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The technological process of vegetable oil production requires significant energy costs, while the introduction of new technologies requires investment, which is a challenge for small and medium-sized enterprises in the current environment. This makes it important to introduce energy-efficient equipment in the conditions of these enterprises, which does not require significant investments. The article was concerned with improving the technological process of pressing oilseeds by introducing an energy-efficient oil press into the technological process and studying its structural and kinematic characteristics. In the context of the study, the determination of the physical and mechanical properties of raw materials, methods of theoretical mechanics and solid mechanics, calculation of structural elements of technological equipment for processing oilseeds were used. The necessity and expediency of theoretical analysis and experimental research are substantiated. The main regularities of oil separation from the crushed mass are determined. The study of physical and mechanical characteristics, size and weight parameters of seeds and crushed mass allowed to substantiate the main kinematic and design parameters of the screw press. The principle of operation of an energy-efficient screw oil press is described. The design of the press is improved by a steam sprayer installed in the receiving hopper under the threaded rollers, which is equipped with a steam generator, which makes it possible to carry out moisture-thermal treatment with steam within one device. The proposed constructive solution includes: determination of the coefficient of friction of seeds on an inclined plane, study of the components of the crushed mass obtained with the help of an energy-efficient oil press, and theoretical aspects of oilseed pressing. A study of the design and operating parameters of the screw press has been carried out, namely: determination of the screw press productivity, use of an energy-efficient press for oil separation makes it possible to improve the quality of the technological process, determination of the press power consumption and its efficiency. It has been concluded that the improved design solution of the press meets the modern requirements for oil production machines. The use of the proposed constructive solution will reduce oil losses during pressing, which will significantly increase the efficiency of the process, reduce operating costs and promote the development of oil production in small and medium-sized oilseed enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the study is due to the problem that is typical for different types of structures of screw press zeer corps, namely, determining the optimal gap for oil yield, which has practical and economic feasibility. In this regard, this study is aimed at analysing the existing types of zeer corps, identifying their advantages and disadvantages to find methods to improve their design and increase oil yield. The leading methods for solving this problem are empirical research methods, which allow comprehensively considering the existing types of structures based on observation and, through comparison and experiment, to find a rational solution to the problem. The paper analyses the features of technical means for oil separation in presses and extruders, substantiates the practicality of the existing design and indicates the complexity or simplicity of designs in the scientific literature. The need to supplement the existing terms for various designs of the oil separator bodies and possible ways to improve the process of oil separation into different fractions are identified. Experimental studies were carried out with a set of semi-hulls of the zeer sections with different gaps. This made it possible to identify a smaller percentage of cake shedding through the zeer sections, with a corresponding reduction in the gap. The results of oil yield were obtained depending on the established gap in the semihulls of the slotted elements of the zeer camera and the heating temperature of the hulls. A decrease in the percentage of shedding with a decrease in the gap in the zeer camera was found. The studied design of the zeer camera type confirmed the versatility and simplicity of its design, which facilitates its maintenance and replacement. For each processed tonne of seeds, due to the increase in the amount of oil squeezed out, the profit of a farmer or enterprise that improves twin-screw extruders