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به­منظور بررسی تاثیر استفاده از پودر فلفل قرمز در مقایسه با آنتی­بیوتیک فلاوفسفولیپول بر شاخص­های عملکرد، جمعیت میکروبی و ریخت­شناسی روده جوجه­های گوشتی، آزمایشی در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با 4 تیمار و 4 تکرار و 10 جوجه یک روزه (نر سویه راس 308) در هر تکرار به اجرا درآمد. تیمارهای آزمایشی در دو دوره 21-0 روزگی و 42-22 روزگی تنظیم شد و شامل، 1) جیره شاهد بدون افزودنی (پایه)،2) جیره حاوی 04/0 درصد فلاوفسفولیپول، 3 و 4) به ترتیب حاوی جیره­هایی 1/0 و 3/0درصد پودر فلفل قرمز بودند. شاخص­های مورد اندازه­گیری شامل عملکرد، جمعیت میکروبی و ریخت­شناسی روده بودند. نتایج نشان داد که افزایش وزن روزانه، مصرف خوراک و ضریب تبدیل تحت تاثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی قرار نگرفت (05/0P

به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر پودر و اسانس رزماری بر عملکرد، جمعیت میکروبی، ریخت‌شناسی روده و کیفیت گوشت بلدرچین‌های گوشتی، آزمایشی در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با پنج تیمار و چهار تکرار انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل، 1) جیره شاهد بدون افزودنی خوراکی، 2 و 3) جیره شاهد به‌ترتیب حاوی سطوح 50 و 100‌میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم اسانس رزماری، 4 و5) جیره شاهد به‌ترتیب حاوی 5/2 و پنج‌‌‌گرم در کیلوگرم پودر رزماری بودند. پارامترهای مورد اندازه‌گیری شامل عملکرد، ، میکروبیولوژی روده و کیفیت گوشت بودند. نتایج نشان‌داد که در سن صفر-21روزگی، بلدرچین‌های تغذیه شده با 5/2 و پنج‌گرم پودر رزماری به‌ترتیب به‌طور معنی‌داری افزایش وزن روزانه بیشتری (367/5، 736/5) در مقایسه با گروه شاهد (136/5) داشتند. مصرف خوراک و ضریب تبدیل غذایی تحت تأثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی قرار نگرفت. جمعیت لاکتوباسیل‌ها در بلدرچین‌های تغذیه شده با پودر و اسانس رزماری (به‌جز 5/2‌‌گرم در کیلوگرم پودر رزماری) به‌طور معنی‌داری در مقایسه با گروه شاهد افزایش یافت. هم‌چنین طول و عرض پرزها در تیمارهای دریافت‌کننده پودر و اسانس رزماری افزایش و عمق کریپت کاهش یافت. پودر رزماری سبب کاهش تیوباربیتوریک اسید4 و کاهش وزن لاشه در نتیجه پخت در مقایسه با گروه شاهد گردید. بیش‌ترین مقدار pH در بلدرچین‌های تغذیه شده با 100‌میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم اسانس رزماری مشاهده شد. ظرفیت ‌نگه‌داری آب به‌طور معنی‌داری در تیمارهای دریافت‌کننده رزماری (به‌جز50‌میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم اسانس) در مقایسه با گروه شاهد بیشتر بود. اُفت خونابه تحت تأثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی قرار نگرفت. پودر رزماری در سن صفر-21 روزگی افزایش وزن روزانه را به‌طور معنی‌داری بهبود بخشید هم‌چنین سبب بهبود کیفیت گوشت گردید.

Introduction1: Application of growth-promoting antibiotics in poultry nutrition improves growth, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and reduces mortality. But, due to their persistent effects and increased drug resistance to pathogenic bacteria and the transmission of bacteria to humans through the food chain, the European Union banned their use. One of the natural alternatives is medicinal plants. Because plant products for reasons such as availability, ease of use, reduction of side effects, antibacterial and antioxidant properties, were used to treat some diseases in humans and animals. Among these medicinal plants we can mention yarrow with the scientific name of Achillea millefolium. This plant in addition to high antimicrobial and antioxidant properties; has antifungal properties, stimulates appetite, improves digestion and feed intake, improves the condition of the gastrointestinal tract, etc. This plant also accelerates digestion and shortens the passage of food through the gastrointestinal tract by increasing bile production and enzymatic activity. On the other hand, probiotics are living microorganisms of a nonpathogenic and nontoxic in nature that improve gastrointestinal health and improve performance in birds by improving intestinal microbial balance. According to these cases, this study was performed to evaluate the effect of yarrow essential oil in comparison with a growth-promoting antibiotic and probiotic on performance of broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were studied in a completely randomized design with five treatments, and four replicates. Experimental diets were: 1) basal diet (control), 2 and 3) basal diets supplemented with 100 and 200 mg/kg of yarrow essential oil, respectively, 4) basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg probiotic, and 5) basal diet supplemented with 500 mg/kg antibiotic (flavophospholipol). Body weight and feed intake were measured at the end of each growing period and were used to calculate Performance parameters such as body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. At the end of the experiment, one bird per each replicate was slaughtered for meat quality tests, including measurements of TBARS, pH, water holding capacity, dripping loss and antibody titer. For TBARS, the amount of fat oxidation of the sample was measured by measuring the amount of malondialdehyde and the microtiter hemagglutination method was used to determine the antibody titer produced against sheep erythrocytes. Results and Discussion: During the whole experimental period, birds received yarrow essential oil at 100 mg/kg diet, showed significantly higher body weight and lower FCR compared to the control group(P <0.05). The lowest feed intake was observed in birds that were fed from the level of 200 mg/kg of yarrow essential oil. However, this effect was significant only in comparison with antibiotic treatment, which showed the highest feed intake (P <0.05). Different results have been reported in this regard which can be related to the type of plant, the amount of active ingredients, the level of the medicinal plant used and the interactions with other components of the diet. The TBARS index, indicating lipid oxidation of meat, in chickens fed with different levels of yarrow essential oil and probiotic were lower compared to the control group and antibiotics. In vitro, researchers have shown that plant essential oils, such as yarrow alkaloids, can reduce free radicals and can be a good alternative to synthetic antioxidants. Also in the study of using a mixture of plant extracts increased the concentration of phenols and decreased the amount of TBARS in the meat of broilers. pH, water holding capacity, dripping loss and cooking loss were not affected by the dietary treatments. The antibody titer against sheep red blood cell (SRBC) was lower in the control group in compare to those fed different levels of yarrow essential oil. In some studies, yarrow has increased humoral immunity