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The article is devoted to the substantiation of the technology of mashing oat malt for the production of gluten-free beer. Oats are a promising raw material for the production of products with functional properties due to their rich chemical composition and high nutritional and biological value, as well as their good acceptance by consumers, including those suffering from celiac disease. On the other hand, oats are a cereal crop with unrealized brewing potential. The use of oat malt for beer production can be innovative but also challenging. It has been found that oat malt is characterized by properties different from barley malt. The increased content of β-glucan in oat malt causes difficulty in filtering intermediate products and finished beer. Due to the low activity of α-amylase in oat malt, the duration of starch saccharification is prolonged, resulting in lower extract yield and lower degree of fermentation. The increased protein content in malt can cause a decrease in the stability of beer during storage. To eliminate the difficulties encountered in the processing of oat malt and to obtain wort with the required carbohydrate and nitrogen composition, it is proposed to use complex-action enzyme preparations Alphalase Sorghum, Alphalase AP3, Diazyme FA (Danisсo, Denmark), which are optimized mixtures of α-amylase, β-glucanase, and protease. The complex enzyme preparation reduces the viscosity of the mash and facilitates its filtration, while increasing the wort yield and making it easier to filter finished beer when using the membrane method. When adding an enzyme preparation of complex action, the viscosity of wort decreases, since the preparation effectively breaks down β-glucan, starch and pentosans. The temperature regime for mashing oat malt by the infusion method using an enzyme preparation of complex action, developed taking into account the technological properties of oat malt, is recommended. The use of atypical malted raw materials in brewing ˗ oat malt ˗ can give beer completely new organoleptic properties, which is another advantage of gluten-free oat beer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poultry meat plays a key role as a source of high-quality protein, vitamins, minerals, and unsaturated fatty acids. However, unsaturated fatty acids, especially essential ones, are prone to oxidative reactions during meat storage, which can negatively affect its quality. The object of the study is the technology of obtaining and storing poultry meat. Legart Danish geese were used as the experimental material. Oats (Avena Sativa) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) contain a large number of biologically active substances (minerals, unsaturated fatty acids, amino acids, antioxidants). Adding vegetative parts of oats and alfalfa to the diet of geese contributes to improving the quality of the obtained meat, especially after prolonged low-temperature storage. The geese were slaughtered on the 63rd day. The meat was stored at a temperature of –18 °C for 90 days. It was found that there was an 11.5 % increase in the live weight of the geese at an early slaughter age, an increase in protein content (by 5 %), better moisture-binding capacity (by 6–7.3 %), and a decrease in the content of lipid peroxidation products, especially on the 67th day of storage (28.3 %). There was a significant increase in the content of ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (by 24.2 % and 10.8 %, respectively). There was an increase in the content of vitamin E and β-carotene, both before freezing (38.5 % and 19.6 %) and at the end of the storage period (50.9 % and 20 %). A tendency to increase the content of essential amino acids (threonine and methionine) was found. The results can be used in the production of goose meat to improve its nutritional characteristics, which is important for the health of consumers, meat producers, and also in scientific research on the development of technologies in the field of meat production and storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have been carried out on the optimization of technological parameters in the production of grain drinks using mathematical modeling. To obtain a mathematical model of the technological process of preparing raw materials, which is a regression equation, a second-order rotatable plan (Box plan) was used. An analysis of the obtained three-dimensional surface showed that the optimal protein content zone in oats is 10.5 g, while the grinding size is 1 mm, at a roasting temperature of 175 ºС with a roasting time of 5 minutes. The optimal protein zone in buckwheat is 10.8 g (grinding size 1 mm), at a roasting temperature of 150 ºС, a roasting time of 10 minutes. And, accordingly, protein in rice is 7.1 g with a grinding size of 1 mm, a roasting temperature of 150 ºС with a roasting time of 10 minutes. Thus, the results obtained will allow optimizing the process under study by applying the developed mathematical model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reveals the economic value and economic attractiveness of oat production as one of the main niche grain crops. Considering the important role of oats, its advantages compared to other niche crops were outlined. It is substantiated that the economic attractiveness of its production is largely determined by its multifunctionality. The dynamics of oat production in Ukraine by category of farms was studied. The rating of oat production by regions of Ukraine was carried out, and the volume of its receipt at processing enterprises was considered. The dynamics of indicators of the economic efficiency of oat production in agricultural enterprises are analyzed and the prospects for the development of the production of niche grain crops are outlined. The authors prove that the use of niche crops in crop rotation allows to reduce the dominance of sunflower and rapeseed, the excessive cultivation of which greatly depletes the soil, and to diversify the existing grain-oil specialization of Ukrainian agriculture. The authors also reveal other advantages of growing niche crops (high profitability, diversification of production) and disadvantages (high cost of seed material and cultivation technologies, instability of demand for most niche crops, significant price fluctuations, uncertain amount of expected profit). It was established that an important feature of growing niche crops is the high resource intensity of their production. On the basis of the conducted research, we came to the conclusion that: oats are a high-value agricultural crop; oat grain production is potentially economically attractive; cultivation of niche grain crops is one of the most promising areas of development of small and medium-sized commodity producers, based on the fact that small farmers cannot compete with agricultural holdings in the production of traditional agricultural crops, so they should master the production of niche products; cultivation of niche crops will enable small enterprises to enter international markets and offer unique products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cereals of plant origin,including oats are a rich source of minerals. Three types of Bulgarian oat varieties and three new hybrid varieties imported by a Polish producer company were studied. The content of minerals – Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe and P in the six oat varieties was investigated. The aim of the present study is to determine which cultivar is optimal in terms of the lowest and highest content of mineral nutrients and their acceptable limits in the selected oat cultivars. In the 6 oat varieties studied by us, a lower content of Zn was found – 10.0 mg/kg in the Bulgarian varieties compared to the foreign ones – 18.0 mg/kg. When determining the amount of P in the analyzed varieties, concentrations of 720.0 to 900.0 mg/kg were found for the Bulgarian oat varieties and from 1080.0 to 1200.0 mg/kg for those imported by a Polish producer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of salinity levels on some sowing characteristics of oat (Avena sativa L.) seeds. The experiment was set in the period 2022-2023 in the Laboratory Complex of the Institute of Agriculture - Karnobat, and includes 5 oat varieties of Austrian (Nobby, Klein 69B), British (Image), American (Yancey) and French (Frigante) origins. Different NaCl concentrations (25 mM and 50 mM, 100 mM, 150 mM, 200 mM, 250 mM and 300 mM and control – 0 mM) were the subject of research. The analysis showed that as the NaCl concentration increased, the germination of seeds from the tested oat varieties was delayed. It most critically affected variety Yancey at 50 mM. At the highest level of salinity (50 mM), the lowest percentage of germination energy was reported for variety Image. The conducted research proved the negative effect of salinization, which was expressed by a change in the morphological indicators of the plants. Higher NaCl levels had a suppressive effect on shoot length and root length. Salinity tolerant genotypes were identified. The most relatively salinity tolerant in terms of seed germination was Frigante followed by Nobby. They can be used in the oats breeding program to create starting material and varieties resistant to abiotic stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was carried out in a certified organic, biodynamic and conventional field of IA - Karnobat in the period 2015/16 - 2017/18, using oats varieties Kehlibar and Kaloyan. The phytosanitary condition and the quality of oat grain in the three types of farming were monitored. The type of agriculture has a great influence on the attack of diseases. In organic, biodynamic and conventional oat cultivation, the most common species is aphid Sitobion avenae L. Schizaphis graminum Rond. and Oulema lichenis Voet are only observed in conventional Kaloyan cultivation. In the case of biodynamically and organically grown oats, the number of aphids is lower, probably due to the presence of natural entomophagous, which develop there due to the presence of more flowering weeds and non-treatment with insecticides. In biodynamic and organic cultivation, in all three years, the density of pests is higher in the variety Kaloyan. The species diversity of weeds is higher in the two varieties of oats grown in organic and biodynamic agriculture. The density of weeds varies depending on the agro-meteorological conditions, the method of cultivation and the variety of the oat. The type of agriculture used in the cultivation of oats affects the mass of 1000 grains, the content of protein, starch, fiber and ash. The applied cultivation technology does not affect the ash content in the grain. When applied to conventional agriculture, oats form a grain with a high mass per 1000 grains and a high protein content; in organic farming - with a high content of fiber and spikelet glume and in biodynamic agriculture - with a high content of starch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Bakery products are high content in starch, sugar, and calories, but low content in fiber. They can be used for enrichment Fruit powder can serve as a valuable source for fortifying sponge cake products with fiber, natural antioxidants, and minerals. This scientific research was conducted to provide an opportunity to use Bulgarian fruit (nectarine) in the form of flour and to enrich confectionery products. Nectarine flour is prepared by drying the fruit in a dryer and then grinding. The fruit flour was mixed with 3 types of whole grain flour – oat, einkorn, and wheat. As a control, take a flour mixture of wheat flour and nectarine powder. A proportion was chosen based on previous research on flour mixtures with whole wheat flour and nectarine powder, in a ratio of 70:30, which were then incorporated into the composition of the sponge cakes. It was observed that the new products with whole grain flour and nectarine showed good physical properties, higher antioxidant activity, enriched with fiber, and reduced energy value compared to the control sample. These incorporated flour mixtures in the composition of sponge cakes are in optimal amounts and can be used as an enrichment in them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β-Glucans are a group of non-starchy polysaccharides, or (1,3),(1,4)-β-D-glucans, that can be found in the cell walls of several species of bacteria, algae, lichens, fungi, and cereal grains. These carbohydrates are extensively used in food industry, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and healthcare, therefore optimization of the extraction and isolation of β-glucans from grain sources has an especial importance in various fields of biotechnology, drug design, food science and technology. The aim of the study was to develop an optimized technological scheme for isolation of β-glucans from oat bran based on ultrasonic and enzymatic processing of raw material. Materials and methods. β-Glucans were isolated from grinded oat cereals during multi-stage process, which includes extraction of grain fats, hydrobarothermic processing, ultrasonification, enzymatic hydrolysis of concomitant starch and proteins, precipitation of β-glucan fraction by ethanol, centrifugation, and dry-freezing. Yield of β-glucans from raw material and its concentration in the final product were determined after hydrolysis by sulfuric acid or enzymatic cleavage by endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase. Results. As shown by acidic hydrolysis of the final product, the yield of β-glucans was 10.8 ± 0.23% and concentration was 79.6 ± 3.89%, while enzymatic hydrolysis gave 8.7 ± 0.82% and 65.1 ± 4.72%, respectively. Thus, the use of hydrobarothermic and ultrasound pre-treatment of raw material in combination with proteolytic digestion of ballast lipids and proteins allowed producing oat β-glucans in amounts comparable with those in case of acid- or alkali-based procedures. Conclusions. The described technological scheme of β-glucan isolation from oat bran based on sequential hydrobarothermic processing, ultrasonification, and enzymatic removing starch and proteins can be widely used for routine β-glucan production for various purposes in food technology, pharmacological industry, and medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Applied Biotechnology is the property of National Center for Biotechnology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Данная работа направлена на разработку коктейлей функционального назначения на основе растительного «молока» с использованием в разных соотношениях творога и овсяных хлопьев. Предложено три композиции коктейлей, в каждой рассмотрено по две рецептуры. В исследуемых образцах была изучена пищевая и энергетическая ценность, а также потребительские свойства. Проведено обобщение полученных данных в табличном и графическом изображениях. Установлено, что высокое содержание белка в образце № 1, второго варианта (соотношение растительного молока и творога 1:1) 9,7 %, что больше на 2,78 (1:0,5) и на 4,41 – 2,45 % коктейля № 2 с добавлением овсяных хлопьев. Коктейль, предлагаемый по рецептуре вариант № 1 (с творогом) и № 3 (творог и овсяные хлопья), в соответствии с ГОСТ Р 55577-2013 относятся к продуктам с высоким содержанием белка, так как энергетическая ценность пищевого продукта обеспечивается за счет белка на 39; 48,8; 25 и 24 %, в зависимости от предлагаемой рецептуры. Композиция коктейля № 2 относится к пищевым продуктам, которые являются источником белка. С учетом пищевой ценности и потребительских свойств автор рекомендует варианты коктейлей № 1 и № 3.

