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Formulation of the problem. Dry wind is a widespread dangerous phenomenon which reduces the yield of crops in Ukraine. The hot and dry winds inflict a special harm to spring grain crops. Active development of these crops falls during the spring-summer period. Dry wind can significantly reduce or completely destroy future harvests in a short time. The purpose of the article. The aim of the study is to determine the areas of initial formation of dry winds in Ukraine in recent decades and to obtain quantitative transformation value of air masses acquiring properties of dry wind on the territory of Ukraine. Methods. Daily observations at 24 meteorological stations for the period 2006-2015 were used as the initial dataset and were obtained from NOAA SATELLITE AND INFORMATION SERVICE. To determine the dry wind according to the specified criteria the data for 8 sets of daily observations of air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed were analyzed. To define the place where the formation of an air mass begins, taking dry wind properties on the territory of Ukraine, backward trajectories of the previous movement of air particles were constructed for the period of 120 hours (5 days) for the following heights: at the earth`s surface, 1500 m and 3000 m. For construction of the backward trajectories, the Air Resources Laboratory NOAA, HYSPLIT program were used. As a result of trajectories construction, temperature values, potential temperature, relative humidity of the air particle and its height above the ground, at the initial, final and intermediate points of the trajectory within 10 UTC were obtained and their transformational changes were calculated. Results. On the earth`s surface, synoptic processes of the eastern type played the main role in the formation of the dry winds. At the heights, the predominance of the western and north-western types of trajectories was noted. At the earth`s surface the main contribution to air mass temperature rise in the process of its transformation was made by the inflow of heat from the earth`s surface. At height, the reason for the increase in air temperature was the process of adiabatic descent. Dry air occurred when air masses moved through all kinds of trajectories (excluding the south-eastern form) at the surface of the earth and along the western, north-western and northern types at height. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The results of the analysis provide additional information that can be used to develop a method for forecasting dry winds on the territory of Ukraine in modern climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formulation of the problem. Ecosystem services are resources and benefits that modern humanity can receive from the nature. It is the material benefit from abiogenic and biogenic components of various natural ecosystems. There were not large-scale studies according of evaluation ecosystem services in the Ukrainian water area of the Black Sea before, it is the actual environmental and socio-economic problem. Review of previous publications. The main approach to evaluating the state of ecosystems in the EU countries based on the choice of load indicators on the ecosystems and their mapping. Multi-level approach implies the next steps: detection and evaluation of services (indicators, borders, quantitative assessment); calculations and a demonstration of value (assessment in physical units and money equivalent); court fixation and solutions (tools - subsidies, taxes, payments for ecosystem services, etc.). Purpose. The man goal of the paper is analysis and estimation of modern state of ecosystem services, methods and perspectives of their using. Methods. The methodological basis of the study is the critical analysis of existing approaches to the assessment of ecosystem services of marine and coastal ecosystems. During the preparing of the paper published data had been used, as well as the materials of personal research on various aspects of the evaluation of ecosystem services of the Northwestern part of the Black Sea. Results. Marine and coastal ecosystems play a critical role in providing key services such as food supply, sequestration of anthropogenic carbon, waste management, biological regulation and the provision of habitat for hydrobionts. However, along with other ecosystems, today they are under serious anthropogenic pressure. Some types of anthropogenic activities have a very negative effect to the condition of natural ecosystems and to receive of their services. The ecosystems of the Northwestern part of the Black Sea are the living place of numerous organisms. These ecosystems consist on supporting services. Important regulatory services provide wetlands protected by the Ramsar Convention. The most intense cycle of nutrient substances occurs in the river’s mouth areas. The marine environment absorbs, disinfects and processes all sorts of waste production and consumption. Conclusions. Take into account of the limited information of the of ecosystem services under the Northwestern part of the Black Sea, the first task is to determine the needs of local populations for these services, collection and generalization of information about their condition, coordination of their assessment methods for the region and the evaluation itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formulation of the problem. Ecosystem services are resources and benefits that modern humanity can receive from the nature. It is the material benefit from abiogenic and biogenic components of various natural ecosystems. There were not large-scale studies according of evaluation ecosystem services in the Ukrainian water area of the Black Sea before, it is the actual environmental and socio-economic problem. Review of previous publications. The main approach to evaluating the state of ecosystems in the EU countries based on the choice of load indicators on the ecosystems and their mapping. Multi-level approach implies the next steps: detection and evaluation of services (indicators, borders, quantitative assessment); calculations and a demonstration of value (assessment in physical units and money equivalent); court fixation and solutions (tools - subsidies, taxes, payments for ecosystem services, etc.). Purpose. The man goal of the paper is analysis and estimation of modern state of ecosystem services, methods and perspectives of their using. Methods. The methodological basis of the study is the critical analysis of existing approaches to the assessment of ecosystem services of marine and coastal ecosystems. During the preparing of the paper published data had been used, as well as the materials of personal research on various aspects of the evaluation of ecosystem services of the Northwestern part of the Black Sea. Results. Marine and coastal ecosystems play a critical role in providing key services such as food supply, sequestration of anthropogenic carbon, waste management, biological regulation and the provision of habitat for hydrobionts. However, along with other ecosystems, today they are under serious anthropogenic pressure. Some types of anthropogenic activities have a very negative effect to the condition of natural ecosystems and to receive of their services. The ecosystems of the Northwestern part of the Black Sea are the living place of numerous organisms. These ecosystems consist on supporting services. Important regulatory services provide wetlands protected by the Ramsar Convention. The most intense cycle of nutrient substances occurs in the river’s mouth areas. The marine environment absorbs, disinfects and processes all sorts of waste production and consumption. Conclusions. Take into account of the limited information of the of ecosystem services under the Northwestern part of the Black Sea, the first task is to determine the needs of local populations for these services, collection and generalization of information about their condition, coordination of their assessment methods for the region and the evaluation itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]