Search

کاملینا، Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz (Brassicaceae)یک گیاه دانه روغنی است که از سال 1394 وارد ایران شده است و ویژگی­های زراعی مطلوبی از جمله نیاز آبی کم و مقاومت به سرمای بهاره دارد. در این مطالعه تراکم جمعیت تریپس پیاز، Thrips tabaci Lindeman و میزان تأثیر آن روی عملکرد لاین­های مختلف کاملینا در شرایط مزرعه­ای مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. برای این منظور، 136 لاین کاملینا در مزرعه کشت شد و برای نمونه‌‌برداری از جمعیت تریپس، هر یک بوته به­عنوان یک واحد نمونه‌برداری محسوب شد و تعداد تریپس­ها روی هر بوته پس از ضربه‌زنی شمارش و ثبت شد. تعداد کپسول و بذر سالم و آسیب­دیده نیز در هر لاین با سه تکرار شمارش شدند. نتایج نشان داد که با افزایش درصد کپسول ناسالم، عملکرد کاهش می­یابد. علاوه بر این، درصد بذرهای ناسالم با عملکرد لاین‌های کاملینا همبستگی منفی و درصد کپسول­های ناسالم با درصد بذرهای ناسالم همبستگی مثبت داشت. نتایج مربوط به رگرسیون خطی نشان داد که رابطه بین تراکم جمعیت تریپس با عملکرد و درصد بذرهای ناسالم معنی‌دار نبود، در حالی که رابطه مثبت و معنی­داری بین تراکم جمعیت تریپس با درصد کپسول­های ناسالم مشاهده شد؛ به این معنی که با افزایش تراکم تریپس، درصد کپسول‌های ناسالم نیز افزایش پیدا کرد. بر اساس نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق، لاین 54 به عنوان بهترین لاین در مقابل خسارت تریپس پیاز تشخیص داده شد که این لاین از نظر مکانیسم­های مقاومت آنتی‌زنوز، آنتی بیوز و تحمل به­ترتیب از نوع نیمه‌حساس، مقاوم و متحمل بود.

گیاه دانه روغنی کاملینا Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz گیاهی یکساله از خانواده براسیکاسه است. از ویژگی‌های مهم کاملینا، مقاومت در برابر برخی بیماری‌ها و آفات سایر اعضای خانواده براسیکاسه است‏. در کشت آزمایشی این گیاه در اهواز در سال زراعی 98-1397 درحالی‌که هنوز بذور نارس بودند، ریزش خورجینک‌های بعضی از بوته‌های کاملینا در کرت‌های آزمایشی مشاهده شد. با بررسی دقیق‌تر مشخص شد تعدادی مورچه در حال قطع کردن خورجینک‌های گیاه و انتقال آنها به لانه‌های خود بودند. حمله مورچه‌ها به گیاه کاملینا فقط مختص به زمان حضور گیاه در مزرعه نبود، بلکه در زمان شمارش اجزای عملکرد و خرمن‌کوبی نیز دیده شد. مورچه مذکور پس از مطالعه به نام Messor ebeninus Santschi, 1927 از زیر خانواده Myrmicinae و خانواده Formicidae شناسایی شد. این‌گونه پیش از این از شمال و جنوب غربی ایران گزارش ‌شده است. نمونه‌های مطالعه شده در مجموعه حشرات و کنه‌های اهواز، واقع در گروه گیاه‌پزشکی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز نگهداری می‌شود. این اولین گزارش از خسارت حشرات به گیاه کاملینا در ایران است.

استفاده از آبهای زیرزمینی شور کم عمق که در بعضی دشت های موجود در مناطق جنوبی، شمالی، غرب و شمال غرب موجود است به عنوان یک منبع آب آبیاری می تواند تا حدودی آب مورد نیاز پاره ای از گیاهان را تامین کند. در این رابطه آزمایشی به منظور بررسی اثر آب زیرزمینی کم عمق و شور بر کمک به تبخیر و تعرق گیاه استویا در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی و به صورت فاکتوریل با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی انجام شد. تیمارهای اعمال شده شامل آب زیرزمینی با سطوح شوری 1 و 2 و 6 و 10 دسی زیمنس بر متر در سه عمق 7/0 و 9/0 و 2/1 متر بود. نتایج نشان داد که درصد مشارکت آب زیرزمینی برای سطوح شوری 1، 2، 6 و 10 دسی زیمنس بر متر در اعماق 7/0 و 9/0 و 2/1 متری به ترتیب در حدود (5/66 ، 7/57 ، 3/45) ، (5/61 ، 7/52 ، 1/42)، (9/59 ، 4/49 ، 0/41) و (0/59 ، 6/46 ، 1/40) درصد نیاز کلی گیاه بود. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که استفاده از آبهای زیر زمینی کم عمق با شوری کمتر از 2 دسی زیمنس بر متر برای آبیاری گیاه استویا می تواند به صورت قابل توجهی نیاز آبی گیاه را برطرف نموده و به تبخیر و تعرق گیاه کمک کند.