by adjusting the gaps as follows will increase accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Актуальність. На сучасному етапі основу економіки України складає сільгоспвиробництво. Жодна інша галузь не залежить так від коливань погоди, як сільське господарство. І йому постійно доводиться пристосовуватись до змін клімату, що відбуваються. Підвищення температури, зміна кількості опадів та їх розподіл у часі, нестійкий характер погоди, поширення шкідників і хвороб є результатом зміни клімату, що загрожує сільськогосподарському виробництву гібридів соняшника. Постає питання впливу погодних факторів на формування господарських ознак як самих гібридів, так і їх батьківських форм, формування рослинами врожаю від погодних чинників – температури і опадів як за вегетацію в цілому, так і по місяцях. Мета. Вивчення впливу погодних умов на формування показників продуктивності гібридів і їх батьківських компонентів. Матеріали і методи. Дослідження були проведені на трилінійних гібридах соняшника (Helianthus annuus L.) Агент, Агрономічний, Каменяр, Маршал і Запорізький 28 та на їх батьківських компонентах – простих стерильних гібридах ЗЛ(22х102)А, ЗЛ(42х46)А, ЗЛ(42х58)А та на відновниках фертильності ЗЛ512В, ЗЛ678В і ЗЛ7034В. Результати. Коливання врожайності за роками сягали 0,90 т/га у гібрида Агент, 1,66 т/га у Агрономічного, 0,13 т/га у Маршала, 0,96 т/га у Каменяра і 0,58 т/га у Запорізького 28. Найвищі показники врожайності та вихід жиру з одиниці площі були в 2018 р. За результатами трирічних випробувань гібридів і їх батьківських форм найвищу врожайність мав гібрид Маршал – 2,64 т/га в 2016 р. при олійності насіння 50,78 %. Також у 2016 р. найвищі показники врожайності та виходу олії мали всі відновники фертильності пилку. В той же час найвищі показники врожайності та вихід жиру з одиниці площі чотири з п’яти гібридів показали в 2018 р. Найнижчий вміст жиру в насінні у представлених гібридів був 2017 р. і знаходився в межах 45,16–48,49 % у Агента та Запорізького 28, відповідно. Висновки. Встановлено, що для вирощування гібридів соняшника для південного Степу України найбільш продуктивним є гібрид Маршал, його середня врожайність склала 2,56 т/га і перевищила на 0,27–0,48 т/га цей показник у інших гібридів.

The relevance of the study is due to the problem that is characteristic of various types of screw press structures, which leave up to 16% of the oil in the cake when pressing sunflower oil. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to find rational methods to improve the design of twin-screw extrusion presses to increase the oil yield. The leading methods for solving this problem are empirical research methods that allow comprehensively considering the stages of improving the geometric configuration of the screw shaft based on observation and finding a rational solution to the problem by measuring and experimenting. The paper analyses the features of technical means for grinding oil-containing raw materials in presses and extrusion presses, justifies the need to develop new grinding working bodies. The need to supplement the existing ideas about the interaction of special grinding working bodies with transport and compressive screw nozzles and the development of grinding units for twin-screw extrusion presses produced in Ukraine are clarified. Experimental studies were conducted with the developed design of new working bodies – cylindrical-conical nozzles. They create an intermediate compression of oil-containing raw materials, aimed at intensifying grinding with simultaneous mixing of the processed oil-containing material. A triple repetition of the increase in the degree of compression was obtained when installing three pairs of cylindrical-conical nozzles along the length of the screw shaft. Their use allowed for intensifying the degree of pressure increase and the additional oil yield of up to 3.1%. With each processed ton of seeds, due to the increase in the amount of pressed oil, the profit of enterprises that will improve twin-screw extrusion presses with these working bodies will also increase accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rape as an oil crop is one of the most important agricultural crops in Ukraine. An essential factor in increasing its yield is the observance of the elements of its cultivation technology, namely the timely implementation of the main technological methods in the optimal terms, taking into account the biological features and requirements of the culture. The right choice of sowing period and sowing rate is the basis for