Наведені результати і перспективи селекції голозерних сортів вівса в умовах північного Степу України. Висвітлені проблеми і основні напрямки створення нового вихідного матеріалу. Залучення до гібридизації високопродуктивних, крупнозерних (маса 1000 зерен – 25,3–29,1 г) генотипів, стійких до абіотичних факторів, таких як Абель, Rhea, Nuprime, Plater, Adam, Білоруський, Пушкінський, Гоша, Крєпиш, уможливило створити низку нових гібридних комбінацій голозерних форм вівса. Встановлено, що за кількістю колосків і зерен з рослини сортозразки істотно різнилися між собою, але не завжди ці ознаки помітно впливали на продуктивність рослини. Тобто доведено, що продуктивність рослини зумовлює комплекс ознак: кількість колосків у волоті, кількість зерен в колоску і крупність зерна. Виявлено кращі вихідні форми голозерного вівса за біологічними і господарськими ознаками. Наведено характеристику нового вихідного матеріалу та висвітлено результати селекційної роботи. В контрольному розсаднику виділено сортозразки таких голозерних форм вівса: Ск 1024/10, Рс 72/09, Сс 732/10, які за урожайністю зерна (2,59–2,66 т/га) в середньому за 3 роки істотно (на 0,35–0,42 т/га) перевищили сорт-стандарт. За вмістом білка (15,9–16,2 %) найбільш перспективними виявилися такі сортозразки, як Рс 72/09, СС 1136/09, Сс 732/10 і Сп 234/10. Сорт вівса Родоніт (голозерний), урожайність зерна (2,58 т/га) якого в середньому за даними трирічного конкурсного сортовипробування перевищила показники національного сорту-стандарту Скарб України на 0,33 т/га, або на 14,7 %, переданий в 2019 р. на державне випробування. Вміст білка в зерні 16,1 %, крохмалю 49,0 %, кількість плівчастих зернівок не перевищує 3,0 %. Вегетаційний період сорту Родоніт на три доби довший порівняно зі стандартом і становить 91 добу.