کارآفرینی سبز فرایند ایجاد دگرگونی در تجارت و زیرساخت‌هاست به گونه‌ای که بر پایة حفظ محیط ‌زیست و رعایت استانداردها، سرمایه‌گذاری پایدار و توسعة اقتصادی رونق بهتری می‌یابد. روش تحقیق حاضر توصیفی ـ پیمایشی و جامعة آماری آن شامل 380 نفر از کلیه کارشناسان مراکز جهاد کشاورزی، سازمان استاندارد و تحقیقات صنعتی در شهرستان کرمانشاه و متخصصان کشاورزی در زمینة تولید محصولات ارگانیک بوده است. براساس جدول کرجسی – مورگان، تعداد 181 نفر از جامعة آماری برای انجام تحقیق انتخاب شدند. نتایج مربوط به تحلیل عاملی نشان‌ داد که در مجموع حدود 349/54 درصد واریانس موانع توسعة کارآفرینی سبز در کشاورزی شهرستان کرمانشاه را به ترتیب اهمیت چهار عاملِ موانع زیرساختی، موانع اقتصادی، موانع فنی ـ مدیریتی و موانع ترویجی ـ آموزشی تبیین می‌کنند. از دیدگاه کارشناسان، موانع زیرساختی مهم‌ترین مانع توسعة کارآفرینی سبز است، لذا با اصلاح و تعدیل مقررات و ساختار سازمانی و حرکت به سمت ساختارهای سازمانی با مشارکت کارشناسان و متخصصان کشاورزی می‌توان زمینة بروز رفتارهای کارآفرینی از سوی کشاورزان را فراهم کرد. طبقه­بندی JEL: Q10، Q16، Q56

یکی از مشکلات مناطق عمده کشور ما، شوری آب وخاک می‌باشد. کمبود منابع آبی سبب شده است تا استفاده از آب­های شور در کشاورزی و آبیاری فضای سبز و مصارف دیگر، به عنوان یکی از اهداف اصلی در نظر گرفته شود. به منظور مطالعه اثرات تنش شوری بر عملکرد دانه، روغن و پروتئین چهار لاین گیاه کاملینا، آزمایشی در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه رازی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال 1396 اجرا شد. فاکتورها شامل 4 لاین (80، 115 ، 130 ،131) کاملینا و 5 سطح شوری (6/0، 3، 6، 9 و 12 دسی­زیمنس بر متر) و یک نمونه شاهد دیم بود. نتایج نشان داد که با افزایش شوری، عملکرد دانه و اجزای آن بطور معنی­داری کاهش یافت، اما میان لاین­های مختلف گیاه کاملینا تفاوت زیادی وجود نداشت. همچنین نتایج بدست آمده نشان داد که میزان عملکرد محصول در حالت دیم از میزان عملکرد در شوری 9 دسی زیمنس بر متر کمتر بوده اما از میزان عملکرد محصول در شوری 12 دسی زیمنس بر متر بیشتر می­باشد . این نکته بیان­گر این موضوع می­باشد که در جاهایی که میانگین شوری آب آبیاری بیشتر از 9 دسی زیمنس می­باشد کشت محصول به صورت دیم نسبت به آب شور اقتصادی­تر می­باشد.

