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Background and Objective: In today's society, preparing healthy food has become challenging due to the variety of food production methods. Oil is produced in several ways in our country. In the cold pressing method, there is insufficient monitoring of the manufactured product. The aim of the present study is to investigate the physicochemical characteristics and the levels of heavy metals of industrial oil compared to cold-pressed oil. Materials and Methods: In this research, 54 samples of sunflower, sesame, and canola oil produced by both cold pressing and industrial refiningmethods were prepared. Their physicochemical characteristics, including refractive index, acid value, iodine value, saponification value, peroxide value, anisidine value, as well as the concentrations of lead, iron, arsenic and copper were determined. Additionally, the effect of storage time on these characteristics was investigated. Results: The Iodine number showed the highest deviation from the standard (61%), with an average of 136.70 gI/100g for the cold-pressed oil and 134.48 gI/100g for industrially refined oiland. The average value of the physicochemical characteristics, except for the saponification value, were higher in the cold-pressed oil samples compared to the industrially refined oil samples, but the observed difference was not statistically significant. An investigation into the effect of storage time on physicochemical properties revealed a significant increase in peroxide value (p<0.01) and anisidine (p <0.05) in both oil groups over a two-month period. The average concentration of arsenic, lead, iron and copper in the studied oils was 0.03, 0.78, 0.05 and 0.05 mg/kgoil, respectively. A deviation from the standard was observed only in one sample of cold-pressed sunflower oil, with an arsenic concentration of 0.11 mg/kgoil). Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, the refined industrial oils exhibited more favorable chemical characteristics and stability. It is suggested that cold-pressed oils should be consumed within a short period of time. For frying purposes, refined industrial oils are preferable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Climate change is a long-term climate variations caused by human activities that alters the composition of the global atmosphere. Climate change is one of the biggest threats to health. Iran's health system should respond to climate change-related health threats. The purpose of this study was to identify the challenges and solutions to build a climate resilient health system for Iran. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using interpretive phenomenology method and semi-structured interviews with 32 policy makers, managers, experts and researchers from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of agriculture, Ministry of roads and city planning, Environmental protection organization, National meteorological organization, Atomic energy organization, Universities, Associations, and Research institutes. Participants were selected through purposeful and snowball sampling methods. Framework analysis method was used to analyze the data. Results: Eighty four challenges to the resilience of Iran's health system against climate change were identified, which were grouped into two categories of factors inside the health system, (i.e., governance and leadership; financing; health workforce; facilities, equipment and medicines; health information system; and health services delivery) and factors outside the health system (i.e., political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors). Overall, 91 solutions were identified to solve these challenges and to strengthen Iran's climate resilient health system. Conclusion: Iran's health system is facing several barriers to be climate resilient. Actions at the macro, meso and micro levels, inside and outside the health system should be carried out to increase the adaptability and resilience of the Iranian health care facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]