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با ارجاع پرونده هسته‌ای ایران از سوی آژانس بین‌المللی انرژی اتمی به شورای امنیت سازمان ملل متحد و با همسویی شورای اتحادیه اروپا، تحریم‌های بین‌المللی هوشمند، اجرایی شد و صنعت نفت، به‌ویژه تدارکات آن را هدف قرار داد. با عنایت به عدم بررسی آثار حقوقی تحریم‌ها بر تدارکات، تحقیق حاضر، «آثار حقوقی تحریم‌های بین‌المللی هوشمند در چارچوب قطعنامه‌های شورای امنیت را با تأکید بر تدارکات در صنعت نفت ایران از ژانویه 2006 تا ژوئن 2014» تشریح و تحلیل می‌کند. به‌طور‌ کلی، مجموعه تحریم‌های اعمال‌شده، محدودیت‌های شدید مالی و عدم امکان بهره‌گیری از خدمات مؤسسات مالی و اعتباری را در خصوص انعقاد و اجرای قراردادهای نفتی ایجاد کرده است. درنتیجه، محدودیت‌های اعمال‌شده به‌طور بالقوه، وضعیت قراردادهای تدارکات را با نظریه‌های هاردشیپ و فورس‌ماژور مواجه ساخته است.

World Trade Organisation which replaced GATT, has entered new domains in addition to General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); e.g. trade aspects of intellectual property and anti-dumping measures. In some of them like TRIPS, it’s pioneer in rule-setting and in some like subsidies, it is the first time that mandatory rules have been envisaged. In Doha negotiations, commenced since 2001, following the organization's ministerial conference, many subjects have been put forward like environment in addition to conventional issues like tariff reduction except for energy, and only renewable energies are visible in WTO practice. The present paper tries to find the place of (renewable) energy in main WTO agreements and practice using a descriptive-analytical approach, and concludes that (renewable) energy lacks enough attention in the organisation's agreements and practice. It tries to give practical solutions for improvement of this kind of energy in WTO, suggest that the issue of energy be included as a comprehensive agreement in WTO's negotiation agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The right to food as an essential concept in international human rights law has been endorsed in support of persons with disabilities. This right is addressed in many international documents. Governments in particular are committed to ensuring that the rights set forth in it are utilized to the fullest extent possible and with all appropriate measures. Methods: The data of this study were collected by analytical-documentary method and searching in databases and sources of internet scientific information and related books in this field. Findings: One of these rights is the right to food in support of the disabled and disabled in the territorial space. On the other hand, food security and sustainable access to food and freedom from hunger are fundamental human rights and cannot be suspended under any circumstances, even in hostilities, because any commitment to the right to food can lead to death by starvation. Disabled people with disabilities. Conclusion: People with disabilities, disabilities, or injuries may not have access to nutritional needs and care like other people in the community. Even if they have access, they may need more care and nutrition than others, which can happen for a variety of reasons. By examining the right to food on the basis of international documents in support of persons with disabilities and disabilities, this paper argues that persons with disabilities and disabilities who constitute a significant percentage of society according to international documents, As an important part of the population, like others, have the right to use food, but this should not be overlooked by the authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]