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در این مطالعه، هدف کاربرد مفهوم پدافند غیرعامل برای مدیریت شبکه حمل‌ونقل جاده‌ای با بهره­گیری از تجربیات دفاع مقدس است. روش تحقیق کتابخانه‌ای و پیمایشی بوده و از چارچوب ابزار تحلیل راهبردی استفاده‌ شده است. برای دستیابی به هدف، ابتدا با بررسی شبکه حمل‌ونقل جاده‌ای و اجزای آن، شناخت کافی برای اطلاع از تهدیدات موجود نسبت به بخش‌های مختلف آن به دست آمده­است. تهدیدات مختلف شبکه حمل‌ونقل بر اساس تجربیات دفاع مقدس شناسایی‌ و از آن‌ها در ارائه راهبردهای مختلف استفاده شده­است. سپس با تحلیل فضایی پتانسیل تهدید شبکه و با بهره‌گیری از روش ابزار تحلیل راهبردی به ارزیابی جنبه­های مختلف آن پرداخته و وضعیت کلی آن ارزیابی شده­است. نظرات 15 نفر کارشناس برای وزن دهی به ماتریس­ها استفاده شده­است. در راستای برنامه‌ریزی برای شبکه حمل‌ونقل جاده‌ای پایدار، راهبردهایی بر مبنای جنبه­های مختلف این سیستم و با رویکرد پدافند غیرعامل ارائه و اولویت‌بندی شده­است. بر اساس نتایج به‌دست‌آمده عوامل درونی 77/1 و عوامل بیرونی 62/2 امتیاز کسب کرده­اند که بر اساس ماتریس ارزیابی موقعیت و اقدام راهبردی، موقعیت سیستم حمل‌ونقل محافظه­کارانه ارزیابی شد. همچنین بر اساس اولویت‌بندی راهبردها با روش ماتریس کمی برنامه‌ریزی راهبردی، راهبرد اول (همکاری و اجرای برنامه‌های مشترک با سازمان­های سیاست‌گذار و اجرایی در حوزه پدافند غیرعامل)، با وزن 56/4، راهبرد دوم (تخصیص بودجه به توسعه پروژه­ها و طرح‌های پدافند غیرعامل در حمل‌ونقل جاده‌ای)، با وزن 43/4 مهم‌ترین راهبردها بودند.

سازندهای تخریبی اجاق قشلاق و زیور، به‌عنوان سنگ مخزن حوضه مغان، از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار هستند. رخساره‌های ماسه‌سنگی این سازندها به‌عنوان نمونه منحصر به‌فرد از مخازن نامتعارف (ماسه‌سنگ‌های کم‌تراوا) در ایران هستند که با توجه به مشخصه‌های بافتی و دیاژنزی مؤثر بر سیستم منافذ آنها، دارای تولید ناپایدار، همراه با افت فشار هستند. در این مطالعه، مشخصه‌های سنگ‌شناسی و رسوبی این سازندها با تلفیق نتایج توصیف مغزه، مطالعات پتروگرافی، تصاویر میکروسکوپ الکترونی همراه با داده‌های تخلخل و تراوایی مغزه به‌دست آمده از برش‌های سطحی و چاه بررسی گردید. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که بلوغ کانی‌شناسی پایین این ماسه‌سنگ‌ها که عمدتا دارای خرده‌سنگ‌های آتشفشانی و فلدسپات هستند نقش مهمی در تغییر و تکامل سیستم منافذ طی تاریخچه دیاژنزی آنها داشته است. در واقع حضور خرده‌سنگ‌های آتشفشانی به‌عنوان اجزاء تراکم‌پذیر، عامل مؤثری در کاهش تخلخل این ماسه‌سنگ‌ها طی تدفین و تراکم آنهاست. همچنین دگرسانی این اجزاء در کنار فلدسپات‌ها منجر به گسترش انواع رس‌های دیاژنزی شده است که این رس‌ها هم به‌عنوان سیمان درون منافذ عمل نموده‌اند و هم در گسترش ریزتخلخل‌ها درون سیستم منافذ نقش به‌سزایی داشته‌اند. فرآیند انحلال نیز با گسترش محدود منجر به توسعه تخلخل‌های انحلالی مجزا شده است. در مجموع تأثیر متقابل سه عامل تراکم، رس‌های دیاژنزی و انحلال در تقابل با کانی‌شناسی، نقش مؤثری در توسعه سیستم منافذ و کیفیت مخزنی ماسه‌سنگ‌های حوضه مغان داشته است که در نتیجه آن ماسه‌سنگ‌های کم تراوا با بافت متراکم و سیستم منافذ با ارتباط ضعیف متشکل از تخلخل‌های انحلالی مجزا و ریزتخلخل‌ها توسعه یافته است. از این رو ماسه‌سنگ‌های این حوضه با توجه به مقادیر تخلخل کم تا زیاد و تراوایی کم (عمدتاً کمتر از mD 1/0)، قابل مقایسه با ماسه‌سنگ‌های کم تراوا در سایر نقاط جهان مانند حوضه پرت استرالیا بوده و در گروه مخازن ماسه‌سنگی نامتعارف قرار می‌گیرند.