with its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties; but, the amount used and the concentration of plant material were also effective. Conclusion: Based on the results, the use of 100 mg/kg yarrow essential oil increased body weight, improved feed conversion ratio and also increased antibody titer at 42 days of age. On the other hand, the TBARS index in chickens fed with different levels of yarrow essential oil was lower in compare to control group. Finally, according to the results, it can be concluded that the use of yarrow essential oil at the level of 100 mg/kg can be a good substitute to antibiotics in poultry nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction1: Humate material was used as feed additives in poultry nutrition. The biochar as a useful fertilizer in agriculture industry is a humate material that increases growth of plants. This fertilizer can as an additive be use in the poultry and animals feed, due to has many minerals material and two organic acid (humic and fulvic) in its compound. The reduce cost of diet in poultry industry for egg production, is an important goal. The biochar as a dietary additive is easily derived from burn organic material and agriculture byproduct. In recent years, several studies have been conducted to determine the effect of humic acid as an additive on performance poultry. In a study, dietary supplementation of laying hens with humic acid improves the performance and egg shape index. Investigating the effect of biochar as replacement of dietary mineral supplements on performance and egg shell quality of laying hens is rare. One of the properties of vitamin C (VC) is chelating properties, and with this property, it increases the intestinal absorption of minerals in birds. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of biochar (as a humate material) in five levels and vitamin C in two levels as replacement of dietary mineral supplements on performance and egg shell quality of laying hens. Materials and Methods: The current experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of biochar with vitamin C as replacement of mineral supplement in diet of laying hen. A total of 400 laying hens of Bovans strain, were randomly assigned to 10 experimental groups in a 5×2 factorial treatment arrangement with five replications and eight laying hens in each replicate during three 30-day periods. Factors tested included biochar levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% replacement with mineral supplements of diet) and vitamin C levels (0 and 100 mg/kg of diet). The feed intake, feed conversion ratio and daily weight gain were determined. Records of the feed intake were taken on by daily basis. Feed conversion ratio was calculated as grams of feed consumed to grams of egg mass. To determine egg shell quality characteristics, the shape index was calculated by using egg height and egg width. The egg specific gravity was evaluated by floating eggs in soluble of water and salt with different density. The egg breaking strength was measured by resistance meter. Results and Discussion: Replacing biochar levels from 25 to 100% mineral supplement of diet, with and without vitamin C, had no effect on performance characteristics (feed intake, feed conversion ratio and daily weight gain) and egg shell quality traits (egg shape index, egg specific gravity and egg breaking strength) in total of period of the experiment (50 to 61 weeks of age). The levels of 25 and 50% biochar, plus vitamin C in diet decreased feed intake in the first period. Whereas, the level of 75% biochar, plus vitamin C in diet increased feed intake in this period. The egg shape index with the addition of vitamin C in diet decreased in the third period. The reason of no significant effect of biochar on performance and egg shell quality can be due to the different sources and amounts of biochar in poultry diet. The reason of no significant effect of vitamin C on performance and egg shell quality in laying hens can be due to the bird environmental temperature. The use of vitamin C in diet of laying hens under heat stress improves their performance. Whereas, this study was performed in normal environmental temperature. The second reason is the chelating properties of vitamin C, that can be increased absorption minerals in birds intestinal. But due to advanced digestive tract of laying hens, maybe decrease its properties. Conclusion: The results of present study showed that biochar across all levels had similar cost with control group, and it had no effect on egg shell quality and performance of laying hens. There was no significant interaction between biochar and vitamin C regrding to performance, egg shell quality traits and cost of diet during 50 to 61 weeks of age, too. Therefore, biochar can be completely replaced with dietary mineral supplements of laying hens due to its low cost, high availability, easy production without adverse effects on performance and egg quality traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To investigate the effects of sex and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seed powder on the growth performance, immune response, and intestinal microflora and morphology of broilers, a factorial experiment was conducted with 240 one-day-old broilers (strain Ross308, 120 males and 120 females) in a completely randomized design with three levels of fenugreek seed powder (zero, 0.5, and 1 %) and two sex (male and female) with four replications and 10 birds per replicate. The results showed that the body weight gain, feed intake, European efficiency factor, and intestinal Lactobacillus bacteria population were higher in the males than the females (P<0.05). The main effects of fenugreek seed powder and sex showed that the length and villi width and villus length to crypt depth ratio were higher in the intestine of chickens fed with the diet containing 1% fenugreek than the control and in the males than the females (P<0.05). The interactions showed that the length and villi width and villus length to crypt depth ratio were lower in the intestines of males fed with the control diet compared to the other groups (P<0.05). The antibody titer against the sheep red blood cells in the serum of chickens fed with the diet containing 1% fenugreek was higher than the control (P<0.05). In general, the results showed that adding 1% fenugreek seed powder to the broilers diet had beneficial effects and could improve the intestinal morphology and immune response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]