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The article describes a rare clinical case of Lyell's syndrome in a patient with a malignant neoplasm of the sigmoid colon with bilobar metastases to the liver, a history of palliative resection of the sigmoid colon, who was prescribed therapy with the BRAF inhibitor Vemurafenib. While taking the drug, toxic epidermal necrolysis, a generalized form, developed. Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN, Lyell's syndrome) is an acute, life-threatening mucocutaneous reaction characterized by skin tenderness, erythema, extensive necrosis and epidermal detachment. The incidence rate is from 0.4 to 1.2 cases per million person-years and mortality up to 50 %. Representatives of the female sex are more often affected. The incidence increases with age and is higher after the fourth decade of life.

The aim of the study. To evaluate long-term outcomes in patients who underwent surgery due to complications of colon cancer in a general surgical hospital. Materials and methods. The study group included 71 (100 %) patients with complicated forms of colon cancer. Radical surgical interventions were performed in 48 (67.6 %) patients, palliative cytoreductive operations – in 18 (25.4 %) hospitalized patients, symptomatic – in 5 (7.0 %) patients. Results. In the postoperative period, only 37 (58.7 %) patients sought help from an oncologist at the third level of medical care. The remaining 26 (41.3 %) patients refused to consult an oncologist and specific treatments for whatever reason. Conclusions. Of the 37 (58.7 %) operated patients who sought oncological care, a chemotherapy course was initiated for 19 (51.4 %), dynamic follow-up without specific treatments was recommended for 7 (18.9 %) patients and symptomatic treatments according to the standards of palliative medical care – for 9 (24.3 %). During the follow-up period, among 43 (68.3 %) patients with non-metastatic cancer, 6 (14.0 %) of the operated patients had local recurrences, 8 (18.6 %) – regional, and 12 (27.9 %) – distant ones. In 17 (39.5 %) patients, no findings on recurrent colon cancer were revealed. Cumulative 1-year and 3-year survival rates in this category of patients were 56.3 ± 5.9 % and 38.0 ± 5.8 %, respectively [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Одним із пріоритетних завдань сучасної онкопанкреатології є залучення нових стратегій, спрямованих на прискорення післяопераційного відновлення та поліпшення показників виживання хворих. Мета - проаналізувати та порівняти перебіг віддаленого після панкреатодуоденальної резекції (ПДР) періоду у хворих на злоякісні новоутворення панкреатодуоденальної зони, ускладнені синдромом механічної жовтяниці. Матеріали та методи. Проаналізовано віддалені результати хірургічного лікування 101 хворого на злоякісні новоутворення панкреатобіліарної зони, ускладнені синдромом механічної жовтяниці. До основної групи увійшло 33 (32,7%) пацієнти, у яких ПДР поєднано із розширеною лімфодисекцією; до групи порівняння увійшло 68 (67,3%) пацієнтів із перенесеним аналогічним оперативним втручанням, але лімфодисекцію, виконаною в стандартному обсязі. Використано методи варіаційної та непараметричної статистики. Результати. Показники загальної однорічної виживаності хворих основної групи та групи порівняння достовірно не відрізнялися і становили відповідно 71,3% та 69,2%. Щодо трирічної виживаності також не виявили достовірної різниці - відповідно 7,1% та 6,8%. Медіана виживання після стандартної ПДР дорівнювала 15,8 місяця, після розширеної - 20,2 місяця. Показники загальної безрецидивної однорічної виживаності хворих основної групи та групи порівняння достовірно не відрізнялися і становили відповідно 54,1% та 48,3%. Показники трирічної безрецидивної виживаності були значно гіршими і достовірно також не відрізнялися - відповідно 4,1% та 3,5%. Медіана безрецидивного життя в основній групі становила 15 місяців, а в групі порівняння - 12 місяців. Висновки. За результатами порівняльного аналізу віддалених результатів, застосування різної за обсягом лімфодисекції ПДР не виявлено статистично значущих відмінностей у виживаності хворих порівнюваних груп. Дослідження виконано відповідно до принципів Гельсінської декларації. Протокол дослідження ухвалено Локальним етичним комітетом зазначеної в роботі установи. На проведення досліджень отримано інформовану згоду пацієнтів. Автори заявляють про відсутність конфлікту інтересів.

С достижениями в области онкологической медицины быстро растет число людей, переживших рак, и растет спрос на услуги по реабилитации после лечения. По мере перехода рака от диагноза к хроническому заболеванию требуется непрерывная помощь в восстановлении функций организма. Большинство выживших пациентов сталкивается с широким спектром симптомов и побочных эффектов, которые требуют коррекции. Рак и его лечение ухудшают качество жизни больных и выживших, включая их физическое, психологическое и когнитивное функционирование, а также влияют на независимую повседневную деятельность. Реабилитация помогает им поддерживать максимально доступное физическое, социальное, психологическое и профессиональное функционирование, она состоит из многих компонентов, включая физиотерапию, трудотерапию, нейропсихологическую и когнитивную реабилитацию. Физическая активность является важным компонентом в лечении и реабилитации больных раком и улучшает функциональное здоровье онкологических пациентов. Отмечено увеличение мышечной силы, уменьшение побочных эффектов лучевой и химиотерапии и снижение утомляемости. Для контроля состояния пациента и толерантности к физическим нагрузкам используются индивидуально адаптированные программы физических упражнений. Хотя междисциплинарная реабилитация еще не реализована как обычная помощь во всех онкологических центрах, реабилитационные программы стали важной частью ведения больных раком. Включение лечебной физкультуры в реабилитационную программу представляется обоснованным с точки зрения положительного влияния на соматический и психофизиологический статус онкологических пациентов. Регулярные физические нагрузки, упражнения и другие методы реабилитации должны применяться с учетом противопоказаний, в противном случае они могут привести к клиническим осложнениям. В этой статье дается обзор научной литературы, касающейся лечебной физкультуры и других методов реабилитации для больных раком. Поиск проводился по базам данных MedLine и Cochrane Library.