The aim of the work was a comparative study of the activity level and composition of β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, peroxidase and protease inhibitors in grains and seedlings of wheat, barley and oats. These proteins play an important physiological role and are also involved in plant defense against pathogens. Experiments on germination, isolation, and analysis of proteins were carried out under the same conditions, which contributed to an objective assessment of the defense potential of the studied cereals. Barley grains and seedlings were characterized by the highest activity and degree of heterogeneity at IEF β-1,3-glucanase, while oats were characterized by a relatively low level of the enzyme. Oat grains and seedlings had high chitinase activity. The activity and isozymic composition of POX varied greatly among the three cereals, both in dormant grains and in the organs of the seedling. Wheat grains had the highest content of protease inhibitors, whereas oats had the lowest content. The studied properties of the enzymes β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, peroxidase and serine protease inhibitors subtilisin and trypsin in norm as constitutive can be useful in studying their variability and induction of new isoforms under stressful conditions, including those induced by pathogens. These data can also be used to evaluate some quality characteristics of grain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic farming is an agricultural method for producing food with low environmental impact and will play a key role in developing a sustainable food system for the future. The entomofauna monitoring program is the basis for decision-making, regardless of the control strategies used, and knowledge of local entomofauna can influence environmental actions, especially crop management practices. The aim of the study is to determine the species composition and density of populations of harmful and beneficial insects in crop rotation, including alternation of cereals with legumes in the biological system of agriculture in the experimental field of IASS "Obraztsov chiflik"-Ruse. The monitoring showed differences in the quantitative and qualitative composition of harmful and beneficial insects during the four years of the study. Wheat is a host of insects of nine orders, and oats, field beans and spring fodder peas-of seven orders. The most serious economic damage to cereals is caused by English grain aphids /Sitobion avenae L./, and to legumes - by Green leafhopper /Cicadella viridis L./ and Pea aphid /Acyrthosiphon pisum Harr./. In all crops, the reports show that the enemies are in density below the threshold of economic harm, with one exception - pea-eater /Bruchus pisi L./ in spring fodder peas in the period 23- 31.05.2017. The species composition and the population density of the beneficial insects in the specific crop rotation during the studied period are a sufficient and appropriate system for control of harmful insects under economic threshold level. Authorized biological insecticides should be applied as appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

