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The article examines the peculiarities of the State stimulation of the development of sectors for the production of synthetic liquid fuel from coal in the group of producing countries using CTL (Coal to Liquids) technologies. The article covers the historical period of formation and development of industrial production of synthetic liquid fuel from the 1930s to the present. It is determined that the industrial production of synthetic fuel in the world, in different historical periods, was localized in different countries and had different trends of formation and development that were determined by national regulatory policy. The main producers of synthetic liquid fuel in the studied period were the following countries: Germany from 1938 to 1945, the Republic of South Africa from 1945, China from 1947. It is revealed that the trigger for the development of synthetic fuel production in Germany and South Africa was the geopolitical situation, and in China the objective deficit of its own oil production. The driver of the development of synthetic liquid fuel in all countries was the State initiative implemented in the regulatory policy. Despite the fact that the goals of the regulatory policy in all the mentioned countries were similar, the approaches and means of implementation had a purely national specificity. The study of the essence and results of the implementation of the regulatory policy confirms its efficiency. Particular attention is paid to the experience of South Africa, where the production of synthetic liquid fuel went through the entire life cycle - from development to technological reconstruction. The experience of the People's Republic of China where the development of synthetic liquid production is integrated with the general economic development of the country is also interesting. The generalization and analysis of the world experience of the State regulation of the development of the septic liquid fuel sector made it possible to form the main directions of recommendations regarding the State stimulation of the development of the relevant industry sector in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of directions for Ukraine’s exit from the «trap of backwardness» in the post-war period requires a logical and well-grounded conception built on the principles of modern science. In modern research, much attention is paid to the development of methodological support for the development of conceptions and conceptional provisions as a basis for the development of the country. However, there is currently no single scientifically grounded conception for Ukraine’s exit from the «trap of backwardness» after the war. The aim of the article is to substantiate the draft conception of Ukraine’s exit from the «trap of backwardness» in the post-war period. The main postulates of classical and neoclassical theories and conceptions that examine the problems of backwardness of countries by directions and dynamics of socioeconomic development, as well as individual authors’ models that describe various modifications of the «traps of backwardness» are generalized. The basic postulates of modern European research on the problems of recovery of the socioeconomic development after crises are defined. On this basis, a theoretical platform for the draft conception of Ukraine’s exit from the «trap of backwardness» is proposed. The effectiveness of the use of cognitive models to address the needs of the theory and practice of Ukraine’s post-war exit from the «trap of backwardness» is shown. The draft conception of Ukraine’s exit from the «trap of backwardness» in the post-war period is substantiated, containing a number of hypotheses and provisions, which together solve an important scientific and practical task of creating a mechanism and conditions for overcoming and destroying the trap of backwardness in Ukraine, as well as excluding the causes and possibilities of its reproduction in the post-war and long-term periods. Theoretical and practical problems that can be solved on the basis of the implementation of the draft conception of Ukraine’s exit from the «trap of backwardness» presented in the article are structured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article determines that at the present stage of human development, the economy acquires the importance of a factor of direct impact on the natural environment, and that this situation has arisen as a result of economic development focused on meeting the needs of mankind under conditions of ignoring the need to ensure environmental neutrality of production and consumption, which, with the inconsistency of natural and economic resource cycles and limited natural resources, determines significant negative qualitative and structural changes in the environment. The article presents the results of a study on substantiation of promising directions for the development of the circular economy, where it is considered as a certain stage of economic evolution and an integral part of the real anthropogenic and natural resource cycles. The use of this approach along with the conceptual provisions of the circular economy contributed to the developing of: a system of defining features of certain types of economies; a cyclic-resource model of the anthropogenic environment; a complex of theoretical and methodological support for substantiating the directions of development of the circular economy. The peculiarities of the practical application of theoretical and methodological provision for the identification of promising directions for the development of the circular economy are disclosed on the example of solving the problem of reducing the negative anthropogenic impact on the environment, namely carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere in Ukraine, by types of economic activity in compliance with other conceptual provisions and restrictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to study the structure of the market of heat energy producers by organizational and legal forms of economic management and by types of ownership, to determine on this basis the directions of reforming the communal heat and power industry. To achieve the aforementioned goal, the available regional registers of licensees-economic entities in the field of heat supply, as well as the resolutions of the National Energy and Utilities Regulatory Commission on the issuance of licenses and/or setting the tariffs for heat energy, are analyzed. The accomplished analysis covers the period from 2014 to the first half of 2023 inclusive. 