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یادگیری خود راهبر از عوامل مؤثر بر سرزندگی تحصیلی و خودکارآمدی دانشجویان می‌باشد. این پژوهش با هدف پیش‌بینی پذیری سرزندگی تحصیلی و خودکارآمدی دانشجویان بر اساس یادگیری خود راهبر در دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران انجام پذیرفت. پژوهش حاضر مطالعه‌ای توصیفی از نوع همبستگی بود. جامعه آماری، دانشجویان پزشکی دانشکده پزشکی ساری به تعداد 1235 نفر بودند. روش نمونه گیری تصادفی طبقه‌ای و برای تعیین حجم نمونه از جدول کرجسی و مورگان استفاده شد که 297 نفر در این پژوهش شرکت داشتند، جهت گردآوری اطلاعات از سه پرسش‌نامه یادگیری خود راهبر، سرزندگی تحصیلی و خودکارآمدی استفاده شد. روایی محتوی پرسش‌نامه با نظر خبرگان و پایایی آن با آلفای کرونباخ، 91/0 برای یادگیری خود راهبر، 89/0 سرزندگی تحصیلی، 87/0 خودکارآمدی محاسبه گردید. داده‌ها با استفاده از ضریب همبستگی و رگرسیون چند گانه و نرم افزارSPSS18 مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که بین یادگیری خود راهبر(555/0) و مؤلفه‌های آن خود کنترلی(611/0)، خود مدیریتی(540/0) و رغبت برای یادگیری(477/0) با سرزندگی تحصیلی رابطه وجود دارد. بین یادگیری خود راهبر(71/0) و مؤلفه‌های آن(خود کنترلی(741/0)، خود مدیریتی(640/0) و رغبت برای یادگیری(547/0) با خودکارآمدی دانشجویان پزشکی دانشکده پزشکی ساری رابطه(71/0) وجود دارد. مؤلفه‌های یادگیری خود راهبر پیش‌بینی کننده‌های معنی‌داری, P

Background and purpose: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most complex diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Nesfatin is an 82-amino acid effective polypeptide in CNS. In this study, we investigated the role of nesfatin in neuron protection in the process of diffuse concussion in rats and also its effect on the level of matrix metalloproteinase-9. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 56 Wistar rats were subjected to TBI by the Marmaru method. After 30 minutes, nesfatin was injected intraperitoneally at different doses, and repeated on second and third days. The results of Veterinary Coma Scale, beam walk and beam balance tests were recorded at Pre-TBI, immediately after TBI, 24, 48, and 72 hours after TBI. After 72 hours, CSF was collected from the cisterna magna and used for ELISA test to measure the matrix metalloproteinase-9. Results: Intraperitoneal administration of nesfatin at 50 µg/kg and 10 µg/kg can reduce cerebral edema, destruction of the blood-brain barrier, and neurological and balance-motor scores (P<0.0001) compared with the control group (Sham and Intact) (P<0.0001). Nesfatin was not found effective at 20µg/kg (P>0.05). Conclusion: Nesfatin has been able to affect the consequences of trauma and reduce brain edema, accelerate the improvement of blood-brain barrier and neurological and balance scores. Probably part of these neuroprotective effects is through reduction of MMP-9. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Clinical education is a good opportunity for students to test themselves in different areas, including knowledge, clinical skills, ethics, communication with patients, problem solving, and decision making. This will help them in getting prepared for future position. The present investigation aimed at studying the quality of different residency programs in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 2019. Materials and methods: We conducted a combined study. In first phase a qualitative study using content analysis was performed and in second phase, a quantitative survey was carried out using a questionnaire. In quantitative phase, 140 assistants were selected from 15 educational groups via nonprobability sampling. The participants were asked to complete survey items with a five-point Likert scale. Graneheim and Lundman qualitative approach was used for content analysis and Goba and Lincoln criteria were used to assess the accuracy and robustness of the study. Results: According to findings, residents' satisfaction with welfare facilities, rest time on duty, educational justice, log book, skill lab, and responsibility assignment were 19.6%, 24.7%, 36%, 39.3%, 55.8%, and 54.5%, respectively. The respondents were satisfied with morning reports, morning and evening clinical rounds, evening grand rounds, and OSCE test (more than 75%). Conclusion: This study showed that many educational programs are in a relatively unfavorable situation that should be among our intervention priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Since education is a profession and is the foundation of sustainable human development, the observance of professional ethics in teaching and/or education will lead to the realization of educational goals in universities. Therefore, the present study or the purpose of evaluating the professional ethics of the teaching of professors from the Viewpoint of medical and pharmacy students was conducted in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Methods: The present study is descriptive cross-sectional. The study population included all medical and pharmacy professional doctoral students entering the 99-98 Iranian academic year in which 118 people were randomly selected. The data collection tool was the professional ethics questionnaire of Professor prepared by Sobhaninejad et al. That was in the form of 6 components and 48 items.The scoring scale of the items was based on the Likert five-choice scale from one to five. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics (frequency, mean and standard deviation) and analytical statistics (single group t-test and independent t-test) using SPSS21 statistical software. Result: The total score of teachers 'professional ethics from the students' point of view was 3.59±0.63 and there was no significant difference (p = 0.231) between the views of male (3.5±0.65) and female (3.65±0.61) students. The results of comparing the components of teaching between students of the two fields showed that score of components of standard evaluation and learner cognition from views of medical students were higher than pharmacy students. Conclusion: Although the total average score obtained by the professional ethics of teaching professors in the two schools was at an average and relatively desirable level, is still far from the desired and standard situation and needs more planning by educational planners in order to improve the level of professional ethics of teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Stressful events in early-life induce metabolic disorders in adolescence. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of early-life stress on number or area of Langerhans islets in exposure to foot-shock and psychological stress in male rats. Materials and methods: The rats were divided into six groups: control (without stress), earlystress (stress at 2 weeks of age), pubertal-foot shock (at 8-10 weeks of age), pubertal-psychological stress (psychological stress at 8-10 weeks of age), early-stress + pubertal-foot shock (stress at 2 weeks and footshock at 8-10 weeks of age), early-stress + pubertal-psychological stress (early-stress at 2 weeks and psychological stress at 8-10 weeks of age). Stress was induced for five consecutive days (twice daily). At the end of the experiment, following anesthesia with pentobarbital, the rats were decapitated and dissected to remove pancreas tissue to measure the number and area of islets. Results: Early-life and pubertal stresses alone did not change the number or area of islets. Compared to other interventions, early-life psychological-stress could considerably change the number or area of pancreatic islets. Conclusion: Early life stress predisposes the organism to morphological changes in endocrine pancreas as an increase in Langerhans islets number or area in exposure to stress later in life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Artemisia annua L. is an antidiabetic plant that was reported to exhibit an improving effect on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes conditions but its cellular mechanisms was unclear. So, this study aims to explore the role of Artemisia annua extract in PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)/ AKt (serine/threonine kinase protein B) signaling pathway in liver of high-fat diet (HFD)/Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetic mice. Methods and Materials: Mice were randomly divided into groups: control, untreated diabetic mice, diabetic mice treated with various doses (100, 200, 400 mg/kg) of alcoholic extract of Artemisia annua and metformin for 4 weeks. Type 2 diabetes was induced by feeding high-fat diet and low dose of STZ injection. After experiment duration, all mice were sacrificed following a deep anesthesia to measure the level of blood glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), and liver tissues were isolated for to detect m-RNA expression of PI3K and Akt in insulin signaling pathway. Results: Metformin significantly reduced the blood level of glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR in treated diabetic mice compared to untreated diabetic mic. Alcoholic extracts of this plant markedly reduced hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, HOMA-IR in treated diabetic mice compared to untreated diabetic mice. In addition, they could up-regulate the expression of PI3K and AKt m-RNA in liver tissues in diabetic mice. Doses of 200 and 400 of extract were similar to metformin effect on AKt and PI3K m-RNA expression. Conclusion: The alcoholic extract of Artemisia annua ameliorated insulin resistance and increased insulin sensitivity via activation of PI3K/AKt signaling pathway in diabetic liver. So, it can be a suitable alternative treatment with fewer complications to synthetic antidiabetic drugs to improve insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Internal evaluation is the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to determine the benefits and disadvantages of a program and the extent to which its objectives are achieved. The aim of this study was to investigate the status of internal evaluation in clinical departments of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in two consecutive academic years. Materials and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in all clinical departments of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences during 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. Data from eight domains of internal evaluation were collected using a checklist and some researcher-made questionnaires. Then, we studied the status of departments in eight domains of internal evaluation in relation to the standards and the status of all departments in two consecutive academic years. The evaluations for the years were compared and the dynamic trend was assessed. Data analysis was done applying descriptive statistics in SPSS. Results: A good status of clinical departments was seen in most of the domains. Best performances within the two academic years studied were associated with courses, educational curriculum, and graduate affairs (74.53%, 78.66%, and 88.61%, respectively). Total scores for all clinical departments were 64.22% and 70.69% in 2015-2016 and 2016-2017, respectively. Conclusion: Continuous internal evaluation reveals the strengths and weak points of the clinical departments. Therefore, more appropriate planning would be done and the departments could apply for