В ході досліджень використано колекційні зразки, сорти і лінії різного еколого-географічного походження вівса посівного. При створенні нового селекційного матеріалу вівса ярого плівчастого і голозерного шляхом гібридизації, проведено кастрацію методом Шишлових і запилення 7792 квіток, одержано 1119 шт. гібридних зерен із 159 комбінацій. У гібридному розсаднику відібрано константні потомства вівса посівного за господарсько-цінними ознаками в кількості 420 шт. На провокаційному фоні кількість стійких форм до корончастої іржі у 2016 і 2018 рр. становила 31 і 20 зразків відповідно. За даними досліджень на інфекційному фоні відібрано 67 сортозразків високостійких, 31 – стійких, 33 – слабкосприйнятливих та 29 – сприйнятливих до ураження летючою сажкою. У конкурсному випробуванні виділено високопродуктивні селекційні лінії (418-5, 475-12, 486- 11 та ін.) вівса посівного, що за урожайністю зерна перевищують стандарти: Закат на 0,3–0,5 т/га і Скарб України на 0,9–1,2 т/га, не вилягають, стійкість до ураження грибними хворобами до 7–9 балів. За результатами польових досліджень і кваліфікаційної експертизи до Реєстру сортів рослин Україні занесено сорти вівса ярого голозерного Діоскурій в 2017 р. і плівчастого Денка в 2018 р.

