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В статье описано значение молока как товара первой необходимости. Оценивается величина молочной продуктивности и качество молока, которые зависят от породы, кормления, физиологического состояния, условий содержания и технологии доения. Указываются факторы, которые влияют на качество молока. Приводится протокол доения на карусели. Дается методика оценки остаточного молока во время доения. Регламентируется повторное подсоединение доильных аппаратов. Дается описание методики выявления мастита. Изучена эффективность функционирования основных технологических элементов машинного доения коров.

The main goal of the research in this article is to update the quality and technology of producing kosher with plums using the traditional method of producing mare's milk and kosher, which has a beneficial effect on human health, to create scientifically based recipes for samples of new composition of mare's milk mixed with plum powder, and to prepare probiotic fermented mare's milk. is. Recently, there has been an increased interest in the production of mare's milk, because it contains many valuable nutrients, as well as health-improving properties. The Ca-P ratio in human and mare's milk has been shown to be more favorable for Ca absorption than that in cow's milk. As a result of the research period, probiotic-fermented mare's milk, plum powder, high-fiber and probiotic-fermented mare's milk were prepared, and a sample drawing of the technology of preparation of kosher with plum was developed. Thus, the development of kumif product technology is a new and promising way to create functional food products with high consumer properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Milk and dairy products are one of the most important raw materials that play a vital role in the nutritional structure of the Ukrainian population. The safety and quality of raw milk is the basis for dairy production. In view of the above, there is a need to conduct microbiological tests of milk samples from cows to detect mastitis. The issues of determining the somatic cell count (SCC), bacterial contamination (BCM), Escherichia coli bacteria (ECB), and the quantitative species composition of pathogenic microorganisms are relevant, as they provide an opportunity to assess the epizootic situation regarding the prevalence of cow mastitis in livestock farms in different regions of Ukraine, to establish the dominant etiological factors that cause mastitis, and to prescribe treatment and preventive measures to prevent further deterioration of the situation. The results of our microbiological monitoring studies on the prevalence of cow mastitis showed a trend towards an increase in their number, as evidenced by an increase in the SCC from 12% in 2018 to 41.5% in 2021; an increase in BCM from 8.1% to 37.3%, respectively. For the period from 2018 to 2021 inclusive, the number of pathogenic bacteria of the coccal group, in particular Staphylococcus spp. (80.0% of all isolates), Streptococcus spp. (28.1%, respectively), confirmed their main role in the formation of external and internal etiological factors that cause udder lesions in cows In terms of the number of detected ECB, there was a tendency to reduce, which indicates a decrease in their impact on the etiological factors that provoke mastitis in cows. The test results for 2022 showed a sharp drop in the delivery of milk samples for microbiological testing, which was due to the impact of political, social, economic, and other factors on the livestock industry due to military aggression in Ukraine.

Lipid composition of raw milk is a key factor determining the nutritional value and technological suitability of the milk. Monitoring the level of contamination of cow’s milk is often not available for farmers, living in the zone of radioactive contamination. 137Cs activity concentration was higher than permissible level of 100 Bq/kg in all the studied milk samples from all the experimental groups of animals from the studied settlements. The highest value of the 137Cs activity concentration of 600 Bk/kg in cow’s milk was found in Stare Selo village of Rokytne district. According to our study, local animals have partially adapted to the seasonal increase in background radiation, and the milk of these cows, in accordance with existing quality standards, is conditionally suitable for consumption. The only factor prohibiting the consumption of this milk is the level of cesium-137 contamination. An increase in the 137Cs activity concentration of more than 100 Bq/kg in cow’s milk causes a sharp decrease in the relative content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mostly of omega-6 fatty acids) and changes in the omega-3/omega-6 ratio downward omega-3 relative content. Relative adaptation of the lactating cows to the contamination was revealed; however, metabolism of lipids in the mammary gland and the level of lipids secretion are found to be sensitive to the level of 137Cs contamination of milk. Thus, a violation of the secretory function of the mammary gland was revealed, in particular, metabolism of lipids with 18 carbon atoms in the chain. Relative content of linoleic acid immediately decreases by several times with the increasing the contamination level. Concentration of the stearic acid immediately exceeds the physiological limits at the value of 137Cs activity concentration in milk about 110-130 Bq/kg. It gradually increases with the increasing the 137Cs activity concentration up to 270-330 Bq/kg. And then it is being plateaued with the increasing the 137Cs activity concentration up to 600 Bq/kg. On the base of the study of effect of 137Cs on fatty acid ratio in cow’s milk, the C18-coefficient is being proposed to be used as the parameter of damage to the mammary gland of cows in response to a high level of 137Cs contamination, which is calculated as follows: C18c = (C18:0-C18:2)/100). Determination of the C18-coefficient indicates the dose-dependent effect of the 137Cs contamination on lipid metabolism in the mammary gland and catabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid. Duration of the affecting contamination is obviously decisive factor of damage effect to the mammary gland, defining the level of biochemical transformations and initiating of peroxide processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Almaty Technological University is the property of Almaty Technological University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Milk productivity during the lactation period (305 days) and evaluation of milk according to different quality indicators in periods of the year were studied. The experiments were carried out on 3 groups of goats of Zaanen, Alpine, and Anglo-Nubian breeds at 3–4 years old. Milk productivity was evaluated from the 1st to the 11th month of lactation, and milk quality indicators (fat, protein, SOMO, density) were analyzed using the Lactan 1-4 milk analyzer. It was established that the most incredible intensity of lactation in goats occurs during the 4–5th month after farrowing; the exceptional dynamics of the lactation curve is that it increases from the 1st to the 4th month and decreases from the 5th to the 10th. An interbreeding difference in milk yield was established (Р < 0.001, Р < 0.05) in the 4th, 5th, and 7th months of lactation, where the Anglo-Nubian, Alpine, and Zaanen breeds were arranged in the order of decreasing milk yield. The total lactation rate was maximum in Zaanen animals, and in Anglo-Nubian and Alpine goats, it was lower by 16.4 % (Р < 0.001) and 5 % (Р < 0.001), respectively. It was found that the average daily fertility of goats was in Zaanen animals, and the minimum and maximum in Anglo-Nubian and Alpine breeds about the season of the year, correspondingly spring – 15.9 %, 6.5 %; summer – 16.04 %, 3.74 %; autumn – 23.2 %, 8 %. The study of the physicochemical parameters of goat milk of various species revealed that, according to qualitative parameters, in the spring, summer, and autumn periods, there is an interspecies difference in the content of protein and fat, with the highest content in Anglo-Nubian animals, respectively by 5% (Р < 0.001), 38.6 % (P < 0.01), 36.1 % (P < 0.01). According to indicators of consistency and smell of milk, the three breeds of goats did not have a probable difference. The following discrepancies were established regarding taste qualities: a sweet taste in Anglo-Nubian animals, a rich one in Alpine animals, and no extraneous aftertaste in Zaanen animals. A light cream color is noted in the Anglo-Nubian circles, and a color variation from white to light cream is present in the Alpine and Zaanen peoples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the ways to improve the taste characteristics and increase the nutritional value of cooked meat, fish and poultry dishes is to include various sauces in their composition. Traditionally, the composition of sauces includes wheat flour, vegetables, spices. Nowadays powdered plant compositions of polysaccharides (PS), such as locust bean gum and guarana, have gained wide popularity. Based on the organoleptic studies performed, samples of milk sauce with the addition of guarana in concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 % have been selected, which have been compared with a control sample made using wheat flour. The introduction of 0.5 % guarana into the composition of the milk sauce does not change the level of the mass fraction of fat in the sample, and the addition of 1.0 % guarana has increased the mass fraction of fat by 2.05 times compared to the control. Replacing wheat flour with a polysaccharide in the studied samples with the addition of guarana at concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 % has reduced the level of mass fraction of solids by 8.3 and 7.9 % and titratable acidity by 3.6 and 5 °T, respectively. According to generally accepted microbiological indicators, prototypes of milk sauce with guarana correspond to regulatory documentation. In the developed sauces, the content of proteins has decreased by 22.19 %, fats – by 2.46 %, carbohydrates – by 54.76 %, which led to a decrease in energy value by an average of 32.16 %. Thus, milk sauce with the addition of guarana can be recommended as a dietary product for preventing obesity, improving lipid metabolism, and lowering cholesterol levels. In the course of determining the economic efficiency of introducing milk sauce with guarana into production, it has been found that the profit amounted to 9628.26 thousand rubles with an annual production capacity of 677.76 tons per year.