تعداد 36 راس بره نر عربی در قالب یک طرح کاملا تصادفی با 4 جیره غذایی حاوی سطوح 5، 10 و 15 درصد پنبه دانه به مدت 70 روز پروار شدند. افزایش وزن روزانه، خوراک مصرفی روزانه، ضریب تبدیل غذایی، بازده لاشه و شکل شناسی پرزهای روده کوچک آن ها مورد اندازه گیری و بررسی قرار گرفت. جیره‌ها از نظر انرژصفر،ی قابل متابولیسم و پروتئین قابل متابولیسم مشابه بودند. ضریب تبدیل خوراک در تغذیه با سطوح 5، 10 و 15 درصد پنبه دانه در مقایسه با گروه شاهد بطور معنی داری کاهش یافت ( به ترتیب 06/6، 28/5 و 39/5 در مقابل 39/6). علاوه براین میانگین افزایش وزن روزانه بطور معنی داری با تغذیه پنبه دانه افزایش یافت (05/0p

Introduction: Fair distribution of income in the society is necessary as an important factor for increasing social welfare and raising productivity in the country. In this article, in a practical way, while extracting the status of income distribution in the form of three Generalized Gini coefficient indicators, emphasizing the role of the rich and the poor, the effect of macroeconomic variables on income inequality in the rural areas of the country's provinces were studied using the Quantile panel approach. Method: In this paper, using household income-expenditure information, the Gini coefficient and the generalized Gini coefficient are calculated in the 2006-2019, and then using the Quantile panel regression method and specifying two relationships, to investigate the effects of taxes, government expenses, gross domestic product and financial development are discussed on income distribution in the rural areas of Iran's provinces. Results: The results of this research indicate that increasing the tax rate in rural areas, if the distribution of income among the rich is not appropriate, can improve the mentioned distribution. But the government's expenses in general cause the distribution of income in favor of the poor, which is not significant when these expenses are divided into current and construction expenses. Also, the economic policy maker can use indirect tax as a tool to stabilize the income distribution in a favorable situation. In the end, the effect of financial development is different according to the state of income distribution in rural areas and Kuznets hypothesis is not confirmed in rural areas. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, the effect of macroeconomic variables on the distribution of income in the rural areas of the country is different according to the conditions of the mentioned distribution and which strata of the society are prioritized, and the economic policy maker applies economic tools to Improving income distribution should take into account the mentioned conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: The seed vigor, which shows influence of parents on the life cycle and survival of plants, is also very important in for creating food security for human society. The most important objectives of the present study were to evaluate the general compatibility of parents and the specific combining of crosses, determining the nature and degree of gene action, and finally estimate the heritability of quantitative and qualitative traits of sugar beet hybrids through line-tester analysis. Materials and Methods: Eleven pollinator lines of sugar beet were crossed with three male sterile single crosses using controlled pollination in the form of line-tester. A total of 33 obtained hybrids were investigated in terms of different traits related to seed germination in both laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The existence of diversity among the crosses was confirmed, and the calculation of the combining ability of the parents and their genetic effects was done by line-tester analysis. Results: The results under laboratory conditions showed that there is a significant difference between the crosses in terms of of different germination traits, non-germinated filled cluster, empty cluster and 1000 seed weight. The line had a significant effect on the characteristics of germination capacity, germination uniformity, empty cluster and 1000 seed weight. Tester mean square for germination rate, mean germination time, empty cluster and 1000 seed weight showed a significant difference. Line-tester interaction resulted in a significant difference for the mean germination time, empty cluster and 1000 seed weight. The results of analysis of variance of different traits in greenhouse conditions indicated significant differences between the crosses in terms of the traits of seedling emergence and mean shoot dry weight of a single seedling. The effect of line was significant only on the seedling emergence capacity. The tester factor had a significant effect on all studied traits. Line-tester interaction was significant only for seedling emergence capacity. The general combinability of lines 970023 and 970100 for germination capacity, lines 970038 and 970100 and all three experimental testers for germination rate and 970097 for germination uniformity was significant in positive direction. Line 970097 and tester 474*7112-36-6 decreased the mean germination time and Lines 970038, 970023, 970014, 970100 and tester MS KWS and 7112*SB36 caused a decrease in empty cluster. Testers MS KWS and 7112*SB36 caused the reduction of empty cluster with their negative effect. Regarding the 1000 seed weight, lines 970094, 970014 and 970031 and testers 7112*SB36 and MS KWS had positive and significant general