Aim. The paper aimed to update the study on accelerated biological aging as a complication of cancer therapy with a focus on diagnosing and prognosing the disease course. The authors independently searched scientific literature for the systematic review within databases PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane in the period from 2018 to 2024, using combinations of keywords "cancer", "biological aging", "replicative aging", "antitumor therapy", "markers of cellular senescence", "coronary artery calcium" and selected full-text publications written in English and Ukrainian with level 1-3 evidence. People affected by cancer grow old faster. This could be related to malignant growth biology as well as to methods of anticancer therapy received. Cytostatics, targeted, hormonal and immune drugs damage not only malignant, but also benign cells, which leads to violations of replication with sustained cell cycle arrest and other phenotypic signs - macromolecular damage, metabolic changes, production of a specific senescence-associated secretome. Clinically, this is manifested by reduced work capacity, weakness, chronic organ dysfunction, cardiovascular disorders, progression of coronary atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, sarcopenia, cognitive disorders, a de novo development of tumors and premature death. Biological markers of cellular senescence include the expression of lipofuscin, Ki67, p21 WAF1/Cip1 or p16 INK4a. A clinical marker of aging is the deposition of calcium salts within coronary arteries based on the Agatston score detected using multidetector computed tomography. Conclusions. A better understanding of the cancer consequences associated with accelerated biological aging might suggest new therapeutic strategies and improve the quality of life among cancer survivors. Rehabilitation measures through changes in diet, caloric restriction, aerobic exercises and pharmacological senolytic therapy should be a part of a patient's daily routine after completion of radical cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory and neoplastic diseases are an important problem of dentistry, which was a prerequisite for a comprehensive detailed study of the etiology and pathogenesis of these nosologies from an immunobiological standpoint. Using the example of five factor models, the ratios of systemic and local immunity in chronic gingivitis, chronic periodontitis, leukoplakia, squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa were revealed. The obtained data presented a continuum of transient immunological disorders with increased pathological changes in the tissues of the oral mucosa. Multivariate statistical analysis indicated the leading importance of mucosal immunity in the development of chronic inflammatory periodontal diseases, benign and malignant neoplasia of the epithelium of the oral cavity.

Злокачественные новообразования являются в настоящее время одной из главных причин смертности в большинстве стран мира, в связи с чем крайне остро стоит вопрос разработки новых лекарственных средств для лечения рака. Среди возможных перспективных направлений борьбы с ним обращает на себя внимание использование препаратов, содержащих онколитические вирусы, и препаратов на основе рапамицина. Онколитические вирусы, преимущественно поражающие раковые клетки, оказывают прямой цитолитический эффект, разрушая злокачественную опухоль, а также стимулируют противоопухолевый иммунитет организма. Рапамицин представляет собой мощный ингибитор сигнального пути mTOR — mechanistic (ранее mammalian) target of rapamycin. Доказано, что рапамицин и его аналоги могут эффективно применяться для лечения и профилактики рака, а также влиять на процессы старения. В то время как каждая группа препаратов в отдельности имеет определенные недостатки, существует возможность их нивелирования при совместном применении, которое в ряде исследований показало хороший терапевтический результат. Синергидное действие онколитических вирусов и рапамицина связано, прежде всего, со способностью последнего стимулировать репликацию вируса в пораженных им клетках, проявляя в непораженных свой собственный цитостатический эффект. Стимулирование репликации может происходить через активацию Akt или через подавление mTORC1-зависимой продукции интерферона I типа. Также каталитические ингибиторы mTORC1 и mTORC2 усиливают репликацию вируса простого герпеса в раковых клетках по оси eIF4E/4EBP. Механизмы действия онколитических вирусов, рапамицина и их комбинации на злокачественные клетки рассмотрены в данном литературном обзоре.

В статье представлена современная информация о структуре С-реактивного белка, его функциях, роли в стратификации риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, рака и психических расстройств.

Согласно современным данным, рак шейки матки (РШМ) занимает одно из ведущих мест в структуре злокачественных новообразований у женщин Республики Беларусь и Российской Федерации, а также является четвертым по распространенности видом рака среди женщин во всем мире и седьмым в общей статистике встречаемости злокачественных опухолей человека. В настоящее время отмечается тенденция к повышению частоты РШМ среди женщин молодого возраста, в связи с чем проблема диагностики и оценки прогноза данной опухолевой патологии все более актуальна. Процесс канцерогенеза в шейке матки имеет сложную мультифакториальную природу и включает множество биохимических механизмов. Для их оценки используются разные иммуногистохимические маркеры. С целью определения биологического потенциала плоскоклеточного рака шейки матки исследователями оценивалась роль экспрессии белков p53, Ki67, циклина D1 и CD45, предполагалось также применение этих маркеров в качестве инструмента ранней диагностики рака. Однако данных о роли местного иммунитета в оценке инвазивного и метастатического потенциала злокачественного новообразования все еще крайне мало. В статье приведены современные литературные данные о прогностической роли экспрессии иммуногистохимических маркеров при РШМ и особенностях местного иммунитета при цервикальных неоплазиях.

According to the latest concepts, for micrometastasis to develop into macrometastasis, differentiated cancer cells must revert to a dedifferentiated state. Activation of stemness genes plays a key role in this transition. Suppression of stemness gene expression using microRNAs can become the basis for the development of effective anti-metastatic drugs. This article provides an overview of the existing methods for assessing the effect of microRNAs on stemness genes and cancer cell dedifferentiation.