Introduction. The market of milk and dairy products is a component of the food market, the level of development of which depends not only on the supply of the population with these most important food products, but also on the food security of the state. The dairy sub-complex is usually one of the most significant and at the same time problematic industries for the national economy. Lagging behind the volume of production of milk and dairy products from the growth of population needs, shortage of quality raw materials, low efficiency of production - these and a number of other negative factors are characteristic of most farms of all forms of management - producers of dairy cattle products. Methods. In accordance with the tasks, the following research methods were used: to study the research object and its individual components, methods of statistical observation, analysis and synthesis, variations were used; to compare indicators by year - methods of comparison, absolute and relative values, series of dynamics. Such methods as abstraction, analogies, calculation-constructive, monographic, etc. have also been widely used in the work. The results. The price situation on the milk market in the conditions of Russia's military aggression against Ukraine is analyzed. Factors affecting the level of purchase prices for milk received both from agricultural enterprises and households for processing have been identified. A comparative analysis of purchase prices for milk of domestic producers and EU countries was carried out. Discusions. We believe that the state should regulate purchase prices for milk, but not by direct intervention, but by means of commodity interventions. This scheme works in all developed countries of the world. when the price of milk falls, the state begins to actively buy milk powder or oil, supporting milk producers. Thus, the price of raw materials increases. When the price rises too much, the government starts selling milk powder and oil stocks, and prices fall. In our opinion, one of the important factors supporting purchase prices is the introduction of a state order for the supply of dairy products, which is financed from the funds of the state and local budgets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

В данной статье проводится сравнительный анализ наименований молока и молочных напитков, составляющих лексико-семантическую группу «молочные продукты» и являющиеся неизменным и важным элементом материальной культуры двух близкородственных тюркских народов — тувинцев и хакасов, которые издавна населяют обширные пространства Южной Сибири. Из лексикографических источников и полевых материалов нами обнаружено около 50 лексических единиц, которые подразделяются на три лексико-семантические группы: молоко, молочные напитки и блюда из молока. Собранный фактический материал дает нам возможность раскрыть языковую картину мира тувинского и хакасского этносов, определить функционирование гастрономической лексики (молочные продукты) в современных языках. Названия молочных продуктов в тувинском и хакасском языках не едины по своему происхождению. В них, в частности в тувинском языке, наряду с тюркскими корнями, наличествует значительное количество монгольских элементов. Данная группа слов в сравниваемых языках отражает их исторические контакты как с родственными, так и неродственными народами. Кроме того, в названиях молочных продуктов прослеживается лексика, которая возникла в результате формирования и развития диалектов тувинского и хакасского языков. Выявлено, что диалектная лексика до сих пор оказывает заметное влияние на современные литературные языки тувинцев и хакасов. Все это свидетельствует о пополнение лексики хакасского и тувинского языков народными терминами традиционной материальной культуры из различных источников, особенно из текстов фольклорных произведений.

Метою цієї роботи було порівняння якісного складу молока та його придатність до переробки на сир у корів місцевої української чорно-рябої молочної (УЧРМ) породи та їхніх помісей із швіцькою породою.Дослідження проводили на комерційній фермі Вінницької області. На першій фермі утри-мують чистопородних корів української чорно-рябої молочної породи і помісей першого покоління отриманих в результаті схрещування з швіцькою породою. Було сформовано дві групи (чист опород-них та помісних) корів-аналогів з чисельністю 20 голів у кожній. Встановлено, що кросбридинг пози-тивно вплинув на вмісту жиру і білка у молоці у помісей УЧРМ та швіцьких корів ці значення були на 0,21 та 0,13 % вищими, ніж у чистопородних корів. При цьому помісі дещо втратили у продуктив-ності – середній добовий надій УЧРМ та швіцьких корів був на 1,83 кг нижчим, ніж у чистопород-них аналогів. Помісі УЧРМ та швіцьких корів переважали чистопородних аналогів за показниками енергетичної цінності 1 кг молока та теоретично можливим виходом сичужного сиру на 0,141 МДж та 0,53 кг. Тривалість фази коагуляції молока отриманого від кросбредних корів була корот-шою, ніж у чистопородних аналогів: у помісей УЧРМ та швіцької корів на 1,23 хв. Проби молока отриманого від помісей мали вищий клас за характеристиками сичужного згустку. З 20 досліджу-ваних зразків молока корів УЧРМ породи 15 зразків (75 %) віднесені до І та 5 (25 %) – до ІІ класу; в молоці корів помісей УЧРМ та швіцької порід 17 (85 %) – до І і 3 (15 %) – до ІІ класу