a good overwintering of plants, formation and obtaining a high yield. The purpose of our research was to determine the growth, development and yield formation of winter rape varieties under the influence of sowing dates and sowing rates in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. The soil of the experimental field is ordinary heavy loam chernozem. The object of research is winter rape varieties: Antaria, Senator lux, Anna, Cheremosh. Predecessor - black steam, pre-sowing cultivation to a seed wrapping depth of 4-5 cm, seed wrapping depth - 3-4 cm, sowing was carried out in two periods: the 3rd decade of August and the 1st decade of September by row method with a row width of 15 cm and sowing rates: 0.9; 1.1 and 1.3 million similar seeds per hectare. Based on the results of our three-year research, it was established that the sowing dates and sowing rates of winter rape varieties influenced their growth and development. Thus, in the fall, at the time of the end of vegetation, depending on the sowing rate, the height of the plants after sowing in the first period (III decade of August) was equal to: the Antaria variety 27.1-27.5 cm, the Senator lux variety 26.8-27.3 cm, the Anna variety 26.6-26.8 cm, the Cheremosh variety 27.5-27.7 cm. Sowing in the second period (first decade of September) led to a decrease in the height of the plants to: in the Antaria variety 23.0-23.4 cm, in the variety Senator lux 23.1-23.3 cm, in the Anna variety 22.8-22.9 cm, in the Cheremosh variety 23.0-23.3 cm. The indicators of the number of leaves on one plant and the diameter of the root neck also mainly depended from the time of sowing. For sowing in the first term, depending on the variety and the rate of sowing, before leaving for winter, the number of leaves on one plant was equal to 6.2-6.7 pcs. For sowing in a later period, these indicators decreased to 5.6-6.2 pcs. The indicators of the diameter of the root neck also decreased from 8.7-9.4 mm during the first sowing period to 7.6-8.3 mm during the second sowing period. At the same time, during both periods of sowing, a decrease in the diameter of the root neck was observed with an increase in the rate of sowing. In the spring, after the restoration of vegetation, the percentage of overwintering plants was higher than in the first sowing period and, depending on the sowing rate, was: in the Antaria variety 65.1-67.1, in the Senator Lux variety 63.9-68.1, in the Anna variety 63.3-67.3, in the Cheremosh variety 63.4-66.5. During the second sowing period, this indicator decreased by: 8.8-10.7 in the Antaria variety, 8.4-9.2 in the Senator lux variety, 8.8-9.6 in the Anna variety, 8.3-10.0 % in the Cheremosh variety. Taking into account the density of standing plants before leaving for winter and the percentage of plants that overwintered them, the density of standing before harvesting, depending on the sowing rate, was: during the first sowing period in the Antaria variety 447-618, in the Senator lux variety 464-599, in the Anna variety 451-583, in the Cheremosh variety 451-601 thousand/ha; during the second sowing period in the Antaria variety 374-498, in the Senator Lux variety 388-506, in the Anna variety 377-492, in the Cheremosh variety 381-491 thousand/ha. On average over the years of research the height of the plants was greater in the crops of the first sowing period: in the Antaria variety, 156.7-159.3 cm; in the Senator lux variety, 156.0-159.3 cm; in the Anna variety 151.7-154.5 cm; in the Cheremosh variety, 152.9-154.1 cm. Sowing in the second season led to a significant decrease in these indicators, where the height of the plants was equal to: in the Antaria variety, 140.0-141.3; in the Senator lux variety 140.2-141.9; in the Anna variety 131.0-133.3; in the Cheremosh variety, 133.9-136.6 cm. During both sowing periods, the height of plants increased in all varieties with thickening of crops. The number of pods per plant was greater during the first sowing period and, depending on the sowing rate, was equal to the average over the years of research: in the Antaria variety, 125.4-141.5; in the Senator lux variety 133.5-154.6; in the Anna variety 127.6-167.0; in the Cheremosh variety 139.8-197.8 pcs. During the second sowing period, these indicators decreased, respectively, by: 16.8-29.5; 16.4-33.6; 1.2-12.4; 23.4-49.0 pcs. With the thickening of crops, the number of pods per plant naturally decreased. Indicators of the number of seeds per plant and their weight per plant were also greater during the first sowing period and, depending