Background and Objective: Considering the extensive cultivation of wheat in the drylands of Kermanshah province and farmers' lack of proper management of plant residues, it is necessary to think of a solution for the appropriate management of residues and wheat cultivation. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different tillage systems on soil physical characteristics and quantitative traits of varying wheat cultivars in the drylands of the Dalahoo region. Materials and Methods: A split-plot experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Tillage systems (conventional, reduced, and no-tillage) were investigated as main plots, and 26 wheat genotypes were analyzed as secondary plots. Soil physical characteristics and wheat yield and yield components were also investigated. Results: The results showed significant changes in the physical characteristics of the soil, the change of soil organic matter, and the yield and yield components of wheat. They were affected by tillage systems, genotype, and the interaction effect of tillage in genotype. The results showed that with increasing depth, soil temperature decreased, and soil moisture increased. Conclusion: In no-till cultivation, the change of soil organic matter was less than in other tillage systems. The highest wheat grain yield (6658 kg.ha-1 ) was under the interaction effect of the Mirzabey (Durum) genotype (genotype 24) in the no-tillage system. Conservation tillage proves the importance of residues on the soil surface in maintaining moisture in drylands, and probably in Dalahoo areas, conservation tillage methods are better for improving yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Since the introduction of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) in the early 2000s, this technology has emerged as a transformative advancement in the life sciences, significantly propelling genomic, transcriptomic, epigenomic, and other related research fields. The core principles of NGS technology encompass library preparation, sequencing, and the analysis of the resulting data. By enabling the parallel sequencing of millions of DNA fragments with high accuracy, low cost, and rapid turnaround, NGS has effectively replaced older methods like Sanger sequencing. It has revolutionized our understanding of genetic complexities, genome structures, and genetic diversity through the swift and precise sequencing of entire genomes and target regions. Key applications of NGS in the life sciences include the identification and study of genes related to quantitative and qualitative traits, genetic diversity studies, population genetics, the diagnosis of genetic diseases, epidemiology, microbiome analysis, forensic science, phylogenetics, systems biology, genetic engineering, genome editing, and plant and animal breeding. However, the effective use of NGS data necessitates the development of robust computational infrastructure and advanced algorithms, as well as the expansion of researchers' knowledge regarding the bioinformatic applications and challenges associated with NGS data analysis and interpretation. Materials and methods: The present article is a review paper, conducted through content analysis by searching for keywords related to Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), types of NGS sequencing, NGS data analysis, and the applications of NGS in relevant articles found in online databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus. Results: This study aims to provide a comprehensive guide for the efficient and optimal analysis of NGS data by thoroughly reviewing first-, second-, and third-generation sequencing methods, examining NGS data analysis pipelines, and exploring the broad applications of NGS in various fields, including cereal research. The first section reviews first-generation sequencing (Maxam-Gilbert and Sanger), second-generation sequencing (Illumina, ABI/SOLID, Roche/454 pyrosequencing, Ion Torrent), and third-generation sequencing (Heliscope, SMRT, and Oxford Nanopore). The second section introduces various NGS sequencing methods, such as Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS), Whole Exome Sequencing (WES), Bulk RNA-Seq, and others, and examines their analysis pathways. The subsequent discussion elaborates on the application of NGS in diverse areas, including the identification of structural genomic variations (SVs), the study of epigenetic changes, microbial population analysis, and agriculture (with an emphasis on cereal breeding). Finally, the advantages and challenges of NGS are discussed. Conclusion: As a revolutionary technology in genomics, Next-Generation Sequencing has profoundly impacted life sciences research. The reduction in sequencing costs, coupled with increased accuracy and the development of new methods, has positioned NGS as a critical tool for a deeper understanding of genetics and the development of personalized therapeutic strategies. With ongoing advancements in this field and the integration of NGS with artificial intelligence, the future of NGS in enhancing the precision of genetic data analysis and improving therapeutic processes appears promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Rice, a key agricultural crop globally, is vital for feeding millions of people. Blast is one of the important diseases of rice and it causes severe damage to many rice fields every year. This disease is caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, which infects plant tissues and significantly reduces performance. The genus Oryza belongs to the Poaceae family and comprises 24 different species. Species within this genus are divided into two categories in terms of genome: diploid and tetraploid. The existence of synteny between genes specially those that cause resistance to plant diseases is considered a very suitable way to identify genes from other species. The pizh and pigm gene clusters play a role in rice blast disease resistance