Introduction. In the Ukrainian Carpathians, a special Carpathian liquid milk (CLM) coagulant is used for the production of traditional soft cheeses such as brynza and budz. Since CLM coagulant has not been studied before, the aim of the work was to characterize its milk coagulant and proteolytic properties. Materials and methods. Milk coagulants were obtained from farms in Vorokhta, Carpathians. Milk-clotting activity was examined by the Soxhlet method. The content of proteins was determined using the Kjeldahl method. Homogeneous αS1-, β- and ϰ-casein substrates were separated by preparative electrophoresis. The concentration of the products of casein substrates proteolysis was determined spectrophotometrically. The specificity of casein fractions proteolysis was established by analytical electrophoresis. Results and discussion. CLM coagulant has high milk coagulant activity, which is slightly lower than of the standard rennet enzyme and is close to the solid milk coagulant preparation Glek. It was found that the activity of CLM coagulant increases during its storage, which is apparently achieved through the proteolytic enzyme extraction from calf's stomach cells. The milk clotting time for fresh CLM coagulant is 159 min, and after 18 months of storage it is reduced to 49 min. Milk-clotting activity of the fresh CLM coagulant is 2515 Soxhlet Units (SU), whereas after storage during 18 months the milk-clotting activity increased to 8100 SU. In the production of Carpathian brynza and budz, it is recommended to use the amount of CLM coagulant, which provides the beginning of milk coagulation at 33-35 °C after 20-25 min. The analysis of the casein substrates proteolysis products by electrophoretic and spectrophotometric methods shows the high specificity of CLM coagulant to ϰ-casein. Such specificity is characteristic for the purified natural milk coagulant enzyme - chymosin. Along with that, CLM coagulant, unlike pepsin and, to a lesser extent, standard rennet, practically does not cleave αS1- and β-casein substrates. Conclusions. Milk-clotting activity of CLM coagulant during its storage for 18 months increases 3 times. According to the specificity of αS1-, β- and ϰ-casein substrates proteolysis, CLM coagulant is close to chymosin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The objective of this work consists of the analysis of the chemical and hygienic-sanitary properties of the milk used in the production of Dorna Swiss cheese in two seasons, along with the documentation of the technology particularities. Materials and methods. The milk samples used in Swiss cheese manufacturing were analyzed in two seasons (summer and winter) for the chemical composition, pH, and hygienic-sanitary parameters. Correlations and Principal Component Analysis were employed to study the relationships between variables. Results and discussion. The main particularity in the processing of Dorna Swiss cheese can be summarized as the coagulation in copper tanks of a mixture of unpasteurized milk (70%) with slow pasteurized milk at 65 ⁰C (30%). The chemical composition and the hygienic-sanitary indices of the milk raw material are crucial for obtaining a high-quality Swiss cheese product. The evolution of the main chemical properties of milk raw material revealed important variations in the summer and winter seasons, regarding the fat, total protein, and casein content. The total somatic count values were higher in the summer season than in winter (201.75103 vs. 78.45103 cells/mL). The total bacteria count also presented low values, with very tight oscillations in the summer and winter seasons (81.70103 vs. 87.65103 cfu/mL), which were lower compared to those presented in the European standards. The fat content in summer ranged from 3.32 to 4.67% and in winter from 3.86 to 3.25%. Significant differences (p < 0.05) regarding the protein and casein contents were observed between seasons (3.15% and 2.55%, respectively, in summer vs. 3.32% and 2.68%, respectively, in winter). The lactose content was higher in the summer (4.62%) compared to the winter period (4.25%). The total dry matter and non-fat dry matter of milk registered lower values in summer compared to winter (11.98% and 8.54%, respectively vs. 12.86% and 8.95%, respectively). The milk samples showed lower pH values in the summer (6.37) compared to winter (6.60), the difference being significant at p < 0.05. According to the results, significant correlations (p < 0.05) were obtained between the chemical characteristics of milk and season. The overall analysis of the main chemical compounds and sanitary indices of milk raw material revealed small individual variations, which eliminates any risk of affecting the producer, processor, or consumer. Conclusion. The evolution of hygienic-sanitary parameters of milk showed that they are in agreement with the current standards. The particularities of the Dorna Swiss cheese production are a mix of milk raw material quality and the use of copper tanks, along with slow partial pasteurization which contributes to the unique final product characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exosomes are natural nanovesicles with a diameter of 40–100 nm, which are actively involved in the transfer of biologically active substances and participate in intercellular communication. The natural origin of exosomes determines its biological compatibility with cell cultures and makes them promising delivery vehicles for anticancer drugs. Methods of the artificial production of exosomes are not available, and exosome preparations obtained from tumor cells are not suitable for therapy. Milk is a biological fluid that is commercially available and may be a universal source of exosomes for treatment. Target delivery of anticancer drugs using milk exosomes can reduce the toxic effect of cytostatic agents during chemotherapy. This review discusses methods for isolating exosomes from milk, their additional purification, and analysis of their biologically significant components – proteins and nucleic acids, and prospects for using milk exosomes to treat cancer.

In Norway, all the necessary conditions have been created for the work of farm enterprises in the dairy direction of productivity. Proper treatment of animals, the creation of comfortable conditions for them, and financial support from the state are necessary components for the development of the dairy business in the country. The article describes the main components of the technology for producing ecological milk from cows at the farm Iver Tyldum, the city of Høylannet, Norway. This farm is the most potent milk production enterprise in Hoi Lannet. The total number of cows is 147, including 64 dairy cows. This is an "ecological farm", the only one in the region, which is essential in the modern market conditions of production. The main advantage of such products is the creation of comfortable conditions for cows, proper care for them, and feeding plenty of young animals with natural feed, i.e., whole milk. The system of keeping animals is stall-pasture, and the method of keeping is untethered. An essential indicator of the profitability of ecological production is the milk productivity of cows. In the eco-economic enterprise Iver Tyldum, when evaluating cows' milk productivity, the energy adjustment technique is used. DeLaval VMSTM 310 robotic milking machine is used for milking cows. This is the most modern milking installation of the latest generation. The reproduction process of the herd is controlled by the innovative ReProTM system, which provides a reproduction control system, detects cows in heat, and determines a fixed calving date. In addition, this system excludes the need to check the animal's body with a veterinary medicine doctor. It allows you to see a clear picture of the reproductive status of each animal. Using this technology of milk production, the farmer achieves a correct and precise balance regarding milk quotas and maintains a sufficient level of profitability in his production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dairy industry is one of the most important among the food industries of the national economy. The industry includes enterprises for the production of animal oil, whole milk products, dairy preserves, milk powder, cheese, brynza, ice cream, casein and other dairy products. The article analyses the self-sufficiency of the Russian Federation with milk and dairy products in 2016-2020 and the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis of import and export of dairy products based on FCS data is also given.

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Applied Biotechnology is the property of National Center for Biotechnology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Технологический стресс, возникающий под влиянием факторов, связанных со способами содержания крупного рогатого скота и элементами технологии, оказывает неблагоприятное влияние на здоровье животных и их продуктивность. Разработка методов, повышающих естественную резистентность животных и обладающих адаптогенным действием при стрессе, является актуальной проблемой животноводства и ветеринарной медицины. Целью работы являлось изучение воздействия низкоинтенсивного лазерного излучения на биохимические показатели крови и молочную продуктивность крупного рогатого скота в условиях промышленного комплекса. Материал и методы. Экспериментальные исследования провели на высокопродуктивных коровах черно-пестрой породы. В качестве антистрессового фактора использовали низкоинтенсивное лазерное излучение с длиной волны 830 нм, время воздействия составило 5, 15 минут в область уха и холки. В крови определяли содержание общего белка, глюкозы, мочевины, креатинина, холестерина, активность трансаминаз. Исследуя молочную продуктивность, определяли жирномолочность, белковомолочность, содержание лактозы и сухих веществ в молоке. Результаты. У животных в условиях технологического стресса снижены показатели молочной продуктивности, снижено содержания общего белка, креатинина, мочевины, холестерина, увеличено содержание глюкозы и ферментов переаминирования по сравнению с показателями интактной группы. Использование низкоинтенсивного лазерного излучения в область уха в течение 15 мин и холки в течение 5 минут способствовало нормализации исследуемых биохимических показателей крови у животных. Наилучшие показатели молочной продуктивности получены у коров, на которых воздействовали низкоинтенсивным лазерным излучением в течение 5 минут. Заключение. Результаты эксперимента указывают на то, что изкоинтенсивное лазерное излучение положительно влияет на физиологические резервы организма, что позволяет его использовать для достижения оптимальной продуктивности животных.