На сегодняшний день патология щитовидной железы (ЩЖ) занимает ведущее место среди эндокринной патологии. При этом узловые образования в щитовидной железе определяются у 30-70% населения, по разным литературным данным. Чаще всего они представлены узловым пролиферирующим зобом, но небольшой процент – раком щитовидной железы. Выявление рака возможно при тонкоигольной аспирационной биопсии узлов (ТАБ) ЩЖ. Современные технические возможности позволяют выполнять ТАБ ЩЖ при размерах образований от 2-3 мм. Однако возникает вопрос: есть ли необходимость в инвазивной диагностике абсолютно всех выявленных образований ЩЖ? Тотальное проведение биопсий узловых образований не оправдано с точки зрения экономики и качества жизни пациентов. Полномасштабное внедрение системы TIRADS в работу первичного звена позволяет врачам ультразвуковой диагностики мотивированно обосновывать показания для выполнения ТАБ при узлах щитовидной железы. Внедрение TBSRTC в практику цитологических лабораторий создает условия для более эффективной работы цитологов. Современная диагностическая информационная система на основе TIRADS и TBSRTC позволяет сократить время принятия решения и уменьшить вероятность ошибки в постановке диагноза и при выборе дальнейшей лечебной тактики.

Objective: to estimate the risk of thyroid cancer incidence in the population of Ukraine in connection with its exposure to radioactive iodine fallout of Chornobyl origin and the use of pesticides in agricultural production in the country. Object of study. Incidence rates of thyroid cancer in the population of Ukraine in 2001-2019, average regional radiation doses absorbed by the thyroid because of the Chornobyl accident, the volume of use of various groups of pesticides in the regions of Ukraine. Research methods: statistical, mathematical and cartographic. Results. The study covering the period of 2001-2019, revealed significant temporal and regional differences in the thyroid cancer incidence in the population of the Ukraine regions in 2001-2019. The existence of a significant correlation between the thyroid cancer incidence and the amount of radiation exposure to the thyroid associated with the Chornobyl accident was established. The existence of a significant correlation between the thyroid cancer incidence and the degree of pesticide use intensity in agriculture in the Ukraine regions was established. A significant value of multiple correlation r = 0.5866 ( p< 0.05) was found between the thyroid cancer incidence in Ukraine and the average regional radiation doses and the pesticide use intensity in agricultural production in the country. Conclusions. A reliable value of the multiple correlation between the value of the average regional radiation exposure doses to the thyroid associated with the Chornobyl accident and the degree of pesticide use intensity in the national economy of Ukraine and the thyroid cancer incidence in the population was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oncological diseases are a main problem of modern society, which together with cardiovascular diseases is the most common cause of death. Studies show that a significant part of them affect the maxillofacial region showing a tendency towards steady increase. A significant increase in the incidence of cancer of the tongue, gingiva and the floor of the oral cavity is observed, with squamous cell carcinoma being the most common type histologically. Increased incidence is also observed in malignant diseases of salivary glands, which affect both adults and children . According to some data, oral cancer is the most common cancer after lymphoma and leukaemia in certain countries. The fourfold increase in incidence leads some authors to define oral cancer as the disease of the 21st century. There are many studies on the incidence of these diseases in different countries. The data show wide variations in mortality rate with the smallest increase being observed in countries with a high level of economic development and a modern healthcare system. Research shows, that this is due to the various degrees of exposure to risk factors, economic conditions, lifestyle and access to medical care and screening. Race also influences the incidence and the prevalence of oncological diseases of the head and neck with cancer of the larynx and hypopharynx established to be less likely in black patients. The research data also prove the effect of risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol use in increasing cancer incidence. Use of marijuana and electronic cigarettes, as well as human papillomavirus are other important etiological factors for cancer of the head, neck and oropharynx. Epidemiological and demographic studies show that maintaining good oral hygiene, screening and cessation of smoking and alcohol are measures that reduce the incidence of head and neck cancer. The need to develop national and global policies for the control, prevention and treatment of oncological diseases is acknowledged. The results of screening studies on the risk of head and neck cancer show a higher likelihood of disease in men and prove the role of smoking as a leading etiological factor. The important role of good oral hygiene and education of patients in cancer prophylaxis and prevention is also acknowledged. The summarized data show the need for the development of national and global policies for control, prevention and treatment of oncological diseases and the creation of a global strategy for battling with cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. To investigate formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and their impact on fibrinolysis in patients with colon cancer.Materials and methods. The study was performed in two groups. The experimental group consisted of patients with stage 2–3 non-metastatic colon cancer (n = 17, average age – 67 years). The control group included healthy volunteers matched by sex and age (n = 30, average age – 68 years). An experimental model was created from the whole blood. It included platelet-poor plasma and an isolated culture of neutrophils, previously induced to NETosis by adding 100 nmol PMA. The samples were incubated for 4 hours, then the test tubes were centrifuged to pellet cells and their remnants, and the plasma was transferred for subsequent examination. The plasma incubated with intact neutrophils was used as a control. The levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) were used to determine the degree of cell activation. NETosis was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and fluorescent microscopy. Fibrinolysis was assessed using the thrombodynamics test. The results were compared with the levels of fibrinolytic system components measured by flow cytometry.Results. In the control group, NETosis induction contributed to pronounced neutrophil activation that was accompanied by an increase in the IL-8, PSGL-1, and plasminogen levels, a decrease in PAI-1, and enhancement of fibrinolysis, compared with the intact samples. Higher levels of IL-8, PSGL-1, plasminogen, and PAI-1 and intensified fibrinolysis were detected in the intact samples. However, PMA-induced NETosis did not result in an increase in the degree of activation and significant changes in the given parameters.Conclusion. NETosis promotes both formation and lysis of fibrin clots. However, in cancer patients, suicidal NETosis does not contribute to fibrinolysis due to intracellular protease depletion, which may be one of the mechanisms causing hypercoagulation and insufficient fibrinolysis in cancer.