The following article presents a new raw component in compound feed for carp – feed concentrate produced from cereal production waste. The feed concentrate is based on several types of cereal fodder meal - wheat, pea, barley, as well as wheat bran and unshelled oat grain. The feed concentrate is balanced according to the needs of carp and can be used as feed for carp instead of wheat grain or as a part of compound feed for carp. Heat-moisture processing of compound feed before extrusion is one of the main stages that further ensure the stability of technological processes and the final quality of the feed concentrate. The amino acid composition was determined at various temperatures of the feed concentrate after heat-moisture treatment of + 40, 60, 70 and 80º С at a constant moisture content of the concentrate of +28±2° С. Amino acid score has been calculated for feed concentrates that have been exposed to various heat treatments. The amino score was calculated in relation to the carp's need for essential amino acids. It was found that an increase in the temperature of the concentrate during heat-moisture treatment leads to a decrease in the content of essential amino acids. For example, the total content of methionine and cysteine in the composition of the feed concentrate at a temperature of +75° C was 0.46%, with the minimum allowable total content of these amino acids in the composition of feed 0,5%. Heat-moisture treatment at a product temperature above +75° C leads to a decrease in the content of essential amino acids and the biological value of the feed concentrate. The process of extrusion of feed concentrate from waste of cereal production has been studied. The glucose content in the feed concentrate was studied at various extrusion modes. The glucose content indicates the degree of modification of the starch during the extrusion process, and the more glucose the product contains, the better it is absorbed by the carp. When extruded with an increase in temperature, the starch passes into a viscous-flowing (gelatinized) state, forming a so-called melt, the cooling of which also leads to the formation of a three-dimensional gel network. The feed concentrate granule becomes monolithic in structure; it becomes quite hard and can harm the intestines of carp. Therefore, it contains wheat bran in an amount of 1%, as a component that is able to weaken the feed concentrate granule. The degree of starch destruction in the composition of the extruded feed concentrate with the addition of wheat bran reached its maximum and the granule became porous, its hardness decreased. It was detected that when the temperature of the feed concentrate after extrusion rises above +100°C, the biological value of the feed concentrate decreases, and it becomes unbalanced in the content of such essential amino acids as lysine, threonine, methionine and cysteine. Therefore, the optimum product temperature after extrusion is +90-100˚C. The effectiveness of extruded feed concentrate was determined in the composition of granulated feed for two- and three-year-old carp. The feed ratio of the compound feed containing the feed concentrate was 0.9 units, which is 64% lower than of the control compound feed, which includes a non-extruded grain group that is not balanced in terms of carp needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The requirements for safe and quality agricultural production impose changes in the models of fertilization and the use of organic products as an alternative to the application of chemical products. During the period 2015-2017 in the experimental field of IASS "Obraztsov chiflik" - Ruse was conducted biological trial with crop rotation, including the alternation of cereals (wheat and oats) and legumes (field beans and field fodder peas) crops under block method in four replications, with the size of the harvesting plot 10m2, including four variants of individual and combined application of biological products. The aim of the study was to study the effect of the bioactivator Euroradix (100 g da-1 in legumes applied with sowing), the biostimulators Euroactiv agro (250 g da-1 in cereals applied with sowing) and Amminostim bio (250 ml da-1 twice during the growing season in cereals and legumes) in individual and combined application on the yield of wheat variety Venka 1, field beans variety Obraztsov chiflik 12, spring oats variety Alexi and spring fodder peas variety Ruse1. In all crops, all tested variants with application of bioproducts showed higher yields compared to the control. The highest yield at cereals was registered in the variant Euroactiv+Amminostim bio, at legumes in the variant Euroradix+Amminostim bio at different climatic conditions and during the three years of testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Обыкновенная злаковая тля Sсhizaphis graminum – опасный вредитель овса и других зерновых культур на юге России. Эффективный и экологически безопасный способ борьбы с насекомым – возделывание устойчивых сортов. Характерное для фитофага дифференциальное взаимодействие с растением-хозяином обусловливает необходимость поиска новых доноров устойчивости. Оценили устойчивость 276 образцов местного овса из стран Центральной Азии (Казахстана, Узбекистана, Кыргызстана и Туркменистана) к краснодарской популяции насекомого и выделенным из нее клонам. Выявили 2 устойчивых к Sсh. graminum образца из Казахстана (к-6945 и к-8691). Гетерогенны по изученному признаку 133 образца из Казахстана, среди которых у 77 форм выявлены растения с высокой и умеренной устойчивостью, а 56 образцов содержали растения, характеризующиеся лишь умеренной устойчивостью. Все образцы из Узбекистана и Туркменистана восприимчивы к Sсh. graminum. Гетерогенен по устойчивости образец из Кыргызстана к-9993. Широкое варьирование степени поврежденности большинства форм овса обусловлено, прежде всего, неоднородностью популяции тли по признаку вирулентности. Оценка поврежденности 15 выделенных образцов из Казахстана тест-клонами Sсh. graminum показала, что аллели генов устойчивости к обыкновенной злаковой тле у этих форм отличаются от идентифицированных ранее генов Grb1 и Grb3.

Наведені результати аналізу наявних сортових ресурсів і урожайності зерна різних сортів вівса в дослідах по екологічному випробуванню залежно від гідротермічних умов. Виявлені сорти, які характеризуються стабільною реалізацією генетичного потенціалу в широких межах варіювання середньодобових температур повітря і вологозабезпеченості. Спираючись на результати дослідження ефективності вирощування різних сортів вівса в екологічному дослідженні залежно від впливу гідротермічних умов, можна зробити наступні висновки. Рівень продуктивності вівса визначається особливостями сорту та ефективністю комплексної дії температур повітря і умов вологозабезпечення. В Україні має місце щорічне стійке збільшення кількості зареєстрованих сортів вівса – на 12,9 %. В цілому за останні 15 років кількість сортів вівса в Реєстрі сортів рослин, придатних для поширення в Україні, зросла більш ніж удвічі. Серед досліджуваних сортів вівса оптимальним ростом, розвитком і сполученням елементів структури урожайності вирізнялись плівчасті форми – Бусол, Ірен, Спурт, Стерно та голозерні – Скарб України (2,74 т/га) і Самуель (2,53 т/га). Перелічені сорти забезпечують високу зернову продуктивність і стабільну урожайність в різні за погодними умовами роки.