The consumption of raw drinking milk and pasteurised drinking milk is a topic still widely debated around the world. Raw drinking milk, as for its biological safety, can pose a number of hazards to human health. However, pasteurised milk, too, can vary in its biological value. The composition of milk directly depends on the physiological state of the mammary gland. So, taking into account the intensity of fatty acid exchange in this organ, it can be assumed that the physiological state of dairy cows’ mammary gland can affect the biological value of the secretion, in particular, its fatty acid composition. The paper shows the changes in the fatty acid composition of milk, depending on how intensely the mastitic lesion of the mammary gland has developed, ranging from the subclinical form of the disease (the signs of the disease are unmanifest) to the clinical form (the signs of the disease are clearly manifest). Cows with the subclinical form of mastitis pose the greatest biohazard: they show no clinical signs of the disease, so raw milk from these cows more easily finds its way onto numerous markets.The research was conducted in 974 dairy cows of various breeds in 6 farms of the steppe zone of Ukraine (Odesa, Mykolaiv, and Poltava regions). Each of the forms of mastitis (subclinical and clinical) has been found in about 20% of the dairy livestock. The main pathogen causing mammary gland infection is Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (36.6–47.4%). Changes in the fatty acid composition of milk of cows with subclinical mastitis have been shown. It has been established that the proportion of long-chain fatty acids decreases and the percentage of short-chain fatty acids increases, along with a decrease in mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. It has been proved that that the subclinical form of mastitis affects the content of C4:0, C10:0 (ղ²ᵪ=0.90–0.94 arb. units; р<0.001), and C18:1n9c (ղ²ᵪ=0.36–0.84 arb. units; р<0.001) in cow’s milk. With the cows’ clinical recovery, the content of all fatty acids in milk does not immediately return to the indicators observed before the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Effective milk processing with optimal use of its components, search for new sources of protein, and partial replacement of proteins of animal origin with vegetable ones could be considered as the ways to solve the problem of protein deficiency. Materials and methods. The dairy-vegetable concentrate was obtained from the dairy-vegetable mixture by the thermal acid precipitation of proteins. The yield (mass) was determined by the weighing method. The mass fraction of moisture was determined by the thermogravimetric method. Determination of water activity of model samples of concentrates was carried out on a hygrometer. Results and discussion. The results of determining the yield of concentrates, their physico-chemical and sensory indicators confirmed the possibility of partial replacement of skimmed milk with whey-plant suspension with Arachis hypogaea fruit at the ratio of 7:3 in mixtures for thermal acid precipitation of proteins. Dairy-vegetable concentrates had a more developed spatial configuration compared to control. It is the "framework" of the samples obtained with the maximum content of vegetable coagulant that determines the greater rigidity of the structure, and therefore provides the best structural and mechanical characteristics and, accordingly, the moisture-retaining capacity. According to the indicator of water activity (Δw), which shows the influence of enzymatic, microbiological and other processes on the intensity of reactions, the predicted rational storage conditions for milk-plant concentrates are a temperature of 4±2 °C and a duration of 72 hours. It was determined that the evaporation of the main part of moisture from the protein-vegetable concentrate was slower by 3±0.5 min compared to the milk-protein concentrate, due to the presence of Arachis hypogaea proteins and carbohydrates that bind free water. Conclusions. The feasibility of using the fruits of Arachis hypogaea in mixtures for thermal acid precipitation of proteins to obtain milk-plant concentrates with appropriate functional properties and increased biological value due to a more balanced amino acid composition has been proven. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the problem of expanding of assortment of brine cheeses with low caloric content. The solution of the problem is proposed by developing a technology of cheese brynza with vegetable fillers. A recipe and technology for cheese brynza with carrot was developedwith optimal ratio of 90:10. Experimental samples of cheese brynza with the vegetable filler were obtained. Physical and chemical and sensory indicators of the prepared cheese samples are determined. By means of scanning electronic microscope an elemental composition of obtained samples of brynza is determined.

A radiological assessment of hayfields and pastures (Narodychi district, Zhytomyr region), which were taken out of economic use due to contamination after the Chornobyl accident, was performed. The possibility and ways of returning the lands to original use were considered. Maps of 137Cs and 90Sr soil contamination densities for the field were made and the corresponding statistical characteristics of the contamination were estimated. Estimates of 137Cs and 90Sr activity concentration in natural grasses, cow milk, and meat as well as the risks of exceeding by the values the permissible levels have been calculated. The possibility of using the land for the production of milk and meat has been shown in the example of the considered radioactively contaminated pastures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the earliest biotechnological applications of enzymes is cheese production. The high specific milk-clotting activity of chymosin gives it an advantage over other proteases in the cheese industry. The action of chymosin is based on hydrolysis of the bond between the amino acid residues Phe105 and Met106 in the κ-casein molecule, which causes destabilisation of casein micelles, coagulation of milk and its separation into a clot and a whey. A recombinant chymosin of the camel Camelus Bactrianus was obtained using the yeast producer strain Pichia pastoris GS115/pGAPZαA/ProchymCB. The recombi)nant chymosin was purified by ion exchange chromatography. The milk-clotting activity of recombinant camelian chymosin against mare’s milk was studied as a function of pH and temperature. It was found that the optimum value at which the maximum activity of recombinant camel’s chymosin with respect to mare’s milk is observed is pH 4.0 and the optimum temperature is 70°C. The activity of recombinant camel chymosin on mare, cow and goat milk was 123, 9605 and 4650 units/mg, respectively. Recombinant camel chymosin was shown to have high coagulation activity, sufficient to produce curd and cheese. The yield of cheese clot from 6 l of goat milk was 936 grams. Recombinant camel chymosin has prospects for use in cow’s and goat’s milk processing and cheese production technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

miRNAs exist that are codified by non-human genomes but are still present in circulation. These miRNAs have been termed as xeno-miRNAs. XenomiRNAs in humans have been identified in various exogenous sources previously. The aim of this work is to identify xeno-miRNA from Eqqus caballus (domestic horse or in brief eca) which have analogs can bind to human genes. The MirTarget program was used to predict miRNA binding to human gene mRNAs.The homologs of eca-miRs were identified by using miRviewer online free available bioinformatic tool. It was identified 15 eca-miRNAs interacted with human mRNA genes with high complementarity, ∆G/∆Gm equal to 98-100%. The characteristics of the interaction of all known eca-miRNAs with mRNAs of human genes were identified. The total number of binding sites for 469 miRNAs are 1605, from which 907 are in CDS, 451 in 3’UTR and 247 in 5’UTR. 93 miRNAs each have one-target genes, 63 miRNAs have two target genes, 67 miRNAs have three to four target genes, and 72 miRNAs have five and more target genes. The free energy of the interaction of the considered miRNAs with the mRNAs of human genes is high and varied from -110 kj/mole to -117 kj/mole. The homology analyses revealed 140 miRNAs candidates shown to be total identical to human miRNAs sequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Methods based on the analysis of proteins and DNA molecules are more and more used to assess the composition of food products. Proteins research methods include immunological, electrophoretic and chromatographic ones. The analysis of DNA molecules is most often used to identify the species affiliation of food components. This is due to the stability of their structure compared to proteins, as well as their presence in most biological tissues. The results of studies evaluating methodological approaches for the application of the PCR diagnostic method to identify the composition of food products and the possibility of their use for monitoring dairy products have been shown. The objects of research were samples of cow, goat, sheep milk, as well as milk samples of different animal species mixed in various ratios. DNA was extracted from milk samples according to a unified technique for the separation of DNA molecules in milk and dairy products. The work also considers the possibility of using the PCR diagnostic method to identify the raw material origin of the product. To evaluate the measurement methods, artificially created samples of raw milk were used, which were cow, goat and sheep milk, a mix of three types of milk in different ratios. As a result of the research, the main method has been chosen as the real time PCR method, which has reliability, high sensitivity, sufficient rapidity, with the possibility of using it for dairy multicomponent products with a complex structural matrix, as well as products that have undergone deep technological processing.