Cancer continues to pose a serious threat to human health. Euphorbia plants are rich in phenolics, aromatic esters, steroids and several bioactive compounds. Studies have shown the presence of a large number of bioactive compounds in E. echinus including flavonoids, phenolics, and proanthocyanins. Method. There it was investigated cytotoxic effects of E. echinus methanolic extract on K562, HL60, Ishikawa, Raji and SH-SY5Y cells. Results. The E. echinus extract was found to be highly cytotoxic against HL60 and K562 (79.78 and 76.44% cytotoxicity, respectively). DNA fragmentation was exclusively observed in K562 cells indicating that the reduction of viable cells following treatment with E. echinus extract is due to apoptosis. Conclusions. Our results suggest that E. echinus extract might have a drug potential against leukemic cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IV stage stomach cancer is detected in 38.9 % of cases; additional use of RNA-based markers seems to be a promising way to improve the accuracy of esophagogastroduodenoscopy with biopsy. Objective of the study – analysis of errors in differential diagnostics of ulcers with dysplasia and stomach cancer using the endoscopic and histological methods, and a classification based on miRNA profiling. Materials and methods. We carried out a retrospective analysis of the results of endoscopic and morphological studies of 89 observations of patients with stomach ulcers with dysplasia and performed a molecular genetic study of samples of archival histological material of these patients in the form of paraffin blocks. The prospective study consisted in repeated endoscopic examinations after 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 months, and we also observed patients using the electronic database BARS Medical Information System. Results. The average time before the detection of the malignant nature of the ulcerative lesion was 11 months. There were detected 8 cases (8.9 %) of stomach cancer, 4 cases out of which (4.5 %) were untimely detected infiltrative ulcerative cancer. In two cases out of four the lesions were attributed to the cancer group according to the classification based on siRNA profiling. 7 out of 8 ulcerative lesions in the description of the endoscopic examination are described as giant, that is, more than 3.0 cm. Conclusions. When a miRNA profile corresponding to stomach cancer is identified, it is necessary to lead the patient more aggressively, after removing the threat of recurrent bleeding, repeat esophagogastroduodenoscopy with multifocal biopsy.

The traditional view of immunoglobulin (Ig) production only by B-lymphocytes and plasma cells has been revisited. Non-lymphoid tumor cells can also synthesize and secrete Ig with unidentified specificity. Expression of Ig genes was detected in the cells of malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin, such as breast carcinoma, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, as well as in epithelial tumor cell lines. mRNA of the IgG1 heavy (H) chain constant region, sterile Iɣ-Cɣ transcript, H and light (L) chains of IgG, V(D)J recombination of H and L chain gene segments, as well as RAG1 (recombination-activating gene 1) and RAG2 enzymes, which are required for V(D)J recombination, were found in cancer cell lines and resected carcinoma tissues. IgG produced by cancer cells can be involved in the invasion and metastasis of these cells through interaction with E-cadherin, as well as with the metastasis-associated protein MTA1. Tumor-derived IgG plays an important role in malignant progression via activation of platelets by interacting with their FcγRIIa receptors and inducing the production of low levels of reactive oxygen species. The level of IgG in malignant neoplasms is positively correlated with proliferation markers, stage of progression, growth and survival of the tumor. These data modernize the current views on the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and create the basis for the search for new diagnostic and prognostic markers in malignant neoplasms, as well as methods of their target therapy. Further in-depth studies of the phenomenon of Ig production by tumor cells will contribute to more effective practical application of the accumulated knowledge in this field.

The objective of the study is to determine characteristics of the clinical course and treatment results of tuberculosis exudative pleurisy in patients with cancer of various localizations.Subjects and methods. Case histories of 26 patients aged 42-83 years (18 men, 8 women) with tuberculosis exudative pleurisy and concurrent cancer of various localization treated in 1985-2016 were analyzed. Those patients were compared to the group of 120 patients with tuberculosis exudative pleurisy but no concurrent cancer.Results: From 1985 to 2016, 26 (0.95%) of the 2,723 tuberculosis exudative pleurisy patients suffered from concurrent cancer of various localizations. 10/26 (38.46%) cancer patients were diagnosed 1-13 years before tuberculosis exudative pleurisy developed, all of them received combination anticancer therapy. Other risk factors of developing tuberculosis in patients with tuberculosis exudative pleurisy and cancer of various localizations were the following: exposure to a tuberculosis case (15%), residual changes after previous tuberculosis (38.5%), elderly and senile age (61.5%), and comorbidities (77%). The treatment effectiveness of tuberculosis exudative pleurisy in them was lower compared to the patients without cancer: cure with minimal pleural overlays was less frequent (p1-2 < 0.05; χ2); pleural exudation persisted for a longer period of time (p1-2 < 0.01; χ2); the serous exudate transferred into purulent one more often(p1-2 < 0.05; χ2).