Competitive varieties of covered and naked oats resistant and/or tolerant to region-specific ecological factors limiting their productivity have been developed by selection and hybridization techniques using the germplasm from VIR’s oat collection. Among them there are oats varieties widely cultivated in Russia, such as Argamak, Krechet and Gunter, and new varieties Sapsan and Avatar combining high productivity (8-11.2 t/ha) with resistanceto biotic and abiotic stressors. From 250 up to 350 oat samples are evaluated annually in parallel collection nurseries on two cultivated (Kirov and Falenki) and one naturally acidified (Falenki, 13.45-17.23 mg-equiv. Al3 +/100 g of soil) plots of soddy-podzolic soils. It is shown that expanding the spectrum of recombinations requires development of mixedhybrids on the basis of covered and naked genotypes. Thus, using covered and naked source materials in crossings, the naked oat cultivar Persheron has been released and included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation since 2013; and the covered oat cultivar Medved with high grain quality has been submitted to the State Crop Variety Trials.

Results of studying the oat collection of the N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources are presented. Field and Nine tetraploid oat lines of Avena magna Murph. et Terr. were assessed for their technological performance. Physicochemical analyses were performed, including moisture, ash, proteins, fibre fractions, lipids, carbohydrates, and minerals. Statistical analysis revealed noteworthy differences in the chemical composition between the cultivars.

The article presents the history of oat breeding in the Kuban region. Two varieties of spring oats ‘Desant’ and ‘Assol’ have been developed and submitted for the state trials. New varieties are described in detail.

Results of studying the oat collection of the N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources are presented. Field and laboratory evaluation has been carried out to identify accessions which later will be used as source material for the development of promising breeding lines.

The studies found out that the productivity and quality of oat crop accessions were influenced by the climatic conditions during the vegetation period and plant mineral nutrition level. Under favorable weather and soil conditions the accessions demonstrated a reliable yield increase (0.35-0.37-0.40 t/ha), increased weight of 1000 grains and lesser grain husk. With irregular heat and humidity on poor naturally fertile soils, the growing season of mid-ripening varieties was longer, while for mid-early ones becamer shorter; grain yield was lower than in dry environments.

The study was conducted in 2012-2014 in the south-west of the Bryansk region polluted by radiation during the nuclear accident in the Chernobyl NES, so the purpose was not only to obtain highly productive fodder, but also to harvest the products with a normative number of radionuclides. The trial was carried out on sod-podzolic sandy soil with the level of pollution 137Cs to 850 кB/м2. The scheme of the trial included one-type sowings of fodder crops (yellow lupine, oats, ryegrass, Sudan grass and millet) and their combinations. The trials were conducted on the non-fertilized soil and on the soil fertilized with 180 kg of potassium per hectare under various seeding rates of grain component combined with lupine. The yellow lupine showed the largest productivity of grain-haylage mass among one-type sowings (190…214 hwt/ha); in multi-type sowings the combination of yellow lupine with Sudan grass and millet produced 285 and 294 hwt/ha with a maximum seeding rate of grain component on the soil fertilized with potassium. It’s necessary to note that the increased seeding rate of grain component combined with lupine resulted both in the increase of grain-haylage mass and in the decrease of cesium content in fodder. The fertilizing of potassium had no effect on the decrease of cesium in grain-haylage mass of lupine to 400 Bk/kg that proves the necessity to use cesium in the sowings combined with crops having the lowest ability to accumulate radionuclides. The content of 137Cs in grain crops grown in non-fertilized soil was 1.4…2.1 times lower than the permissible level. The increase of grain component in the combinations with lupine gave an opportunity to bring to the norm of cesium content (137), and the fertilizing of 180 kg of potassium per hectare allowed reducing this index in further sowings.