Since antiquity people have known about the health benefits of fermented milk products. These products are obtained by lactic acid fermentation using various microorganisms, but primarily Lactobacillus spp. The number of varieties of fermented milk products is large. The most famous are yogurt, kefir, lapper milk, baked yogurt, sour cream. Yogurt is made using sourdough including Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Numerous positive effects of yoghurts are shown, including the antibacterial effect against many pathogenic microorganisms. Yogurt, like other fermented milk products, have a reduced lactose content compared to whole milk, which allows people with lactase deficiency to consume this product. In addition, the protein of fermented milk products is more accessible to enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract and is easier to digest. The hypocholesterolemic effect of yogurt is also shown. Fermented milk products, including yogurt, are recommended for baby food. In particular, the efficacy of drinking yogurt enriched with prebiotics and probiotics is shown for both healthy children and children with functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, disorders of the intestinal microflora, whose who is sick often and long, as well as in the acute period of acute respiratory viral infections and at the convalescence stage. Thus, the ideas about the importance of fermented milk products for health and longevity, expressed more than 100 years ago, today have a solid scientific basis and research in this direction continues.

The problem of increasing the competitiveness of milk and dairy products, raising competition in the market is important for the development of dairy and dairy products of domestic producers. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the competitiveness of dairy products. The aim оf the research is to study the impact of the main factors that contribute to the increase of competitiveness and promotion of milk and dairy products in our country.The study uses quantitative methods of research, ie the method of economic and mathematical modeling using statistical data. Mathematical models are created on the basis of statistical data using numerical methods of research. The article highlights the need to identify the key factors that affect the competitiveness of milk and dairy products in the promotion of export, first of all, in the promotion of export. This issue is especially important in the agricultural sector in the food market, including for dairy companies. This is because agriculture is an important sectorof the country’s economy that provides food for the population.It is necessary to increase milk reserves in our country. For this purpose it is necessary to open milk processing points in the country, and to ensure its logistics, it is planned to purchase milk carriers.The article analyzes and analyzes factors that contribute to the competitiveness of milk production in the country and its export shift.

The purpose of the article is to carry out the complex analysis of efficiency of the economic mechanism of mutual relations between participants of the dairy market and indicators of functioning of the dairy processing enterprises with the substantiation of the directions of further increase. Research methods. In the process of research a number of methods were used: abstract-logical - to formulate conclusions; comparative analysis - to compare indicators of efficiency of milk processing enterprises and identify trends in their change; tabular - for a visual representation of the results of the study; coordinate matrix - in determining the total integrated indicator of the efficiency of the economic mechanism of dairy enterprises; settlement and constructive - to calculate indicators of economic efficiency, liquidity and solvency, financial stability and business activity of enterprises; monographic - when detailing current trends in the functioning of dairy enterprises; factor analysis - to determine the factors influencing the net financial result of enterprises. Research results. The modern transformation processes taking place in the market of milk and dairy products of Ukraine are studied, the scale of reduction of the general demand and supply is established. The current state of the raw material base of milk processing enterprises of Ukraine is studied (dynamics of milk purchase prices, quality monitoring, retrospective of milk purchases by dairies). The efficiency of the economic mechanism of functioning of milk processing enterprises of the group of companies "Dairy Alliance" was monitored. The elemental structuring of the analysis of efficiency of the economic mechanism of functioning of the milk processing enterprises is offered and tested. The total integrated indicator of the efficiency of the economic mechanism of milk processing enterprises is calculated on the basis of structuring the set of priority indicators of economic efficiency, liquidity and solvency, financial stability and business activity. The main directions of increasing the efficiency of milk processing enterprises are proposed. Scientific novelty. Methodological and practical aspects of a comprehensive study of the effectiveness of the economic mechanism of functioning of dairy processing enterprises of Ukraine and substantiation of directions for its improvement have been further developed. Practical significance. These approaches and the results of the study can be used by public and sectoral authorities in the organization of monitoring and development of priority measures to improve the efficiency of domestic dairy industry. Tabl.: 3. Figs.: 1. Refs.: 21. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bioeconomics & Agrarian Business / Bìoekonomìka ta Agrarnij Bìznes is the property of National University of Life & Environmental Sciences of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the study was to compare effects of two levels of selenium yeast (SY) and sodium selenite (SS) supplementation on blood, colostrum and milk Se levels, blood chemistry parameters in dairy cows under field conditions. The study included 36 Holstein cows from 5 weeks prepartum to 12 weeks postpartum. The cows were divided into 4 treatments (n = 9): 1. Negative Control (NC) - no Se supplement; 2. Positive Control (PC) - 0.3 ppm Se (from sodium selenite); 3. S1 - 0.3 ppm Se (from selenium yeast - SELSAF®, Lesaffre Feed Additives, France); 4. S2 - 5 ppm Se (SELSAF®, Lesaffre Feed Additives, France). At 5 and 1 weeks prepartum, on the calving day, and 4, 8, 12 weeks postpartum, blood samples were taken. Colostrum and milk were collected on the calving day and 4, 8 and 12 weeks postpartum and analysed for Se content. Initial Se status in all the cows was marginal. Negative Control cows showed suboptimal blood Se levels for the whole period under study. S1 and S2 showed significantly (P < 0.01) higher values than NC and PC cows. Colostrum Se levels were significantly higher in S1 (128.17 ug/L) and S2 (155.58 ug/L) than in NC (94.68 ug/L) and PC (99.3 ug/L) cows. Overall mean milk Se levels in S1 (20.4 ug/L) and S2 (50.0 ug/L) were higher than in NC (10.9 ug/L) and PC (16.6 ug/L). Biochemical indicators of blood did not significantly differ between the treatments and were within the physiological ranges. Se levels in whole blood, colostrum and milk, and GSH-Px activity were significantly increased by selenium yeast supplementation. The response was dose dependent and consistent. Selenium from organic source was more bioavailable than selenium from sodium selenite. Dietary Se at a tolerance dose (5 ppm) had no detrimental effect on the blood chemistry parameters analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the enrichment of milk with vitamin A and β-carotene, vitaton is used, which contains up to 10% of trans-β-carotene, which can be converted into vitamin A, and demonstrate antioxidant, immunostimulating and anticarcinogenic effects in the body. Previous studies have demonstrated that in sanitary terms, the biomass of the fungus Bl. trispora is safe for animals and can be used in animal husbandry to prevent diseases of the mammary gland, and digestive organs, increase reproductive function and obtain healthy viable offspring. The research was conducted on cows of the Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed in the conditions of LLC “Kuibysheve”, Poltava region. The purpose of the research was to determine the content of fatty acids in milk fat of lactating cows, as with the introduction of vitatons, lipids, higher saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins E and B, which to some extent can affect the processes of synthesis of milk components in the mammary gland. Determination of lipid content and their fractions in milk fat was performed on a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer Agilent Technologies. Established that the introduction of vitaton in the diet for cows increases the fat content in milk by an average of 0.26% and enhances the synthesis of phospholipids in the mammary gland by 1.8 times. The ratio of unsaturated to saturated free fatty acids in the milk fat of cows of the experimental group did not vary from the control, which indicates a positive effect of β-carotene on the intensity of milk fat biosynthesis in the secretory epithelium of the mammary gland of cows. Vitaton stimulated the establishment and inclusion of two unsaturated fatty acids, namely nonadecanoic and α-linolenic acids in the composition of milk fat against the background of the disappearance of the arachidonic acid peak on the chromatogram. It is established that the samples of milk fat from cows of the control group contained arachidonic acid, which was absent in the milk of cows of the experimental group, which is probably due to the inclusion of these higher fatty acids and their isomers, which are part of vitaton, in the composition of milk fat, and the effect of β-carotene on the synthesis of milk lipids. The results of the research are essential for the production of biologically complete milk and its products, which will have antioxidant properties and will be enriched with vitamin A and β-carotene [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of studies on the relationship between cosmophysical activity and animal productivity (the rhythm of milk yield of cows and the chemical composition of milk, the biochemical composition of raw milk) are presented. It was found that during the phase of growth of the activity of the Sun and the increase in the values of the Wolf index (sunspot) in the first half of the 24-year eleven-year cycle of solar activity, the average value of Wolf (sunspot) numbers varied from 0 to 100. For 2-3 years, at the lower peak of solar activity, and 2-3 years - at the top peak of activity, minimal and unreliable correlation relationships were observed. The most stable connections occur in the middle of an upswing or a decrease in solar activity. An increase in the relationship between the studied indicators was observed when the animals achieved maximum productivity. With an increase in milk yield from 7500 kg to 8500 kg, and further to 10,000 kg, the correlation coefficient was + 0.37, + 0.52 and + 0.64, respectively. The maximum influence of solar activity Wolf (sunspot) numbers) on the average productivity of one animal in the household is manifested at the peak of solar activity growth. It has been established that during the years of the rise of solar activity with low absolute values of Wolf (sunspot) numbers, low yields are more likely, and in high solar activity years, higher dairy values (record) are more likely. It was noted that all the components of milk decreased on days of increasing solar activity. The correlation coefficients for protein and milk fat content with Wolf (sunspot) numbers were r = -0.34 and r = -0.22, P ≥ 0.95. Correlation analysis revealed a reliable correlation of bacterial contamination and the number of somatic cells r = +0.28 and r = +0.31 (at P ≥ 0.95), respectively, with the Wolf (sunspot) numbers. In the collection milk, the negative correlation by fat content r = -0.12, density r = -0.18, acidity r = -0.17, protein content r = -0.19, sugar content r = -0.14, minerals r = -0.17 was observed with an increase in solar activity.