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Topicality: According to the National Cancer Registry of Ukraine, the incidence of laryngeal cancer is 4.1%. The treatment of patients with laryngeal cancer depends on the stage of the tumor. The conservative therapy includes both radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Material and methods: The conservative treatment of 93 patients with laryngeal cancer was performed. All patients are divided into two groups according to the localization of cancer: glottis (n=57) and supraglottis (n=36). The course of radiation therapy was conducted in oncology centers. The course of chemotherapy was induction or combined with radiation therapy. The outcome of therapy was evaluated one month after its completion. Tumor response after therapy was assessed by RECIST 1.1. Statistical processing of the obtained results was performed in accordance with the recommendations of Glantz. Results: It was found that metastases to the lymph nodes of the neck were significantly more common in cancer of the supraglottic (χ²=16.074; φ=0.00012; р<0.05). The greater number of recurrences of the tumor of the glottis after conservative therapy (χ²=6.718; φ=0.01345; р<0.05). Three-year recurrence-free survival and overall survival of patients after conservative treatment of laryngeal cancer patients were the same in both groups. Conclusion: The treatment of 93 patients with laryngeal cancer gave an objective tumor response in 96% of patients. The conservative treatment of patients with laryngeal cancer revealed a lower number of tumor recurrences in the supraglottis cancer (20 of 36 patients) compared with the glottis (37 of 57) (χ² = 6.718; φ = 0.01345; p <0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently the oncological mortality takes the second place globally, the leading cause being cardiovascular diseases. The statistics of malignant neoplasms is rather negative all over the world. 10 million of cases of oncological disorders are diagnosed annually; this means that 27 million people fall sick with oncological diseases annually. It was established in 2019 that there are 14 million people suffering from oncological diseases, 8.2 million of these die. WHO anticipates that in 20 years’ time the malignant neoplasm incidence statistics will be on an increase as the number of new cases will reach 20 million, 12 million out of which will die. Regardless of such formidable figures medicine does not stand still; keeping up with the times, the science attempts to develop cutting edge methods of treating malignant tumours. As a result, the treatment of malignant neoplasms is continuing to improve. However, the number of side effects is also growing, thus requiring research attention. Therefore, the significance of the impact that oncological drugs have on a patient’s body is becoming more and more urgent for further discussion. While current tumour treatment methods involving drugs such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, anthracycline chemotherapy and immunotherapy protocols are effective for the treatment of various forms of cancer, these drugs affect the DNA replication process thus resulting in endothelial dysfunction and nonspecific immune response. This causes cardiotoxic side effects. Cardiotoxicity, in its turn, is a notion that includes various adverse events involving the cardiovascular system of oncological patients receiving drug treatment. Cardiotoxicity may develop during treatment or following its completion.

This brief review is devoted to the role of tertiary lymphoid structures in oncological processes. A number of research studies carried out over the past ten years have shed light on the functions of such structures in various diseases, as well as their role in the progression of the pathological process or resolution of a disease. The data presented in some research works confirms the relationship between the presence of tumour-specific (tumour-associated) tertiary lymphoid structures and a favourable prognosis in patients with various oncological diseases, which suggests the participation of tertiary lymphoid structures in effective local antitumour immune responses. However, no reliable evidence has so far been obtained that could confirm the contribution of tertiary lymphoid structures to immune processes in vivo, with the available information being largely of a correlative character. It should be emphasized that the clinical significance of tertiary lymphoid structures ranges from a destructive to protective impact, which indicates the need for an improved understanding of the structure and case-specific function of these organs before conducting clinical targeting.

We present a rare case of the combination of cervical cancer and unilateral complete aplasia of the uterine adnexa. Female genital tract anomalies account for about 4% of all congenital malformations.Congenital malformations of the adnexa are very rare, accounting for less than 0.5%. In the presented case, this abnormality was found incidentally during surgery for cervical cancer. Medical genetic counseling confirmed the presence of the isolated congenital pathology.

The article discusses the determining role of immunopathogenesis of the main diseases of the modern man (cancer, atherosclerosis, autoimmune, allergic and infectious diseases). In this regard, the concept of «immune paradigm» is introduced. There is evidence that any pathology is based on the classical immune response to the antigen, whether auto- or xenoantigen, with all stages of its development and parallel changes in the state of immune tolerance: its breakdown in cases of autoimmune and allergic diseases and atherosclerosis; its establishment in cases of cancer and infectious diseases. In the meantime, it is emphasized that the immunopathogenesis is based on insufficient or increased function of immunocompetent regulatory cells with suppressive activity. Here the concept of «immunosuppressive dominant» is introduced. Finally, we discuss the need for fundamental changes in treatment of these diseases, with a focus on molecular and cellular immunotherapy methods and development of integrated approaches to their application.

Over the past few decades, thanks to the use of new technologies, the spectrum of functional capabilities of neutrophil granulocytes has been significantly expanded. Their effector potential with respect to infectious agents, including phagocytosis, the production of active forms of oxygen and nitrogen, degranulation with the release of numerous enzymes and antimicrobial peptides, and the formation of extracellular traps were studied in detail. However, it has been found that many of the factors that neutrophils use to directly destroy pathogens have a regulating effect on other cells of the immune system and the neutrophils themselves. In addition, upon activation, neutrophils are capable of synthesizing a number of de novo biologically active molecules. Traditionally considered as inducers of an inflammatory reaction, neutrophils demonstrate the ability to simultaneously incorporate mechanisms that contribute to limiting and resolving inflammation. Ambivalent both helper and suppressor effects of neutrophils on cells of congenital and adaptive immunity testifies to their important immunoregulatory role both in homeostasis and various types of pathology, particularly in the development of malignant tumors.

Системная склеродермия (ССД) – аутоиммунное заболевание соединительной ткани, характеризующееся прогрессирующим фиброзом кожи и внутренних органов. Характерные клинические признаки ССД могут маскировать онкологические заболевания, а паранеопластический процесс, в свою очередь, маскируется симптомами ССД. Цель исследования – показать необходимость дифференциальной диагностики склеродермоподобного паранеопластического синдрома и ССД как фактора онкологического риска. Материалы и методы. Проведен обзор и анализ данных научно-медицинской литературы. Результаты исследований и их обсуждения. Иммунные реакции, участвующие в патогенезе ССД, могут способствовать развитию онкологической патологии; поэтому пациенты с факторами риска развития заболевания требуют наблюдения за возможным развитием неопластического процесса. Пациенты с ССД и аутоантителами к РНК-полимеразе III имеют значительный риск развития рака. Риск канцерогенеза наиболее высокий в первый год после постановки диагноза ССД. С другой стороны, симптомы ССД могут быть маской различных видов рака. Паранеопластический склеродермоподобный синдром, непосредственно не связан с первичной опухолью и ее метастазами, а обусловлен сложными вторичными воспалительно-дегенеративными изменениями системного, локального либо дистантного характера, зачастую протекающими в виде проявлений “перекреста” (overlap) ревматического и опухолевого заболеваний. Предполагается, что раковые клетки могут индуцировать синтез вещества, инициирующего фиброз кожи и внутренних органов. Дифференциация между идиопатической формой ССД, склеродермоподобным паранеопластическим синдромом и развитием рака на фоне ССД вызывает множество трудностей. В статье представлен анализ дифференциально-диагностических мероприятий, предлагается схема скрининга для ведения пациентов с диагнозом ССД, находящихся в группе риска развития малигнизации. Выводы. Результаты анализа источников литературы доказывают актуальность углубленного изучения пациента с впервые выявленным склеродермоподобным синдромом, особенно в пожилом возрасте.