G.A. Batalova, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, professor, corresponding member of RAS, deputy director on breeding work FSBSI ‘Regional Research Institute of Agriculture of North-East named after N.V. Rudnitsky’ (610007, Kirov, Lenin Str., 166a, tel.: (8332) 35-28-04, email: g.batalova@mail.ru) Grain crop breeding for immunity in the North-East of the European Territory of Russia The Research Institute of Agriculture of the North-East and Falensk SS (the Kirov region) has developed the grain crop varieties, resistant to diseases and pests. The spring soft wheat variety ‘Bazhenka’ is tolerant to loose and kernel smut; the variety ‘Svecha’ is resistant to brown rust, leaf and head blotch; the oats variety ‘Fakir’ is tolerant to crown and cauline rust; the varieties ‘Teremok’ and ‘Faust’ are resistant to crown and cauline rust as well as to loose and kernel smut. The variety ‘Medved’ is tolerant to frit flies (oscinis frit), weakly responsive to loose smut in the laboratory infectious conditions and resistant in natural conditions; the variety has got only 0.8% of damage made by root rot. The barley variety ‘Ekolog’ is resistant to loose and kernel smut, weakly responsive to stripe blotch and tolerant to root rot. The barley variety ‘Rodnik Prekamie’ combines resistance to loose smut with average tolerance to root rots, weak damage by cauline rust and stripe blotch. The variety of spring barley ‘Pamyati Rodinoy’ is characterized with average resistance to barley net blotch. The barley variety ‘Forvard’ is tolerant to loose smut (with 1.0% of damaged plants on the infectious background), to net and dark-brownish blotch of leaves. The new oats variety ‘Satur’ combines productivity with high quality of grain, i.e. 581 g/l of nature weight, 26.6% of husk, 14.44% of raw protein, 2.87% of oil. It’s weakly responsive to loose smut in the laboratory infectious conditions and resistant in natural conditions, rather resistant to crown rust (not more that 5% of plants), tolerant to frit flies (oscinis frit). The winter rye varieties ‘Falenskaya 4’, ‘Rushnik’, ‘Flora’, ‘Grafinya’, ‘Rada’ have been found resistant to snow mold. The varieties ‘Kirovskaya89’ and ‘Snezhana’ are rather resistant to brown rust. The promising rye varieties ‘Sarmat’ and Populyatsiya 41/08’ are characterized with the resistance to black grain (ergot). The peas varieties ‘Albumen’, ‘Luchezarny’, ‘Severyanin’, ‘Ryabchik’ and ‘Vita’ are tolerant to black stem (Ascochyta). The variety ‘Krasivy’ is weakly responsive to black stem, pot spot (rust) and root rots.

Висвітлено проблеми та основні напрямки створення нового вихідного матеріалу для селекції голозерних сортів вівса відповідно до існуючих вимог зерновиробництва. Наведено характеристику нового вихідного матеріалу за комплексом господарсько-цінних ознак