This article deals with the process of obtaining quality raw milk by analyzing its lipid composition. The lipid composition of raw milk depends on many factors, among which, first of all, is the species, the composition of the diet and the physiological state of the mammary gland. In recent years, a large amount of data has accumulated on the fluctuations of certain lipid parameters of milk depending on the type, age, lactation, diet, time of year, exercise, animal husbandry technology, physiological state of the lactating organism in general and the mammary gland in particular. Factors of regulation of fatty acid composition of raw milk: genetically determined parameters of quality and safety; fatty acid composition of the diet; synthesis of fatty acids by microorganisms of the digestive tract; synthesis of fatty acids in the mammary gland; physiological state of the mammary gland. The milk of each species of productive animals has its own specific lipid profile and is used in the formulation of certain dairy products to obtain the planned technological and nutritional parameters. Diagnosis of productive animals for subclinical mastitis involves the use of auxiliary (thermometry, thermography, electrical conductivity) and laboratory research methods: counting the number of somatic cells; use of specialized tests; microbiological studies of milk; biochemical studies of milk. The biochemical component in the diagnosis of subclinical forms of mastitis is underestimated. An increase in body temperature implies an increase in the intensity of heat release during the oxidation of substrates, sometimes due to a decrease in the intensity of synthesis of energy-intensive compounds. There are simply no other sources of energy in the body. The situation is the same with certain parts of the metabolism, which are aimed at the development of protective reactions to the etiological factor aimed at the defeat of the mammary gland. That is why the biochemical composition of mammary gland secretion in the absence of clinical signs of mastitis undergoes biochemical changes and the task of scientists is to develop mechanisms for clear tracking of such changes, identification of animals with subclinical forms of mastitis and effective treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ekonomika APK is the property of Economy of Argo-Industrial Complex and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of History / Habaršy Tarihi Seriâsy is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The study was conducted on Kunashir, Shikotan and Iturup Islands (Sakhalin Region of Russia) in order to evaluate the impact of the Fukushima accident on the “soil–grass–cow’s milk” exposure pathway. A total of 22 samples of cow’s milk were collected in the May 2011 – September 2012 period. Radiocaesium was isolated from thermally treated specimens using the antimony–iodide radiochemical method. The activity concentrations of 134Cs and 137Cs were measured by γ-ray spectrometry using high purity germanium detectors. Caesium-134 was detected in 18 of the total 22 samples of milk. The activity concentration of 134Cs in the samples varied from 0.08 Bq kg–1 to 2.00 Bq kg–1. Caesium-137 was quantified in all 22 samples: range = 0.088–2.43 Bq kg–1. On average, more than a half of the total 137Cs in the milk samples from Sakhalin Region was of Fukushima origin (mean = 60%, median = 57%, range = 13–95%). The highest activity concentrations and values of the soil–to–milk aggregated transfer coefficient, Tag, for 134Cs (and Fukushimaderived 137Cs) were observed in milk samples collected in mid-May 2011. The mean Tag values decreased in the May–October period of 2011 from 12 × 10−3 m2 kg–1 to 2.3 × 10−3 m2 kg–1. In September 2012, the Tag values remained unchanged (mean = 2.8 × 10−3 m2 kg–1) compared to those in September–October 2011. In the autumns of 2011 and 2012, the calculated values of Tag for Fukushima-derived radiocaesium were on average 17 times larger than the ones for pre-Fukushima 137Cs. The higher transfer of Fukushima-derived 137Cs (compared to pre-Fukushima 137Cs) for milk reflected the difference between the “new” and “aged” radiocaesium in the intensity of the radionuclide transfer from soil to grassland plants which were the major component of the cow’s diet in the area of our study. The ratio between the 137Cs activity concentration in the milk (fresh weight) and that in the grassland plants (dry weight) ranged from 0.028 to 0.11. The effective dose from ingestion of Fukushima-derived radiocaesium in locally produced cow’s milk for critical group of adult residents of the southern Kuril in the first year after the accident is conservatively estimated as 0.0027 mSv. The Fukushima accident has had a negligible impact on radiocaesium contamination of cow’s milk and the corresponding human exposure on the southern Kuril Islands: Shikotan, Kunashir and Iturup.

Безпечність молока є важливим критерієм оцінки якості молока. Коров’яче молоко становить основу раціону для харчування більшості людей. Особливо цей продукт є незамінним для харчування дітей. Одним із важливих завдань молокопереробної галузі є контроль якості молока за вмістом нітратів. Проаналізовано механізм дії нітратів на організм людини і їх токсичний вплив на дітей. Метою і завданням роботи є визначення вмісту нітратів у молоці сирому, яке поступає на переробні підприємства з особистих селянських господарств і молочних ферм та в питному молоці, яке реалізується в торговельній мережі у різні пори року. На основі отриманих даних довести актуальність пошуку методу денітрифікації молока з наднормативним вмістом нітратів. Вміст нітратів визначали колориметричним методом із застосуванням кадмієвої колонки з подальшим фотометричним визначенням азосполук, що утворюються при взаємодії нітритів з ароматичними амінами. Виявлено, що молоко надходить на молокопереробні заводи з різною кількістю нітратів. Встановлено, що у зимово-весняний період кількість проб молока з наднормативним вмістом нітратів перевищує кількість проб у літньо-осінній період. Визначено, що нормативам українського стандарту (до 10 мг/кг нітратів) відповідали 69,8% проб молока із особистих селянських господарств, які надходили в зимово-весняний період, і 92,2% проб молока літньо-осіннього періоду, а нормативам європейських стандартів (до 5 мг/кг нітратів) відповідали 10,5% і 56,3% проб молока відповідно (різниця у 45,8%). Встановлено, що нормативам українського стандарту відповідали 79,3% проб молока, що надходить з молочних фермв зимово-весняний період і 40% проб молока, що надходить з в літньо-осінній період. Нормативам європейських стандартів вкладалися 7,7% і 67,6% проб молока зимово-весняного і літньо-осіннього періоду відповідно (різниця у 59,9%). Визначено, що нормативам українського стандарту відповідали 73,7% проб питного молока зимово-весняного періоду і 91,4% проб молока літньо-осіннього періоду, а нормативам європейського стандарту відповідали15,8% і 60% проб молока відповідно (різниця 44,2%). Виявлено проблему надходження на переробку значної кількості молока, яке за вмістом нітратів не підлягає прийманню. Обґрунтовано доцільність пошуку шляхів денітрифікації молока для можливого подальшого його використання у переробному процесі. Одним із таких методів є застосування спеціальних заквасочних культур мікроорганізмів – активних денітрифікаторів. Важливо, щоб в кінцевому продукті вміст нітратів був би зниженим до європейського нормативу, це поліпшить якість молока, його безпечність.