on the sowing rate, were equal to: in the Antaria variety 1267-1500 pcs. and 4.71-6.11 g; in the Senator lux grade 1322-1427 pcs. and 5.06-5.87 g; in Anna variety 1250-1703 pcs. and 4.97-7.41 years; in the Cheremosh variety 1412-2116 pcs. and 5.81-9.45 years. Sowing at a later date and increasing the sowing rate led to a decrease in these indicators. The indicators of the weight of 1000 seeds for both sowing periods were almost at the same level and, depending on the varietal characteristics and the rate of sowing, amounted to 3.7-4.4 g. The thickening of the crops led to a decrease of this indicator by 0.1-0.4 g. On average, over the years of research for all studied varieties, the most favorable conditions for the formation of plant productivity turned out to be sowing in the third decade of August, during which the yield was: in the Antaria variety 2.88-3.11 t/ha; in the Senator lux variety, 2.90-3.12 t/ha; in the Anna variety 3.00-3.27 t/ha, in the Cheremosh variety 3.39-3.97 t/ha. The best sowing rate, at which the highest yield was obtained for Antaria varieties (3.11 t/ha) and Senator lux (3.12 t/ha), was 1.1 million similar seeds per hectare, and for Anna varieties (3.27 t/ha) and Cheremosh (3.97 t/ha) - 0.9 million similar seeds per hectare. Among the varieties, the Cheremosh variety turned out to be the most productive. The fat content in the seeds of winter rape varied somewhat by variety. In varieties Antaria, Anna and Cheremosh it was higher in the first sowing period, and in the variety Senator lux in the second. At the same time, during both sowing periods, a decrease in the fat content of seeds was noted in all varieties when the crops were thickened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In increasing the gross harvest of sunflower seeds and improving its quality, the leading place is occupied by optimal sowing dates, which differ in soil and climatic zones. Plant population density is widely considered as one of the most effective levers for crop yield control. The optimal density is that at which appropriate conditions are created for the growth and development of each plant and it is possible to obtain a high yield per unit area. According to many researchers, the optimal density of sunflower plant population varies depending on the area of their cultivation. The aim of our research was to establish the features of the formation of sunflower productivity under the influence of sowing time and plant density under the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. The research was conducted in 2013-2015 in the fields of the Institute of Oilseeds of NAAS. The sowing of sunflower hybrids Region, Pochatok, Kamenyar was carried out in three terms: the first (I) - at a soil temperature of 6-8 °C; the second (II) - at a soil temperature of 10-12 °С; third (III) - at a soil temperature of 14-16 °С with a stand density of 40, 50, 60, 70 thousand/ha. Experimenting, accounting, and assesment of related observations were carried out using the method of field experiments to study agronomic methods of growing sunflower, the method of conducting a field experiment. According to the results of three years of research conducted at the Institute of Oilseeds, it was found that the timing of sowing and the density of plants affected the growth, development and yield of sunflower hybrids Region, Pochatok and Kamenyar. Greater height of sunflower plants was observed during the third sowing period and, depending on the density of plant population, it was equal to: 162.9-168.1 cm in the hybrid Region; 171.2-177.9 cm in the hybrid Pochatok; 161.3-164.6 cm in the hybrid Kamenyar. In crops of I and II terms, the height of plants was lower. Indicators of leaf surface area per one sunflower plant for the third sowing period were the largest and, compared to the first period, increased by: 3.9-7.1 dm2 for hybrid Region; 4.2-8.3 dm² for the hybrid Pochatok; 3.2-7.0 dm² for the hybrid Kamenyar. During the three sowing periods with thickening, the area naturally decreased for the studied hybrids. Taking into account the density of standing plants, the indicators of the leaf surface area per hectare were higher in the third sowing period. During all sowing periods, the largest area of leaf surface per hectare of sunflower plants of hybrids Region, Pochatok and Kamenyar was formed at a plant density of 50 thousand/ha. Under the influence of sowing dates and plant density, the productivity elements of sunflower hybrids changed. On the average, for three years of researches, the