Discovery and development of new chemical compounds with putative anti-cancer properties requires reliable predictive preclinical models for in vitro screening of efficacy. Such models mainly include cultures of human cancer cells: two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems. In this review, we discuss the molecular aspects of cells cultured in 2D and 3D, and their relevance to cancer study, focusing on key examples from the recent literature. Advantages, disadvantages and perspectives of described models are also analyzed.

Aim of investigation. To study dynamics of morbidity gastrointestinal tumors in Kabardino-Balkar Republic for 25-year period, to compare to the Russian and world wide epidemiological data. Material and methods. Annual reports of oncological dispensary of Kabardino-Balkar Republic Ministry of healthcare for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2009-2014, along with archive of biopsies and postoperative specimen of Bureau of pathology for 2009-2012 are studied and statistically analyzed. Intensive (raw) scores for gender and age, annual average gain rates of oral, esophageal, stomach and colonic neoplasms incidence rate were calculated. Results. In Kabardino-Balkar Republic in contrast to all-Russia and world data decrease in oral and oropharyngeal and especially (more than double) esophageal cancer was noted. Decrease in incidence of colorectal cancer and growth - of the stomach cancer in Kabardino-Balkar Republic correspond to similar trends in other regions, but exceed them in rates. Incidence of oral and oropharyngeal cancer cases, stomach and colonic neoplasms in urban and lowland population is higher (1.4-2 times) as compared to rural and mountainous population, while for esophageal carcinoma, on the contrary, the prevalence is higher in the mountain part (almost double) both for the town and country populaiton. Conclusions. Establishment of epidemiologic and morphological features of malignant tumors gives clinicians a chance to take effective measures for early diagnostics and effective treatment, whereas healthcare administration may develop prophylactic actions.

Objective: Developing of the technique for obtaining magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles for the diagnosis and treatment of oncological diseases, taking into account the requirements for their physical parameters, precursors and biocompatible stabilizing substance ensuring the steadiness and stability of the composition and characteristics of the particles. Methodology: Principles, according to which the selection of the participating in the preparation of nano-sized Fe3O4 with a stable composition and characteristics precursors is carried out were indicated. The development of the method for obtaining magnetic nanoparticles was carried out according to the requirements of different medical applications. The nanoparticles were studied by X-ray diffraction analysis, microscopy and analysis of dimensional characteristics, magnetic properties of samples were investigated by using a specially designed and constructed for this purpose installation. Results: The correspondence of the Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles parameters (size 10–13 nm, narrow particle size distribution, specific saturation magnetization 69 – 81 G⋅сm3/g is shown, stability of the composition is provided by the sequence of the magnetic fluid preparation) and the proposed method for their preparation, developed taking into account the toxicological principles and requirements imposed on objects used in medicine, allowing to recommend the obtained nanoparticles for further clinical trials.

Ovarian cancer is a severe oncological disease, characterized by relatively late detection and unfavorable course leading to significant mortality among affected patients. One of the most well-proven treatment strategies is combination of taxanes such as Paclitaxel with platinum compounds. Unfortunately physicochemical properties of Paclitaxel (Taxol®) necessitate using it with an expensive, highly allergenic and hard to manage emulsifier that requires an extensive premedication regime before administration. A recently developed technology for micronizing Paclitaxel has allowed to create a new drug form, Paclical®, which allows to carry out chemotherapy without a need for complex premedication and specialized infusion systems. Available randomized clinical trial data indicates that Paclical® is not inferior to Taxol® in terms of safety and efficacy. Since taxanes are in high demand in oncology, it appears worthwhile to carry out a pharmacoeconomic comparison of Paclical® and Taxol®, which is the subject of current research effort. Aim. To perform the pharmacoeconomic analysis of Paclical® and Taxol® as adjuvants for Carboplatine for patients with recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer within context of Russian Healthcare. Methodology. This PHe is conducted perspective of public health organizations of the RF at federal and national levels, as well as from general social interest perspective. A complex PHe model consisting of a “decision tree” (to model treatment proper) and a Markov model (to model survival without progression over timespan of 12 months) was constructed. Cycle length for the Markov component of the model was set at 1 month. Two groups composed of 1000 patients each was simulated, each receiving one of the investigated drugs in combination with carboplatine, as well as full set of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions as outlined in relevant Russian standards. Randomized clinical trial dedicated to safety, tolerability and efficacy of the investigated compounds was used as data source. Direct medical costs in each simulated group were estimated using existing standards. Indirect costs including GDP loss and disability payments were also accounted for. Cost-effectiveness analysis, Cost-minimization analysis, Budget impact analysis, pharmacoeconomic expediency assessment and sensitivity analysis were performed. Result. Cost-minimization indicator for Paclical® was determined to be -3 544 819 rub., indicating reduction of direct costs when using this drug. Paclical® also dominated in terms of CER (259 703,5 rub. for Paclical® and 306 852,6 rub. for Taxol®), and since use of Paclical® was associated with both increased effectiveness and cost reduction, ICER calculation was not necessary. Overall number of patients surviving without progression at 12-month mark was used as efficacy criterion. Budget impact analysis has found that Paclical® is associated with reduction of budgetary burden, specifically a 3,6% saving that corresponds to 130 919 rub. per 100 000 of population (adjusted for ovarian cancer incidence). Pharmacoeconomic expediency assessment indicated that both drugs are acceptable for purposes of drug reimbursement system but Paclical® is somewhat more appealing due to wTP/CER indicator of 5,7 (with Taxol® having 4,8). Sensitivity analysis has confirmed the robustness of these findings Conclusion. Use of Paclical® is associated with higher healthcare resources utilization efficiency due to Paclical®’s domination in terms of CER indicator, as well as direct cost reduction of 3 544 819 rub., better absolute progression-free survival at 12-month mark, and reduction of budgetary burden by 3,6% per 100 000 of population. Both drugs being investigated are acceptable as part of drug reimbursement system but Paclical® is slightly more attractive. Thus, use of Paclical® in Russian oncological patients with ovarian cancer appears highly expedient.