Introduction. The purpose of research was isolation and identification of Enterococcus species from raw milk and traditional dairy products and their biochemical properties were examined. Some biochemical and technological properties of the strains were determined. Materials and methods. Raw milk and some dairy product samples (Izmir Tulum cheese, Koy cheese, White cheese, butter, Ezine cheese, kefir grain, kefir drink, Armola, Tire Camur cheese, Herby cheese, Goat cheese and Cecil cheese) were collected in different regions of Turkey and samples were inoculated in Kanamycin Aesculin Azide Agar, Slanetz Bartley and M-17 Agar media and Enterococcus spp. were isolated. Acidification properties, exopolysaccharide (EPS) production, lipolytic and proteolytic activity, and decarboxylation activity of Enterococcus strains, which were diagnosed phenotypically and biochemically with different techniques were investigated. Results and discussion. 167 lactic acid bacteria were identified after Gram staining and catalase tests. Due to the analysis, 122 of these isolates identified as Enterococcus faecium, 18 as Enterococcus durans, 17 as Enterococcus faecalis, 8 as Enterococcus faecium var. and 2 as Enterococcus hirae. Some biochemical and technological properties of these species were studied. It was determined that E. faecium and E. faecalis strains produced higher acidity compared to E. durans and E. hirae, a total of 19 strains were capable of producing EPS, while 9 strains showed poor EPS production. Also, it was performed 17 E. faecium, 2 E. faecalis, 1 E. durans and 1 E. hirae strains showed lipolytic activity and 95 E. faecium, 12 E. durans, 5 E. faecalis var., 3 E. faecalis and 2 E. hirae decarboxylated to lysine and ornithine amino acids. It was observed that Enterococcus spp. isolated from raw milk and traditional dairy products showed differences especially technological characteristics according to the source, species and strain. Conclusions. Raw milk and dairy products are important source for isolation of enterococci species. The characteristics of Enterococcus species such as acidification, exopolysaccharide production ability, proteolytic and lipolytic activity, decarboxylase activity differed by species and strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article gives an overview of modern opinions about the ways of possible contamination of milk and dairy products by mycotoxyn. The key indicator of the presence of mycotoxins in milk and dairy products is the level to which micromycetes affect productive livestock’s feed. Yet, mycromycetes and mycotoxines do not always occur together: some test samples can contain certain micromycetes, but no mycotoxines. Mycotoxines are synthesised by micromycetes only under certain favourable conditions. The multi-chambered stomach ecosystem of lactating cows utilises most mycotoxins occurring in food. Only a small amount of those is excreted in milk. However, some mycotoxins can bind to milk caseins. In this case, cheese and other dairy products can contain far higher amounts of mycotoxins than at the initial stage of milk production. The paper compares the maximum permissible levels of mycotoxins in milk and in dairy products according to the regulations of Ukraine and the EU.It presents the mycotoxins isolated from secretions of mammary glands of humans and productive animals, and describes their effect on the body’s physiology. It also provides a structural diagram of how mycotoxins contaminate milk and dairy products following the path “Animal feed –dairy products.” We suggest four-stage assessment of the risks of mycotoxin contamination of milk and dairy products: Stage I –identifying the producer of mycotoxin (molecule, metabolites in feed, milk, and dairy products). Anamnesis; Stage II –constructing a sequence diagram. Inspecting all production stages to identify the main ways and periods of contamination, determining and describing the symptoms of contamination; Stage III –assessing how the intensity and duration of exposure to a mycotoxin and its metabolites are likely to effect on the body. Modelling the influence of mycotoxins on the body; Stage IV –assessing the risk and determining measures to eliminate or minimise it. Risk scenario forecast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The nature of the connection and the characteristics of the process of relaxation of clusters and water domains in milk and protein systems was investigated in order to predict their functional and technological properties. Materials and methods. The relaxation features of water clusters and domains in colloidal solutions of milk proteins were studied by the thermo-stimulated depolarization method (TSD). Electrophoretic analysis of the fractional composition of milk proteins was performed according to modified Laemmli method. Results. The peculiarities of water distribution in bulk protein matrices in milk and in hydrated milk protein concentrates by TSD were studied. On the basis of comparative analysis of TSD spectra of relaxation of dipole structures of water in low-temperature and high-temperature regions in samples of fresh skimmed milk, reconstituted skimmed milk powder and sodium caseinate solution, a significant difference in the nature of water cluster formation in these systems is proved. Milk protein concentrates with reduced energy of activation of depolarization of water in the hydrated state are found to form spatial grids with smaller cell sizes than proteins of natural milk. The revealed effect is explained by the fact that under the influence of heat treatment and drying there are significant conformational changes of protein compounds caused by the denaturation of the majority of serum proteins, in particular, immunoglobulins, serum albumin, ß-lactoglobulin and a-lactalbumin. It is relevant to use in composition of foods milk protein concentrates, whose protein matrices have spatial limitations and hold water clusters smaller than that of natural milk. The results of the research are of practical importance as they allow the purposeful formation and stabilization of the spatial structure of protein-containing food systems. Conclusions. The peculiarities of the nature of water bonding in hydrated milk-protein systems of different degrees of heat treatment have been established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The aim of the research is to determine the influence of the parameters of hydrothermal treatment and rubbing of berry raw materials on the content of soluble pectins in berry purees. Attention is paid to the compliance of the purees with the requirements for berry coagulants, which can be used to obtain milk-protein co-precipitates from the buttermilk. Materials and methods. Fresh cranberries and viburnum berries were chosen as the subjects of study. The treatment of the berries with acute vapor was made with the help of the electric steam-convection oven of the injector type at a temperature of 105-107 °? during 5-60 seconds. The berries rubbing was made with the help of a crushing-rubbing machine using sieves with hole diameters of 0.4-1.2 mm. Results and discussion. The content of pectin substances in both berry purees increases in direct proportion to the extension of hydrothermal treatment from 5 s to 60 s. The viburnum puree is characterized by the slower increase in the amount of pectin substances comparing to the cranberry puree, which can be explaned by the difference in the structure of protopectin molecules. The losses of vitamin C for both berry purees are relatively low in the first 15 s of treatment, while then they are increasing rapidly due to the acceleration of hydroxyl bonds breaking in the ascorbic acid structure. Processing berry raw materials with an acute vapor is considered rational at a temperature of 105-107 °? for 15-30 seconds for cranberries and 5-15 seconds for viburnum berries, which corresponds to an increase in the amount of pectin substances on 19-22% and 11-19% in cranberry and viburnum purees respectively. The largest outcome of cranberry puree was achieved using a sieve with a holes diameter of 0,8-1,2 mm, whereas for the production of viburnum puree it is rational to use a sieve with a holes diameter of 0.6-0.8 mm. The need to use sieves with larger holes to increase the yield of cranberry puree can be explaned by the more pronounced susceptibility of the coarse viburnum fibre towards mechanical stress compared to the finer cranberry fibre with regard to particle size reduction. The chemical composition of obtained purees comparing to the berry