further residency programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Unpredictable stressors cause changes in behavioral parameters such as motor and exploratory behaviors, feeding, and sexual and anxiety behaviors. Stress leads to the release of corticosteroids and, as a result, causes dysfunction in different parts of the nervous system. A decrease in the synaptic levels of serotonin or norepinephrine in different parts of the brain such as the prefrontal cortex and a decrease in BDNF production in the hippocampus may also contribute to stress-related complications. Posttraumatic stress disorder occurs in some people after facing a severe stressful event. In PTSD, the activity and function of many physiological systems are disturbed. Fluoxetine, or Prozac, is used to treat neurological disorders such as depression and anxiety and inhibits the reuptake of serotonin by the serotonin transporter (SERT) in neurons. Some studies have shown that females respond better to SSRI antidepressants than males, which may be due to the interaction between estrogenic and serotonergic pathways. BDNF is a member of the neurotrophin family and is expressed in several tissues and cells such as the brain and blood. Its role in several mental disorders, such as depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and PTSD, has been identified. SPS (single prolonged stress) as an animal model of PTSD decreases the mRNA expression of BDNF in hippocampus rats and causes anxiety-like behaviors. The role of gender differences in the effect of antidepressants and clinical interventions in psychotic diseases is also discussed. Sex hormones in women affect the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of antidepressants. Women respond better to fluoxetine than men during reproductive years. Considering the different results regarding the effectiveness of effective drugs in the treatment of psychotic diseases in both sexes, in this study, we aim to investigate the response of male and female rats exposed to stress to the trial of fluoxetine. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, Wistar male and female rats with an average weight of 200-250 grams were used (56 animals, 8 groups of 7). The selection of the number of animals was based on previous studies in this field. After the drug intervention period, and fear and anxiety suppression test, the animals were killed under deep anesthesia, and a blood sample was collected to prepare serum to measure BDNF and corticosterone levels (using the Eliza kit of Germany Zelbio Company and according to the kit protocol). All experiments were performed according to the laboratory animal protocol of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. The work steps are as follows: 1. Creation of PTSD through SPS was done in three stages, 2. Drug intervention: the drug dose for all groups is 10 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks dissolved in drinking water, 3. Evaluation of anxiety-like behaviors with the light-dark box (L/D BOX), 4. Evaluation of the ability to forget painful memories with the fear silence test, 5. Measurement of BDNF and corticosterone in serum by Eliza method. Results: In this study, it was observed that male and female rats that were exposed to single prolonged stress showed a decrease in fear extinction an increase in anxiety-like behaviors in the dark-light box test, and an increase in serum corticosterone. Fluoxetine led to an increase in the percentage of fear extinction, a decrease in the Entrance Latency in the light area, the Time in the Light Compartment, the number of rearing, and a decrease in serum corticosterone significantly in both sexes(P<0.05). The change in serum BDNF levels in both sexes before and after stress was not significant. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that exposure to stress leads to behavioral and biochemical damage in male and female rats. The use of fluoxetine 10 mg/kg for 4 weeks improved the damage caused by stress, but there was a significant difference in Response of both genders to the above treatment was not observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Assessing and improving the quality and educational capability of faculty members in universities is to improve the quality of programs, making appropriate policies and performing better educational activities. Faculty member's evaluation by students is an important tool for both the lecturers and educational managers in educational planning. The aim of this study was to assess the trend of faculty member's evaluation scores by students in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 2012-2016. Materials and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in faculty members in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences selected via census sampling. We used the scores for faculty members using the electronic educational management system (SAMA). It allows all students to evaluate university lecturers before final exams in every semester using a checklist. Data analysis was done applying descriptive and inferential tests in SPSS V22. Results: The evaluation scores for faculty members (2012-2016) were evaluated. The scores ranged between 4.25±0.4 and 4.49±0.3. The mean evaluation scores showed significant changes whithin the years studied (P<0.001). Conclusion: The average scores for evaluation of faculty members changed significantly during this period. Usually the accuracy of information collected from students is questioned, therefore, further studies with quantitative-qualitative approach are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]