conditions for the extracts were determined using response surface methodology and extraction at optimum conditions. The results of the extract extraction optimization process showed that in the hydroethanolic extract, the optimal concentration was 200 ppm, the optimal time was 30 minutes and the optimum temperature was 47.028°C, which was used to evaluate the optimal amount of inhibitory free radical activity and total phenolic compounds in hydroethanol extraction were 43.885% and 39.852 mg GA/g, respectively. The time obtained from the oxidative stability of the oil showed that the time was 72 hours, the concentration was 200 ppm, and the temperature was 45°C. The results of oxidative stability of oil showed that the peroxide and thiobarbiotic acid indices in hydroethanolic extraction were 2.388 meq O2/kg and 0.329 mg/kg, respectively. The results of this study showed that natural antioxidants can be used as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants in edible oil formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the beginning of the era known as Turkmen Beyliks in Anatolia, the Islamic architecture of the region was introduced to some changes, which can be referred to as the transition period. Although the architectural style of the Sultanate of Rum was still commonly present in this era's monuments, the architecture of some Turkmen Beylik buildings gradually underwent considerable change. These changes were not very noticeable in the Turkmen Beylik architectures of central Anatolia like Qarihmānīyān, but major architectural innovations occurred in western Beyliks including Āydīn and Mantshā. The present study aims at analyzing the Islamic architecture of this period of Muslim Anatolia in order to illustrate its characteristics and trace its developments. Results show that although the architectural style of mosques and schools in cities like Konya, Magnesia (Mānīsā), Armināk an Tire followed the style dominant during Seljuk era, and although the general characteristics of the previous era remained still, architects of Turkmen Beyliks introduced some changes, including an increase in the surface area beneath the domes of buildings and mosques. As such, and based on the continuity and development in the architecture of the era, the Mulūk-u-ṭavāyifī Turkmen Beyliks era can be considered as the connecting link between the architectures of two important historical eras in Anatolia: the Seljuk era, and the Ottoman era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bridges in transportation networks are susceptible to damage from the aggressive environment. Steel reinforcement corrosion is one of the main causes of deficient behavior in the reinforced concrete (RC) bridge. The corrosion of steel rebar negatively affects the serviceability and seismic performance of many RC bridges. Climate change accelerates steel reinforcement corrosion and more severe damage is expected to occur in a short period of time in the future. When these bridges are located in high seismic regions, they may experience severe earthquake events along their service life. Therefore, their seismic performance must be carefully evaluated. In this study, an efficient three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis based on the explicit dynamic method for sound and corroded bridge piers was established to study the effect of corrosion levels of 10, 20, and 30% on the cyclic behavior of bridge piers. The used model considers the loss of bond strength and damaged material properties of concrete and steel for compression and tension response under cyclic loading. The model is validated through a comparison with the results of the experimental test. The results revealed that the proposed method provides a good estimate of the load-carrying capacity of bridge piers. Furthermore, the used nonlinear finite element model will help identify the bridges with the highest priority for retrofitting by examining all existing bridges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the ways to prevent the oxidation of oils and fats is the addition of antioxidants, but since synthetic antioxidants may have adverse effects on the body, they are gradually removed from the list of antioxidants. Therefore, it is necessary to produce and produce natural varieties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of using natural extract extracted from Carduus pycnocephalus L. to prevent oxidation of soybean oil and compare it with essential oil. In this study, the extraction process was performed by ultrasound technology with 3 factors of 3 levels including concentration (200, 500 & 800 ppm) time (10-30 minutes) and temperature (55-35°C) by response surface methodology. To investigate the antioxidant effect of different concentrations of extracts on oxidative stability of soybean oil, peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid reactive index were used. The optimization results showed that the optimum conditions were: temperature 48.483 ° C and time 299. 201 min and concentration of 594.745 ppm. According to the optimization results of free radical scavenging and Folin compounds were reported 32.537% and 40.378%, respectively. The results of oxidative stability of oil showed that both extracts and essential oils were effective in preventing oil oxidation. Also, the type of extracted material was related in two ways. Since the extract has the most antioxidant effects in the oil and is more effective than the essential oil in the oil, it can be a good alternative to synthetic antioxidants in frying oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Progressive neurodegeneration of nervous system as well as learning and memory disorders is characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease. Drug delivery is one of the research aspects for improving treatment of diseases. Chitosan nanoparticles were used for Donepezil transportation and its effect on dimproving amnesia was investigated. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 136 NMRI mice weighing 30-40 mg were used. All injections were done intraperitoneally. The first experiment aimed to determine the optimal dose of ethanol for inducing amnesia, the second experiment was performed to prove nano-chitosan loaded with Donepezil (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 mg/kg) does not impair memory, and the third experiment assessed the effect of nano-chitosan loaded with different doses of Donepezil on amnesia induced by ethanol. Data were recorded as mean ± SD, analyzed in GraphPad Prism software using ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test. P<0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The first experiment showed that ethanol (0.5, 0.75, 1 mg/kg) could significantly induce amnesia. The second experiment showed nano-chitosan loaded with Donepezil doid not impair memory. The third experiment showed that all nano-chitosan groups loaded with different doses of Donepezil could significantly improve amnesia induced by ethanol. Conclusion: Chitosan nanoparticles used in this study can efficiently be used for drug delivery. However, further research should be done on this compound before it can be used for oral drug transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yazdi cake is one of the indigenous snacks of Iran that by adding some ingredients can improve its nutritional and textural properties.Green tea extract is high in antioxidants and have a health role. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of green tea extract on physicochemical and sensory properties of Yazdi cake.In this study, green tea extract was added to Yazdi cake formulation at 0, 2.5, 5 and 10% levels. Then the physicochemical properties (moisture, protein, fat, ash, fiber, carbohydrate, Specific weight for cake dough, cake volume, density, porosity, weight loss) and sensory analyze during storage at 2, 4 and 6 days intervals after baking, it was performed according to standard methods.All the prepared cakes containing different concentrations of extract had significant physico-chemical and sensory characteristics and were within the standard range. Observations showed that the addition of green tea extract in cake formulation decreased weight loss, moisture, porosity, density, brightness, ash and sensory scores and increased volume, fiber, fat, protein, carbohydrate and specific gravity.High levels of 5% green tea extract had a negative effect on the quality of the cake. Therefore, the addition of green tea extract at levels of 2.5 and 5% produced an acceptable product cake.Finally, optimization of Yazdi cake formulation to produce a useful product using the investigated characteristics and limits indicated that 2/5% of green tea extract is the most suitable enrichment for Yazdi cake, in which the percent extract there was no adverse change in the physicochemical and sensory properties of the cake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]