maximum indicators of diameter of a basket have been as follows: 18,8 for the hybrid Region; 18.7 for the hybrid Pochatok; 19.1 cm for the hybrid Kamenyar for the second sowing period at a plant density of 40 thousand/ha. Indicators of productivity elements: seed weight and number of seeds from the basket, as well as the weight of 1000 seeds had a close positive relationship with the diameter of the basket. Their greatest values were observed during the second sowing period. On average, over three years of research, depending on the density of plants, the yield of sunflower was: 2.09-2.34 for hybrid Region, 2.22-2.39 for hybrid Pochatok, 2.28-2.43 t/ha for hybrid Kamenyar in the first sowing period; hybrid Region 2.14-2.38, hybrid Pochatok 2.06-2.24, hybrid Kamenyar 2.19-2.40 t/ha in the third sowing period. The highest yield of sunflower hybrids was obtained during the second sowing period: Region 2.56-2.72, Pochatok 2.53-2.67, Kamenyar 2.60-2.78 t/ha. Compared to the second sowing period, the yield for the first and third terms decreased by: hybrid Region 0.38-0.47 and 0.35-0.42 t/ha; hybrid Pochatok 0.28-0.33 and 0.37-0.47 t/ha; hybrid Kamenyar 0.32-0.38 and 0.35-0.41 t/ha, respectively. At the same time, the maximum level of yield of hybrids studied during the first and second sowing periods was provided by the plant density of 50 thousand/ha, and for the third sowing period - 40 and 50 thousand/ha. With a decrease to 40 and an increase by 60 and 70 thousand/ha for the first and second sowing dates, the yield of sunflower decreased by: hybrid Region 0.05-0.16 and 0.07-0.12; hybrid Pochatok 0.03-0.14 and 0.08-0.17; hybrid Kamenyar 0.03-0.18 and 0.06-0.15 t/ha, respectively. During the third sowing period with thickening, the yield decreased by: hybrid Region 0.05-0.19; hybrid Pochatok 0.02-0.17; hybrid Kamenyar 0.08-0.18 t/ha. The fat content in sunflower seeds over the years of research was averagely greater than in the first sowing period, namely: in the hybrid Region 49.4-49.9; in the hybrid Pochatok 48.7-49.1; in the hybrid Kamenyar 49.4-49.8%. During the second and third sowing periods, its indicators decreased and were almost at the same level. Thickening of crops during all sowing periods led to a decrease in the fat content in the seeds of sunflower hybrids studied. The yield of oil per unit area of sunflower crops was equal to: 909-1175 for the hybrid Region; 854-1137 for the hybrid Pochatok; 935-1201 kg/hectare for the hybrid Kamenyar. The highest oil yield, taking into account the yield, for all hybrids was obtained during the second sowing period at a plant density of 50 thousand/ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safflower is a promising drought-resistant crop, its cultivation in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine as an insurance crop is an effective use of natural climatic potential in unstable weather conditions of the summer period. Due to its biological characteristics, the plant is able to withstand many adverse natural factors. Recently, crops are expanding, but oilseed yields are still low. The reason for this is the imperfection of the technology of growing safflower, taking into account the specific soil and climatic conditions of the area. The aim of our research was to establish the peculiarities of the formation of the productivity of safflower varieties depending on the methods of care for crops on herbicide-free and herbicide-based backgrounds. The research was conducted in 2017-2019 in the fields of the Institute of Oilseeds of NAAS. Sowing of safflower varieties Zhyvchyk and Dobrynya was carried out in the first decade of April with a sowing rate of 240,000 similar seeds per hectare. The system of basic tillage: classical. Options for the use of herbicides: 1. Control -- without herbicides; 2. Application of Harness herbicide (2.0 l/ha) under pre-sowing cultivation. Options for care systems: 1. Control -- without care; 2. Harrowing before and after germination; 3. Two inter-row tillage; 4. Post-emergence harrowing and inter-row tillage. Bookmarking of experiments and conducting research was carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods of field experiments in agriculture and crop production. According to the results of our research, the influence of agricultural cultivation techniques on the growth, development and productivity of safflower varieties Zhyvchyk and Dobrynya was established. The lowest values of the number of baskets for both varieties on herbicide and nonherbicide backgrounds were obtained