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cancer cells have inverted pHi /pHe (intracellular and extracellular) gradient compared to a normal cell. Higher acid extracellular microenvironment is a feature of cancer tissue. The pH changes may affect the process of photodynamic therapy (PDT) of tumor. pH-dependent complexation of porphyrins and metalloporphyrins with serum protein ceruloplasmin (CP) was studied. The aim of the research was to model the low pH conditions of cancer cells in vitro. The study showed that by decreasing pH from 6.9 to 6.0, as a result of the change of the microenvironment of porphyrin/metalloporphyrin + CP complex, the conformational changes of the protein occur. The porphyrins are mainly located in the inner parts of the protein. By decreasing pH, the amount of porphyrins that bind to the surface of the protein increased, which is also indicate the conformational changes of the protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Knowledge: International Journal is the property of Institute for Knowledge Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Oncogeography is a relatively new direction in geographical science and research and one of its tasks is to study the geographical spread of human cancer in the territory. This is especially important because these diseases are reaching alarming proportions and it is already difficult to find a person who does not have a sick family member or a close relative, friend, with cancer. Some medics and scientists have even started talking about epidemics. Of course, precise terminology must be found, in view of non-infectiousness. Cancer is a very serious health problem that is unlikely to be resolved soon. Despite medical advances in the recent decades, the incidence has not decreased. On the contrary - it is increasing. Malignant diseases are a serious problem of medicine, but not only of it. They are a problem for humanity. Even more with the increase in the number of patients. The lack of a clear and specific answer what would provoke such a disease leads to more and more questions that remain unanswered. More and more medical tests show good results in diagnosis and treatment, but this is only in the early stages of the disease. The treatment of people in the late stages is almost always only for the purpose of palliative care. The fact that the disease is incurable in the final stages contributes to the lack of hope and the fear of pain further stresses people. The relevance and significance of the study stems from the fact that there is a public need for more discussions about the lack of oncogeographic research, the increase in morbidity, prevention and fear. More and more people are faced with such a diagnosis or suspicion of such a disease, and despair grips not only the individual but also the family. Mental problems because of the disease are very difficult to treat and leave a serious mark on everyone. There are already a number of initiatives aimed at helping people with this disease, but the situation is very different for individuals and the psychological trauma is big. Help is often needed, but it is not offered... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to show through clinical examples how archetypal images connected with nature emerged in Lithuanian cancer patients, to analyze how these images helped them to get in touch with their emotions and meaningful personal experiences, and to discuss how these archetypal images are related to the Lithuanian cultural unconscious, and may also assist the psychological treatment of cancer. The analyzed examples permit the preliminary conclusion that when ill with cancer, a person's psyche generates universal archetypal images that constitute an important part of the process of coping psychologically with the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the example of Herceptin (Roche) a method of assessing the antiproliferative activity of monoclonal antibodies using tetrazolium salt was developed. The method is based on spectrometric measurement of the level of formazan transformed by living cells from a water soluble salt XTT. The level of formazan is proportional to the number of viable cells. The technique was in terms of specificity, calibration curve, accuracy and precision.

Тенденція до зростання рівня захворюваності на рак, що спостерігається як в Україні, так і у світі, і, відповідно, збільшення складності й тривалості оперативних втручань спонукають до пошуку нових і вдосконалення вже існуючих тактик періопераційної допомоги в онкохірургії. Метою нашого дослідження було вивчення взаємозв’язку між вибором анестезіологічного забезпечення, нутритивним статусом хворих на місцевий поширений метастатичний рак сечового міхура та змінами деяких імунологічних показників у ранньому післяопераційному періоді. Матеріали, методи та результати. Проспективне дослідження було проведено на базі відділення анестезіології та інтенсивної терапії Національного інституту раку (м. Київ). Дослідженням було охоплено 46 пацієнтів, прооперованих під загальним інгаляційним наркозом севофлураном у поєднанні з внутрішньовенним фентанілом (у дозі 2–3 мкг/кг), розподілених на дві групи. Пацієнтам 1-ї групи виконували також епідуральну аналгезію, а в ранньому післяопераційному періоді (з першої доби) призначали парентеральне харчування трикомпонентною сумішшю (білки, вуглеводи, жирові емульсії) в перерахунку 25 ккал/кг маси тіла на добу. Було досліджено популяційний та субпопуляційний склад лімфоцитів периферичної крові на підставі визначення фенотипічних характеристик лімфоцитів, яке включало визначення експресії маркерів клітинної приналежності: СD3+, СD20+, CD3+4+, CD3+8+,CD3–16+56+, HLA-DR+. У результаті проведеного дослідження показано, що у хворих на рак сечового міхура (РСМ) застосування епідуральної анестезії й аналгезії та раннього парентерального харчування сприяє збереженню кількості основних ефекторів клітинно-опосередкованої імунної відповіді, а саме: НК-лімфоцитів та ЦТЛ. Беручи до уваги те, що саме клітинна ланка імунної системи відіграє основну роль в реалізації протипухлинної імунної відповіді, забезпечуючи загальну протипухлинну резистентність організму, видається перспективним використання епідурального блоку в оперованих, хворих на запущений рак сечового міхура. Висновки. Використання епідурального блоку в поєднанні з загальною анестезією при проведенні радикальної цистектомії та ранній початок парентерального харчування сприяє меншому навантаженню на імунний стан хворого, зменшенню ускладнень у післяопераційному періоді, ранньому збереженню нутритивного стану та зменшенню тривалості лікування хворих на РСМ у запущеній стадії.