Flakes and instant groats products have become increasingly prolific in recent decades among groats products. The interest of consumers in this type of groats and groats products is primarily connected to their ability to be quickly prepared and good food and flavoring properties compared with traditional groats. Due to their balanced amino acid composition, the presence of mucous substances unique vitamin content, most of groats can be attributed to the products of dietary and restorative nutrition. In the given article the existing technologies of hulled oats grain processing into groats products were analyzed. The possibilities of using new breeding varieties of oats to improve existing technologies were analyzed. Advantages using naked oat varieties for the production of groats and flakes were considered. It was found that the technologically expedient moisture content of pearled naked oats groats before steaming is 17- 17.5 %. After steaming groats with this moisture yield of flaked groat estimated to range between 84,3-93,6 %. For substantiation of modes of preparing pearled groats to flaking determining of its impact on physical properties of the flaked groats were conducted. Flaked products obtained from naked oats characterized by high uniformity, however by fractional composition are smaller compared with control samples. The main their percentage (about 60-70%), obtained by overflow of sieves Ø 3,0 mm and Ø 1,5 mm. Thickness of obtained in the studied modes flaked products is in the range 0,4-1,1 mm. Flaked products obtained from naked oats by steaming oats groats with moisture content 19.1 % by indicator of thickness characterized as flaked groats for which the characteristic thickness is 0.7 to 0.9 mm. Mode of steaming groats at vapor pressure of 0.15 MPa with moisture content 17.5 % allows producing flaked products which correspond by the value of thickness of the control of classical oat flakes 0,4-0,9 mm. Decreasing moisture content of groats before steaming to 15.4 % allows producing thin flakes, values of thickness of which in the range of 0.4-0.7 mm. Except thickness, strength of flakes also depends on mass fraction of moisture. For flakes with higher humidity inherent strength is greater compared to a product with low humidity. The final moisture of oat flakes is normalized by regulations and must not exceed 12.0%.Waterheat treatment of pearled groats with further its flaking reduces the proportion of ashes of flaked products from 1.8 to 1.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The purpose of research is to obtain and investigate the composition of malts with high content of deficient micronutrients and enrichment with selected raw materials the rye-wheat bread. Materials and methods. To obtain mineralized grain raw materials, maize and oat were germinated using solutions of zinc salt (ZnSO4) and chromium one (4 2 2 CrK(SO) ×10H O) of different concentrations: 0.001%, 0.002%, 0.003%, 0.004%, and 0.005%. X-ray fluorescence analysis was used to determine the mineral composition of grain and malt and stripping voltammetry method to determine the zinc content. Results and discussion. The optimum concentration of zinc salt in soaking water equaled 0.002%, at which the zinc content of the enriched maize increased by 6.7 times compared to the original grain. For the enrichment of grain with chromium ions, the chromium salt concentration in soaking water should not exceed 0.001%. According to the X-ray fluorescence analysis the mineral content in enriched malt is increasing, the content of zinc increased by 6 times in comparison with the original, and content of chromium by 3 times, that indicate the possibility of the source raw material mineral composition correcting by soaking and germinating grain in aqueous solutions of microelement salts. To enrich the food products with mineralized malts, ryewheat bread was chosen as the traditional product in this work. Mineralized malts have a positive effect on the lifting power of yeast, and more so when zinc salts are added. This indicates a reduction in the duration of the technological process. Studies of influence of the inserted mineralized malt's weight part on the quality indicators of rye-wheat bread showed that the optimal amount is the introduction of 10% by weight of flour. Conclusions. The addition of such mineralized raw materials to food products formula will enrich them with biologically active substances gives them functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Minimization of ascorbic acid losses during freezing and frozen storage of berries can be achieved by various methods of cryoprotection. The objectives of this research are to confirm the impact of different cryoprotectors on minimization of ascorbic acid losses during freezing and frozen storage of berries. Materials and methods. Bilberries, blackberries, and chokeberries in fresh, frozen and defrosted states were researched in this article. The 10-percent solutions of mono and disaccharides, the 1-percent solutions of organic acids and the 15-percent solution of inorganic salt (magnesium chloride) were chosen as cryoprotectors. The amount of ascorbic acid in defrosted berries, which was defined by the well-known method (with sodium 2.6-dichlorphenolindofenolate), was the criterion to confirm the effectiveness of cryoprotectors. Results and discussion. The traditional methods to freeze the berries had proved the well-known fact of the significant losses of ascorbic acid. The latter made up 16.8 to 26.3 percents in frozen products and 55.6 to 71.0 percents in those defrosted. This was the result of cryogenous damages of berries’ cells by ice crystals, and thereinafter the cause of ascorbic acid oxidation by oxidoreductases and its leakage together with cellular juice during berries’ defrosting. The berries processed with cryprotective solutions before freezing were believed to keep the holity of their structure during freezing, longterm (for 12 months) frozen storage, and defrosting. Therefore, the effect of ascorbic acid retention in most cases exceeded 80 percents, relatively to its amount in fresh raw materials. Thanks to protective action of cryoprotectors at the stage of berries freezing, the ascorbic acid losses did not overcome 16.8 to 26.3 percents; after frozen storage for 12 months and defrosting, the residual amount of ascorbic acid made up 62.8 to 83.5 percents. Meanwhile, the control samples (berries frozen without protectors) had got ascorbic acid left on the level of 22.4 to 33.6 percents. The authors of this article proposed to classify the cryoprotectors by four categories according to their cryoprotective effect (relatively to ascorbic acid); the cryoprotectors which showed the effect of ascorbic acid retention less than 40 percents were not recommended to further usage. The compound cryoprotectors turned to be more effective than those simplex. Only the berries frozen by the improved method (with cryoprotectors) had received the highest grade (5 out of 5) by all of the indices. Conclusions. Realization of theoretical knowledge in studying the cryoprotectors by cryobiology scientists had shown the positive effect of cryoprotection in berries freezing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Изучено влияние температуры выращивания на посевные свойства и качество семян зерновых культур. Установлено, что повышение температуры приводит к снижению крупности и увеличению содержания белка в зерне яровой пшеницы. Определено, что сокращение периода покоя семян у ярового овса и твердой пшеницы под действием высокой температуры в процессе их созревания обеспечивает повышение энергии прорастания и всхожести. У мягкой пшеницы высокие температуры снижают данные показатели при посеве свежеубранных семян. Ключевые слова: пшеница, овес, температура созревания, период покоя семян, энергия прорастания, всхожесть, качество семян

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In work the material which characterizes influence of different climatic conditions of year (a temperature mode, a mode of humidifying) and various predecessors (pure, borrowed, grain) is presented on productivity and quality of grain of oats.

Increase of productivity of summer grain crops at the present stage has great value for an agricultural production. For achievement of an object in view studied reaction of new and perspective grades of an oats at different technologies of cultivation which differ with a level of a mineral feed and to applied means of protection of plants. At observance of technology of cultivation productivity reaches 5-7 ton/hectares.

Hydromorphic dernovo-podzolic soils, placed in Upper Volga Lowland (Tver region) are investigated. It is established reasons of land melioration effect decrease in Noblackland zone of Russian Federation. It is studied mineralization of drained flow in year season. It is determined factor complex on improvement drained soil production. It is recommended to build no only draining system, but also system with two-way soil water regime. If application of mineral fertilizers in soil norm N200P150K150 agrochemical indexes improve and yield oats increase in 3 once.