in the absence of agricultural practices for the care of crops: in the variety Zhyvchyk 9.4 and 9.7 pcs., In the variety Dobrynya 8.9 and 9.1 pcs. The application of herbicides did not have a significant effect on the number of baskets on the plant, but the number of baskets increased during agricultural practices. According to studies, the number of seeds in the basket was affected by both the use of herbicides and crop care. Thus, the lowest values were obtained for both varieties on a herbicide-free background and without care (control) and were equal to 15.0 for the variety Zhyvchyk, 14.3 for the variety Dobrynya. The application of the herbicide led to an increase in the number of baskets to 16.5 pcs. in the variety Zhyvchyk and 15.7 pcs. in the Dobrynya variety. The use of agricultural methods of care contributed to an increase in the number of seeds in the basket on both herbicide and herbicide-free backgrounds. The weight of seeds from the basket varied depending on the variety, application of herbicides and agricultural practices for plant care. Its indicators in the variety Zhyvchyk on a herbicide-free background were 0.51-0.61 g, and on a herbicide 0.60-0.68 g. The application of the herbicide led to an increase in the weight of seeds in the basket by 0.4-0.9 g. Weight seeds from a basket in the variety Dobrynya on a herbicide-free background was equal to 0.60-0.69 g, and on a herbicide 0.70-0.80 g. When applying the herbicide, the weight of seeds increased by 0.10-0.11 g. Over the years of research it was found that the weight of 1000 seeds was significantly influenced by all three factors: variety, herbicide application and crop care. Depending on the variety, its values were 34.8-38.4 g for the Zhyvchyk variety and 43.3-47.2 g for the Dobrynya variety. Against the background of herbicide application, the weight of 1000 seeds increased by 2.2 g in the Zhyvchyk variety and 2.5 g in the variety Dobrynya in the absence of techniques for crop care (control). Under the influence of agricultural practices, the weight of 1,000 seeds increased. On a herbicide-free background, the lowest values were obtained during two inter-row treatments and were equal to 35.7 g in the variety Zhyvchyk and 44.5 g in the variety Dobrynya, during pre- and post-emergence harrowing -- 36.7 and 45.1 g, and during post-emergence harrowing and interrow tillage -- 37.2 and 45.3 g, respectively. The weight of 1000 seeds on the herbicidal background was higher than on the non-herbicide, both for the variety Zhyvchyk and for the variety Dobrynya: during two inter-row treatments the weight of 1000 seeds was 37.2 in the variety Zhyvchyk and 46.3 g in the variety Dobrynya, at carrying out pre- and post-ladder harrowing -- 37.9 and 47.2 g, and during post-ladder harrowing and inter-row tillage - 38.4 and 47.2 g, respectively. Depending on the background of herbicide application and crop care option, on average for three years of research the yield level of safflower variety Zhyvchyk was in the range of 1.08-1.54 t/ha and Dobrynya variety 1.16-1.64 t/ha. Growing safflower on a herbicidal background provided an increase in yield compared to the herbicide-free background, depending on the option of crop care: for the variety Zhyvchyk 0.13-0.19 t/ha and for the variety Dobrynya 0.17-0.24 t/ha. As a result of crop care methods, an increase in the level of safflower yield of both Zhyvchyk and Dobrynya varieties was observed on both backgrounds of herbicide application. The increase in yield was: for the variety Zhyvchyk on a background without herbicide 0.18-0.27 and on a herbicide background 0.15-0.30 t/ha; for the variety Dobrynya 0.15-0.24 and 0.15-0.30 t/ha, respectively. The highest indicators of safflower yield and fat yield per hectare for the variety Zhyvchyk 1.54 t/ha and 418 kg and for the variety Dobrynya 1.64 t/ha and 452 kg were obtained for cultivation against the background of soil herbicide for pre-sowing cultivation with post-emergence harrowing and inter-row cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

З'ясовано вплив мікродобрива реаком і бактеріальних препаратів (альбобактерин та поліміксобактерин) на формування врожайності і якості насіння соняшнику протягом 2014–2016 рр. Встановлено, що позакореневе підживлення посівів соняшнику мікродобривом реаком зумовлювало поліпшення морфологічної структури рослин, підвищення їх продуктивності, як результат – значне збільшення виходу олії з одиниці площі. При цьому ефект від використання мікродобрива в дозі 4,5 та 6,0 л/га був приблизно однаковим