combining ability. In the greenhouse experiment, in relation to the seedling emergence capacity, lines 970100, 970023 and 970038 and MS KWS tester and for seedling emergence rate, lines 970038, 970100 and three testers showed positive and significant general combining ability. For the mean shoot dry weight, line 970098 and tester 7112-36-6*474 had positive significant general combining ability, but tester SB36*7112 caused a decrease in mean shoot dry weight. Conclusion: Considering that general combining ability shows the additive effects of genes, therefore, parents with high general combining ability also have a high additive effect that can be used in the production of synthetic cultivars. On the other hand, these parents can be used through recurrent selection in the development of inbred lines and also as testers to evaluate new inbred lines. According to the obtained results, the selection of useful compounds for the production of suitable hybrids is determined by the breeding goals. Therefore, by considering the positive or negative specific combining ability value of parental compounds for a trait, it is possible to increase genes with non-additive effect to produce hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Objective: Germination and seedling emergence potential of monogerm sugar beet seed in the field, depends on seed quality. Also, crop yield and resource use efficiency of agricultural inputs depend on successful plant establishment in the field, and it is the vigor of seeds that defines their ability to germinate and establish seedlings rapidly, uniformly, and robustly across diverse environmental conditions. Our knowledge of variation in vigor and function of seed in crop yield, is limited. Accordingly, the quality characteristics of seeds, including seed vigor, are essential in the process of sugar beet breeding to provide cultivars with vigor and seed function good in the field. The present study was conducted to evaluate and rank single crosses and hybrids being improved in terms of different traits of seed vigor and determining the relationship between them to achieve maximum seed quality. Materials and Methods: In this study, the seed vigor traits of 22 single crosses and 22 top cross hybrids, from crossing along with the sugar beet pollinating line, under greenhouse conditions in Sugar Beet Seed Institute in 2020-2021 were studied. The quality traits of single crosses and hybrids in two separate experiments in greenhouse conditions, each with 22 treatments were evaluated in a randomized completely block design with four replications. Results: The results showed that seedling emergence traits in single crosses and top cross hybrids resulting from their crossings in sugar beet were influenced by genotype. Genetic variation was observed between single crosses and hybrids in terms of seed vigor. Hybrids with low abnormal germination percentage, low non-germinated seeds and high germination uniformity in the laboratory have a significant increase in seedling emergence compared to other hybrids. Finally, hybrids that high germination uniformity in the laboratory, had the higher coefficient velocity of germination and were green in less time. Conclusion: It seems that the uniformity trait of sugar beet seed germination has a decisive and significant role compared to the rest of the quality traits in the laboratory and can be used in breeding programs as an index of seed quality selection; Also, the multivariate cluster analysis method and the ideal genotype selection index (SIIG) of genotypes based on the qualitative traits of sugar beet seeds (seedling emergence percentage, seedling emergence rate, mean emergence time of seedling, emergence uniformity of seedling, mean dry weight of seedling) obtained a statistically significant difference in the cluster and their ranking in SIIG. It seems that the germination traits of sugar beet seeds can be used in breeding programs as one of the indexes of seed quality selection; Therefore, it is expected that selecting and screening superior genotypes to increase the quality of sugar beet seeds, it will lead to the improvement and increase of seedling emergence in the field and finally, will be accompanied by an increase in crop yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spiny lobster is one of the most valuable crustaceans in the Gulf of Oman. Overfishing in recent decades has reduced the stocks of this aquatic resource. Therefore, accurate knowledge and study of ecological parameters of lobster habitats are very important because the seabed structure and ecological parameters in these habitats are widely associated with the presence, absence and distribution of lobsters. The current study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the classification of sediments, the abundance of macrobenthos and environmental factors on a seasonal basis along seven transects and 28 stations. It was carried out in the rocky areas of the coast of Ramin in the east of Chabahar port. The mean values of temperature, salinity, turbidity, acidity and chlorophyll a in the study area were 26.38 °C, 36.65 PSU, 2.59 FTU, 8.1, 86 µg / L, 0.86, respectively. Almost similar environmental parameters were observed between similar points between the depth of 5 and 15 meters. The macrobenthos results in the studied stations showed that foraminifera and Polychaeta are