Підвищення ефективності лікування хворих з приводу плоскоклітинного раку гортані (ПРГ) та гортанної частини глотки (ПРГГ) досягнуте завдяки застосуванню симультанної радіохіміотерапії з мультифракціонуванням дози. Доведено, що 68% хворих з приводу ПРГ та ПРГГ (Т2-3N0M0) можна лікувати консервативно, уникнувши інвалідизуючого оперативного втручання. Поєднання мультифракційної променевої терапії (ПТ) та хіміотерапії (ХТ) може бути самостійним методом лікування за ІІ та ІІІ стадії захворювання з значно меншими порушеннями основних показників гомеостазу, ніж при застосуванні класичних методів лікування. Безрецидивний період виживання пацієнтів при застосуванні запропонованого методу хіміопроменевої терапії (ХПТ) був достовірно довшим - (36 ± 6) міс, ніж при використанні стандартних методів - (24 ± 4) міс.

Free radicals have taken a firm place among the explanatory principles of the onset and development of tumors. Unambiguous ideas about the role of these highly active agents in carcinogenesis have not yet been obtained. The experimental results are contradictory, often the opposite. The field of study of the value of the activity of antioxidant systems based on the results obtained is no less controversial. In this regard, the urgent problem is the need to prescribe antioxidants in oncology. Antitumor effects of antioxidants are being questioned in many works, which brings to the forefront the appropriateness and adequacy of their appointment. The ambiguous role of free radicals in carcinogenesis determines the development of therapeutic strategies based on the precise modulation of oxidative processes.

Background. Paraneoplastic syndrome (PNPS) associated with lung cancer (LC) is characterized by rheumatological, dermatological, endocrinological, neurological, nephrologic and other manifestations. PNPS has become an urgent problem of modern oncology, but specifics of its course and immediate tumor process have not been investigated enough. The purpose was to estimate the clinical laboratory manifestations of paraneoplastic (neoplasmic) rheumatoid-like arthritis (RLA) within the context of its associations with LC individual signs. Materials and methods. PNPS was detected in 258 (16%) patients with LC and RLA in 41 (16%) cases of PNPS. These patients (29 men and 15 women with an average age of 57 years) made up the main group of this study, and other 217 patients with PNPS (177 men and 40 women with an average age of 59 years) were included into the comparison group. Another control group was formed by 105 patients (22 men and 83 women aged 46 years) with primary rheumatoid arthritis (RA) without LC. Results. LC with RLA is characterized by the accelerated midlobar localization of tumor process (7.4 times more often), its small-cell variant (5.3 times more often) with a low degree of differentiation, the presence of exudative pleurisy, neoplasms germinating into esophagus and metastases growing into the skeleton (pubic, iliac, femoral and sacral bone, jaw and spine). By contrast to the RA, RLA is characterized by oligoarthritis, enthesopathies, seronegativity by the rheumatoid factor and antibodies to cyclic citrulline peptide, less manifested activity and stages of the articular syndrome (by 1/4), higher damage rate of radiocarpal joints (1.8 times), shoulder joints (4.8 times), metacarpal (2.4 times) and metatarsophalangeal (2.5 times) joints, absence of osteousuras, intra-articular chondromic bodies, Steidi and Goff bodies. Conclusions. Formation of paraneoplastic RLA is observed in every sixth patient with PNPS caused by LC, which is accompanied by specific features not only of tumor process, but also by joint syndrome in comparison with the primary RA. The obtained data necessitate the further investigation in order to develop criteria for early diagnosis of RLA and informative prognostic factors for the further course of LC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study to create a panel of informative STR-markers in HLA locus for the analysis of genomic rearrangements in different types of malignant tumors as well as for the selection of the HLA matched sibling for allogeneic transplantation. Methods. The preliminary screening of six presumed STR-markers located in the proximal, central and distal parts of the HLA chromosome region (6p21.31) was performed by agarose gel electrophoresis of the PCR-fragments. The accurate genotyping of the most promising STR-markers was carried out by electrophoretic separation of the PCR-fragments in a polyacrylamide gel on an automatic laser analyzer. Results. Based on the obtained results we have selected three STRs with the highest heterozygosity indexes (HI): D6S2678 – HLA class I (HI=91.4 %), DQIV – class II (HI=62.8 %) and D6S2925 – class III (HI=74.3 %) as potential markers for linkage and CNV study. Conclusion. We have demonstrated that the selected panel of markers allows us to effectively solve both tasks: detection of somatic rearrangements in different parts of HLA locus in tumor samples and HLA-haplotype determination to select a suitable related donor for transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Travma is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Medicina Neotloznyh Sostoanij is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents an overview of the literature on the study of the mechanisms of formation of intratumoral and peritumoral lymphatic vessels in cancer and their role in regional and distant metastasis. Lymphangiogenesis complex multifactorial process, the study of which helps to clarify the overall flow pattern of the tumor process.

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