raw materials is characterized by an increase in the content of pectin substances by 20 and 21%, and a decrease in the content of vitamin C by 30 and 29 for cranberry and viburnum purees, respectively. The obtained coagulants are characterized by an organic acid content of 2.0 and 1.7% for cranberry and viburnum purees, respectively. Conclusions. The significant increase in the content of soluble pectins and the presence of organic acids allow to use the obtained berry purees as coagulants in the technology of milk-protein co-precipitates from the buttermilk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The present research aims to identify and quantify valuable compounds from native products such as honey, walnut and sea buckthorn in order to produce fermented product from cow's milk. Materials and methods. Honey bees of native production polyphora from the Drăgă?ani area (Romania) were used, and for the identification and quantification of the volatile compounds a GC-MS system was used. Qualitative and quantitative analyzes of the polyphenols were performed using the Agilent 1200 HPLC system consisting of a photodiode array (PDA) detector and an electrospray ionization mass detector. Results and discussion. In poliflora honey bees, phenolic acids reach 79.284 mg/100 g sample, isoprenoids reach 127.449 mg/100 g sample, and flavonoids at 168.475 mg/100 g sample, and the results obtained by chromatographic analysis of honey. Bees have been found in this product a wide range of aroma compounds, namely: terpenic compounds, higher alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, esters, so that the aldehydes reach values of 7.889 mg/100g, ketones at 2.337 mg/100g, alcohols higher ones accumulate at amounts of 3.212 mg/100g, and the esters reach values of 8.993 mg/100g. Following the chromatograms obtained, the content of polyphenols in the walnut kernel was established at an amount of 786.553 mgGAE/100 g, and for the berries the content in polyphenols was 343.229 mgGAE/100 g. Also the highest concentration significant of tocopherols is found in the form of alpha tocopherol, with 33.245 mg/100g, followed by beta tocopherol with an amount of 12.723 mg/100 g of oil. Values lower than 4.553 mg/100g and 1.286 mg/100g respectively are visible in the case of the tocopherol gamma and the tocopherol delta. Conclusions. The compounds identified and quantified from the three indigenous products such as polyflora honey, walnut and sea buckthorn will lead to the achievement of a harmonious aromatic profile and with certain taste qualities of the new fermented dairy product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Plant-based or non-dairy milk alternates are the growing trend in newer food product development. Therefore, the present study was conducted to explore the quality and potential of «Dahi» prepared by cow milk and different levels of coconut milk. Materials and methods. The obtained formulations, A (Control), B, and C were prepared by mixing cow milk to coconut milk in three different rations (100:0, 50:50, 0:100). The proximate composition, physicochemical, sensorial, and microbial properties were determined to ascertain the quality attributes of the «Dahi» samples. Obtained data were analyzed statistically, and means were compared at 5% level of significance. Results and discussion. The results of the physicochemical analysis showed increasing trends in the values for pH (4.05-4.33), TSS (14.05-14.90), and Sweetness Index (10.60-20.13) while substituting cow milk with coconut milk. There was also a remarkable increase in the proximate values for moisture (82.75-85.20%), fat (1.57-3.06%) and ash (0.71-2.94%). The results suggested that coconut milk addition leads to a considerable increase in mineral content as well as unsaturated fatty acids that may promote health benefits. A reverse trend was observed for acidity (0.64-0.56%), protein (3.13-2.98%) and carbohydrate (11.85-5.82%) values in coconut enriched «Dahi». The bacterial counts of all the samples (4.51-5.34) ×105cfu/ml were within the acceptable standard for fermented dairy products. The results of the current study also demonstrated that the addition of coconut milk significantly improved the «Dahi»s' aroma and consistency. Overall, the acceptability of coconut milk enriched «Dahi» was highly comparable to the control («Dahi» of 100% cow milk). Conclusions. Thus, «Dahi» from the coconut milk can be a match-able substitute for the conventional dairy-based «Dahi», which could be particularly advantageous to the lactose-intolerant people and high coconut producing regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the current state of the dairy industry in Ukraine. The quality of milk raw materials in agricultural enterprises and households is characterized. The price situation in the milk market is analyzed. In the course of the research it was proved that in the agricultural enterprises the number of cows decreases annually, the logistics are in critical condition. The emerging situation is gaining ground as the country turns from a dairy exporter into an importer. It is established that today one of the main problems is the provision of processing plants with high-quality raw materials. The conducted researches confirm that today only agricultural enterprises that carry out mechanical milking, purification and cooling of milk can provide the necessary quality of the produced milk. Households do not have the capacity to provide the necessary technological process of production. That is why milk produced in households meets the requirements of only the second grade or non-varietal. As a consequence, in most cases milk is purchased at low prices from the population, whereas in agricultural enterprises it is sold extra, higher and first grade. Therefore, the development of civilized trade requires quality certified products. It is established that the determining factor of the competitiveness of dairy products in the market is the quality of products. Without the use of high-quality raw materials, it is impossible to produce a competitive product. It is substantiated that the development of cooperatives, small and family farms and their involvement in the organized market is one of the priority tasks for improving the quality indicators and increasing the purchase prices for milk purchased from private households. Therefore, this problem must be solved by intensifying agrarian policy in the inseparable support for the development of the dairy industry on the basis of state support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brief results of research at the Department of Zootechnics of the PFUR in more than 30 years are reported on the relationship between cosmophysical activity and animal productivity (the rhythm of milk yield of cows and the chemical composition of milk, the biochemical composition of cows' blood). It is established that in even and odd 11-year solar cycles, animals react differently to cosmophysical activity. In even cycles, the increase in solar activity contributes to the growth of milk yields. In odd cycles, increasing solar activity reduces milk yield. The data of scientific observations, covering the periods of even and odd cycles, should be grouped and analyzed separately by cycles. Within 2-3 years, at the lowest peak of solar activity, and 2-3 years - at the top peak of activity (with the change of magnetic poles on the Sun) minimal and unreliable correlations are noted. The strongest correlation was noted in the middle of the rise or decrease in solar activity. The rhythm of milk yield was noted regard-less of the lactation phase of cows. Approximately 1/3 of the time, milk yield increased, 1/3 - decreased and 1/3 - remained at the same level, with fluctuations, with periods from 2.7; 3.3; up to 5.5 days. With an increase in milk yield during 31.0% of lactation days, the content of fat and protein in milk decreased, respectively, 25.8 and 25.4% of the time. With a decrease in milk yield during 33.7% of lactation days, the fat and protein content did not change, respectively, 49.8 and 48.1% days. The most pronounced interval of rhythmicity of the concentration of fat and protein in milk from 2 to 2.5 days with an average value of 2.2 days was established. In addition rhythm 2.8; 3.4; 4.4; 8; 32; 41,1 and 72 days was marked. Approxi-mately with the same cycles in the milk, sugar concentrations, density and acidity were changed.

Copyright of Ekonomika APK is the property of Economy of Argo-Industrial Complex and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)