in rice. Synteny in pizh and pigm clusters was investigated in 11 species of Oryzaand three related species. Materials and methods: The pizh and pigm gene clusters were identified in 13 other species using the BLASTN tool. Subsequently, the genome sequences of these 13 species were obtained from the NCBI database then, all genes for all species were compared together by BLASN tool to construct the homology file (BLAST file). After, the genes were mapped to the respective species by Gmap software. Finally, gene blocks exhibiting synteny were identified through the utilization of the MCScanX software. Results: The results of synteny analysis of blast resistance genes in 14 studied species showed synteny only in five species: O. meridionalis, O. sativa indica, O. glumipatula, O. barthii, and O. glaberrima. Synteny was not observed in other species, including O. sativa japonica, regarding these gene clusters for blast resistance. According to the results, it could be concluded that the gene cluster involved in blast disease resistance, has not been spread and preserved between different chromosomes of studied Oryza species during evolution. In fact, they are located mainly on chromosomes Number 6 and 9. Micro synteny for the species including O. meridionalis, O.sativa indica, O. glumipatula, O. barthii and O. glaberrima were observed, but no synteny was observed for other five Oryza species and three wild relatives. It is necessary to mention that these genes are clustered on chromosome Number 6 for O. sativa japonica, however, they have no synteny with other species. Conclusion: Species including O. meridionalis, O.sativa indica, O. glumipatula, O. barthii and O. glaberrima may be used as a promising source of blast resistance for blast resistance breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The research aimed to investigate the effect of silicon foliar spraying in increasing drought tolerance in Camelina. Methods: The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in a pot experiment. The treatments included two Camelina genotypes (Sohail cultivar and line-84), drought treatments (at two levels: without and with drought stress) and foliar spraying of sodium silicate (at five levels: 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mM). Results: The results showed that drought stress decreased grain yield, yield components, and morphological traits of both Camelina genotypes. Drought stress reduced the grain weight per plant of the Sohail cultivar and Line-84 by about 27 and 39%, respectively. Foliar application of silicon effectively increased yield and yield components. On average, foliar spraying of 6 mM silicon compared to the control treatment caused an increase in the traits of grain weight per plant (13.04%), harvest index (12.1%), and the number of siliques per plant (7%). In the correlation analysis, it was found that among the grain yield components, the highest positive correlation coefficient with the grain weight per plant belonged to the number of siliques per plant (0.941). Conclusion: Overall, it seems that foliar application of 6 mM silicon can be effective in increasing drought tolerance in Camelina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a critical and practical technology in various biological and medical sciences fields. Using this technique, millions of copies of a specific pattern can be reproduced in vitro with a minimal amount of DNA. This has made significant advances in molecular biology and medicine. This technique has many applications in biological sciences. PCR primers are an integral part of PCR. Well-designed primers allow the PCR system to work accurately. To create a good PCR primer pair, several factors must be considered, including base pair length, melting and annealing temperature, base pair repeats, etc. Carefully designed PCR primers increase sensitivity and specificity and reduce the effort spent on experimental optimization. The poorly designed primer and the lack of optimization of the reaction conditions probably lead to decreased technical accuracy and false positive or negative detection in the amplification of the target DNA fragments. Bioinformatics has become an essential tool for basic research and applied research in life sciences. Primer designing tools provide optimal and efficient design of primers by automating complex and accurate calculations in the shortest possible time. Materials and methods: This review article is a content analysis study performed by searching Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), PCR type, and primer design for PCR in related articles on Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus. Results: This article aims to provide an almost complete guide for designing efficient and optimal primers for PCR and qPCR analyses by reviewing the PCR method, its types and applications and using the links and web-based services. In this regard, in the first part of the article, various methods, such as standard PCR, reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), quantitative PCR (qPCR), combined RT-PCR/qPCR, etc., will be explained with suitable figures. The following summarizes the use of PCR types, emphasizing cereal research. In the end, primer design methods, especially for qPCR, classification and review of existing software and their capabilities, methods and software for testing the features of primers to obtain maximum specificity and PCR efficiency, extracting the gene sequence for PCR primer designing is presented with practical examples. Conclusion: A PCR with weak primers can produce little or no product due to non-specific amplification or primer dimer formation. Several online tools were introduced that are used to prepare effective primers for PCR in the field of molecular biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Heavy metals enter the environment directly and indirectly with the development of various industries of metal smelting, mining, and chemical industries. Physical and chemical methods of soil purification from heavy metals are used due to high costs and less time-consuming. Phytoremediation is a low-cost and relatively fast solution to soil pollution and increases biodiversity, reduces erosion, and increases soil fertility. Materials and Methods: In this study, the phytoremediation potential of the Camelina plant in removing heavy metals Pb and Cd from soil was investigated. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with Cd (0, 3, 5, and 10 mg.kg-1) and Pb (0, 100, 300, and 600 mg.kg-1) treatments with 3 replications in the greenhouse of Razi University in Kermanshah. Results: The results showed that with increasing the concentration of Pb and Cd, the accumulation of these elements in the roots of the Camelina plant increased significantly. Most soil biological properties at the highest concentrations of Cd and Pb were significantly reduced compared to the control. Conclusion: The high concentration of Pb and Cd in the roots of the plant and the low transfer factor of these elements, indicate the greater efficiency of this plant for use in plant stabilization techniques, and we cannot be used to extract heavy metals lead and cadmium from soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: The camelina plant is a little-known plant Brassicaceae family. Camelina is an example of renewable vegetable oil that is considered a sustainable energy source. Seed yield and oil quality are the most obvious breeding objectives in the Brassicaceae family, while seed yield in agricultural plants, as their most complex trait, is influenced by a large number of physiological processes and the measurable expression is manifested in the physiological and morphological characteristics of the plant. Therefore, the analysis of physiological (growth) indicators is considered essential to understanding and interpreting changes in plant performance in response to environmental conditions. However, there is very limited information on the comparison of growth and functional traits of Camelina genotypes in the country. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the effects of physiological characteristics of 40 double haploid Camelina lines in the country. Materials and methods: In this study, 40 Camelina genotypes in terms of physiological traits and yield including leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, specific leaf area, grain yield and oil yield were compared in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Faculty of Agricultural Technology (Aburaihan), the University of Tehran, Pakdasht in 2020. It is worth mentioning that for measurement of the traits studied, the Soheil cultivar, which has long been grown both in the test area and in other parts of the country and is considered one of the well-known and widespread cultivar in the country, is considered as a control and other lines were compared with Soheil cultivar. Results: The results of the present study showed a significant difference between the Camelina lines in terms of physiological growth characteristics, the differences eventually led to significant differences in seed yield and thus had an impact on seed yield and oil content. This theme also shows and confirms the high and differential roles of genotype on camelina yield. In general, the results of this research showed that there is a positive correlation between the seed yield of camelina with the crop growth rate and the net assimilation rate, and there is a negative correlation with the specific leaf area at the 5% probability level. So, line 134 with the maximum leaf area index (2.34), and line 110 with the maximum growth rate (14.49) and net assimilation rate (8.13 g/m2 per day), in terms of the final grain yield were identified as the superior lines with 3178 and 3120 kg/ha, respectively. Also, the specific leaf area, which is directly related to the amount of light loss, was higher in low-yield genotypes than in lines 134 and 110. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed the direct effect of seed yield on camelina oil yield. So that the greater compatibility of lines 110 and 134 with the studied culture environment has increased the dry matter accumulation and seed yield in the mentioned lines by increasing the plant growth rate and as a result has brought about a significant increase in seed oil yield in these lines. Since the purpose of cultivating Camelina oilseeds is, in addition to the seed harvest, to obtain oil of adequate quantity and quality, we can consider lines 134 and 110 as a whole as superior and promising double haploid lines, compatible with the climate conditions of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Barley (Hordeum vulgare), a member of the Poaceae family, is an important cereal that is grown in temperate climates around the world. It was one of the first cultivated grains, especially in Eurasia 10,000 years ago. Globally, 70% of barley production is used for animal feed. This plant is reasonably tolerant of abiotic stresses. Environmental or abiotic stresses such as heat and cold can significantly affect crop production. Plants respond to these abiotic stresses by altering the expression of many genes involved in different biological and physiological processes. Materials and methods: In order to identify responsive genes to cold and heat stresses in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), the microarray data of two conducted experiments were analyzed. This research was analyzed and investigated using the raw data available in the ArrayExpress database, which is related to two separate experiments in heat and cold stress in 2 and 3 replications, respectively, in the barley plant. The desired analysis was performed using FlexArray software and the differential genes present in the stresses were identified. The examined genes were normalized using the Robust Multiarray Average (RMA) method, and