the most prevalent macrobenthos groups and in the deepest stations in transect T3. Percentages of sand, silt and clay for the sediment samples were 93%, 5% and 2%, respectively. The sedimentary texture of the bed plays an important role in the movement of the lobster in the habitat, and the rocky and sandy bed is a suitable habitat for the lobster. According to the results of this study, the highest percentage of sediment sand was observed in the eastern part of Ramin port. There were similar environmental parameters for equal depths of water. Furthermore, Macrobenthos were most abundant in the eastern region of Ramin port in spring and autumn and agreed with pre-Manson and post-Manson conditions. Therefore, the stations in the eastern part of Ramin port are suitable places for the establishment of artificial reefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: spacecrafts rotate around the Earth every 90 minutes, so the 24- hour cycle turns to 90 minutes. Retinoic acid, an active metabolite of vitamin A, plays a role in regulating the circadian rhythm and its deficiency can impair the biological clock function and consequently impair the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity . The goal of the study was to assay the effects of simulated spaceship conditions on serum and hippocampal retinoic acid levels in rats . Methods: The tail-hanging, hindleg-weightlessness rat model was applied to mimic the microgravity conditions from June to September 2017 in the zoo of the Aja University of Medical Sciences. Thirty-two male Wistar rats weighing 200- 250 gr/in an experimental study were randomly assigned into 4 groups (n=8): 1) control animals with 12/12 h day-night rotation, 2) animals with 12/12 h daynight rotation under 14 days unloading, 3) control animals with 45/45 min daynight cycle, and 4) animals with 45/45 min day-night cycle under 14 days unloading. At the termination of the simulation step, rats were anesthetized, and blood samples were collected and the entire brain was removed and each brain was segmented into Hippocampus. ELISA assays were used to detect retinoic acid in the serum and homogenized hippocampus. Data were statistically assayed using two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni as a post hoc test. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The circadian cycle of 45 /45 min compared to the 12 /12 h dark cycle increased the levels of retinoic acid in serum (F=4.901, P=0.037) and hippocampus (F=5.793, P=0.029) in rats. But simulated weightlessness had no effect on retinoic acid content in serum (F=0.149, P=0.703) and hippocampus (F=0.004, P=0.952) . Conclusion: It seems that retinoic acid content in serum and hippocampus is affected by circadian cycle change, and weightlessness has not affect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Health expenditures and environmental pollution are indicators of development. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of health per capita costs and the impact of carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) as an indicator of environmental pollution on the growth of selected developed and developing countries. Materials and Methods: The effect of health expenditures and air pollution on economic growth was studied based on the data of two groups of developed and developing countries (2000-2015) and the use of econometric methods. Results: The fitting of the equations confirmed the significant effect of the health expenditure per capita and CO2 emission on the economic growth of both groups of countries. One percent change in these expenditures resulted in 0.029 percent economic growth in the developed countries and 0.054 percent in the developing. Also, the effect of CO2 release on the economic growth was -0.011 and -0.073. Conclusion: Health has a direct impact on economic growth. Health has a positive effect on the economic growth by reducing health costs (and spending these resources in other areas) and by increasing labor productivity through increasing life expectancy and useful work time. Also, increasing air pollution has a negative effect on the economic growth of these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preferential flow is of great importance in the environment and the human health. So, rapid water transportation and consequently, pollutants and pesticides leak out and get into the groundwater, making it very difficult to measure and quantify. To quantify and describe the preferential flow, two gravity-driven models were used: 1) kinematic wave model (KW) introduced by Germann in 1985), and 2) kinematic dispersive wave (KDW) model developed by applying a second-order correction to the Germann’s model by Di Pietro et al. in 2003. So, the experimental data was obtained using the laboratory mini-rainfall-simulator over cylindrical soil samples at the laboratory. Their parameters were obtained using Solver add-ins in the Excel software. Then, the results were compared using the root-mean-square error (RMSE). The results showed that the KDW model could better predict the preferential flow (with lower RMSE). Also, the regression results showed 1) there was no significant relation between the preferential flow and the total porosity, and 2) there is a significant relation between the preferential flow and the macrospores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]