the genes with a P-value equal to and less than 5% were selected, and the fold change of genes above 2 was also selected. Ontology analysis of genes was done using AgriGo website and their functional groups were categorized into three parts: biological processes, cellular components and molecular function. The sequence of 1500 nucleotides upstream of the effective genes in response to heat and cold stress was extracted from the Ensembl Plants site. Regulatory elements of effective functional genes in response to heat and cold stresses were identified and presented using the PlantCare site. Results: The results demonstrated that 338 and 291 genes were differentially expressed in response to cold and heat stresses, respectively. The gene ontology analysis revealed that differential expressed genes (DEG) were mainly involved in cellular compounds as well as biological processes and different molecular functions. Transcription regulator activity has a critical role in the regulation of genes against stresses. Moreover, 1500 bp upstream of the DEGs were identified to find the most represented regulatory elements. Conclusion: Consequently, it seems light and hormonal-related cis-regulatory elements especially those related to methyl jasmonate play an important role in controlling the gene expression against the studied abiotic stresses. The results of this high-throughput comparative analysis provided insight into genes and cis-regulatory elements involved in response to heat and cold stresses in barley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently discovered properties of Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) from Brassicaceae family, including low-inputs requirement, fast growth, essentials oil content with medicinal uses, significant content of linolenic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid, have been paied tremendous attention by both agronomic and industrial sectors. To achieve the highest possible level of the above-mentioned properties, it is necessary to find the superior lines. For this purpose, the morphological and biochemical characteristics of 26 double haploid lines were compared in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the 2018 cropping year at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The results of variance analysis showed that all measured characteristics were significantly different at 1% of probability level. The mean comparison results indicated that DH39 line had the highest height and average grain weight per plant and the highest plant dry weight, oil percentage and saturated fatty acids were observed in DH44 line. DH14 and DH46 lines had maximum total protein and unsaturated fatty acids, respectively. GC-mass analysis showed that DH22, DH39 and DH12 lines had the highest omega 3, 6, 9 fatty acids, respectively. Cluster analysis categorized the lines into 3 groups. Based on all results, a group containing DH07, DH14, DH21, DH32, DH39, DH41, DH44 and DH46 lines was chosen for further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Belladonna (Atropa belladonna), from Solanaceae, is an annual plant and has an important tropane alkaloids called hyoscyamine. Considering the pharmacological and economic importance of A. belladonna and priority in its domestication and cultivation, advances in its tissue culture and regeneration methods of this plant under in vitro conditions is important to facilitate methods of gene transfer to this medicinal herb. So, in this research, optimization of cultivation conditions for callogenesis and regeneration of Atropa belladonna was investigated. For callogenesis, belladonna sterilized seeds were initially sown in MS medium. After seed germination and seedlings growth for two months, stem and leaf explants were cultured in MS medium including a combination of different hormonal concentrations of 2.4-D (0, 0.5 and 1 mg/l) and Kin (0, 1 and 2 mg/l). To evaluate the regeneration percentage of callus from shoot explants, Kin hormone was used in four levels (0, 3, 5 and 8 mg/l) using completely randomized design with three replications. These experiments indicated that, shoot explants had the highest callogenesis in terms of explant type. In terms of hormonal concentrations, combination of two hormones at concentrations of 2.4-D 1 mg/l + Kin 2 mg/l+MS and also, 2.4-D 1mg/l +Kin 1mg/l +MS showed the highest rate of callogenesis. Increase in the concentration of Kin hormone in MS medium was directly correlated with increase in regeneration percentage and the highest regeneration rate of 36.66% was observed at 8 mg/l. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exactly estimating of water requirement is essential for water balance studies, design and management of irrigation systems and water resources management. Because of limited soil and water resources in Iran, for optimal use of water resources in the agricultural sector, it is necessary to determine the amount of water requirement by different plants in different climatological conditions. In order to determine the water requirement and crop coefficients of Stevia, six lysimeter numbers were used in three replications for stevia and reference plant (grass). The reference Stevia plant evapotranspiration was measured on a daily basis. The results showed that during the 537 day period of Stevia cultivation, the maximum and minimum water requirement in the first and second year of cultivation was respectively 9.85 and 1.69 mm per day, and for the reference plant was obtained as 6.54 and 1.84 mm per day. In this study, the Kc coefficients in initial, development, intermediate and final stages of growth in 2016 were 0.76, 1.11, 1.46 and 1.05 and in 2017 at growth stages, were 0.76, 1.18, 1.52 and 1.29 respectively. The average of individual Stevia plant growth factors for four growth stages in two years of research was obtained as 0.76, 1.15, 1.49, and 1.17, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]