980 economic entities that carried out economic activity during the analyzed period, among them 844 that operated at the end of this period, are identified. These economic entities have different forms of ownership and different organizational and legal forms of economic management. It is determined that the well-known statement that the municipal heat and power industry has been in a state of crisis is valid only for the communal utilities operating large district heating systems. Such enterprises are characterized by a high level of wear and tear of equipment, unsatisfactory financial condition, and inefficient management of the enterprise. Along with the latter, the private sector enterprises are actively developing in Ukraine. Of the total number of economic entities included in the sample (844), more than half (492) are private enterprises, limited liability companies, or individual entrepreneurs. Such economic entities operate effectively in regional markets without receiving any subsidies from local budgets; many of them have been around for more than 10 years. On the basis of the performed analysis, directions of reforming heat and power enterprises of various forms of ownership, first of all, the State-owned and municipal enterprises, are suggested. It is proposed, when expecting an increase in the level of management of a municipal utility enterprise, in particular, to have all kinds of activities unbundled and to implement the outsourcing of the non-core functions. Prospects for further research on this topic would be the study of the organization of heat supply in certain regions and settlements of Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is concerned with assessing and analyzing the energy efficiency of the Ukrainian economy by types of economic activity. The study analyzes the place of Ukraine among other countries according to international rankings (indices): the Energy Transition Index, the Trilemma Index of the World Energy Council (WEC), the International Energy Security Risk Index. It is found that Ukraine’s positions in international rankings determine a number of interrelated problems of energy, economic and environmental development of the country, among which one of the major ones is the high energy intensity of GDP. The dynamics of energy intensity of GDP in some countries of the world and in Ukraine is analyzed. A matrix for estimating the energy efficiency of economies of countries (groups of countries) according to the criteria of direction and intensity of changes and the level of energy intensity of GDP is proposed. It is examined what structural changes occurred in the energy sector and economy of Ukraine by the type of continuity of the production process and the level of energy intensity in the final consumption of fuel and energy resources (FER) and production output. The specific weight of characteristics of groups of foreign economic activity of Ukraine in the final consumption of FER and production output is analyzed. The related indices are computed and directions of structural shifts in foreign economic activity in final consumption of FER and production output are determined. A general characterization of consistency of structural shifts in final consumption of FER and production output due to foreign economic activity and their groups in Ukraine is formed. The carried out study allowed to determine that the high energy intensity of Ukraine’s GDP is a consequence of the peculiarities of the structure of the national economy, shifted towards more energy-intensive industries and technological lag of most sectors of the economy from the level of developed countries. It is determined that, in general, in the structure of the economy of Ukraine there were coordinated minor changes in the final consumption of FER and production output. However, in parts of the group of foreign economic activity related to industries with a continuous type of production process with high and medium energy intensity, there were significant uncoordinated negative structural changes both in the final consumption of FER and in production output. Some increase in energy efficiency of the national economy was caused by a reduction in production volumes in highly energyintensive industries with a continuous production cycle. Thus, despite the high rate of decline in the energy intensity of GDP in Ukraine, its energy intensity remains one of the highest in the world (exceeding the world average by 2.1 times), which determines the unsatisfactory energy efficiency of the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to analyze and evaluate the structures and condition of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the aggressor country of russia, as well as to develop a methodological approach that will allow to assess and compare the military forces of countries. The article assesses the state and structure of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the aggressor country of russia by types and branches of the armed forces. Attention is paid to the assessment and comparison of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and russian federation by such indicators as the number of military personnel, the number and quality of tanks, armored personnel carriers, airplanes and helicopters, ships and boats of the Navy, and anti-aircraft warfare systems of the Air Force of Ukraine. The authors substantiate a methodological approach to assessing the military power of countries based on the following provisions: when assessing the military power of the world countries, it is necessary to carry out both a general assessment of the military power of the Armed Forces and the types and branches of the armed forces; when assessing the military power of the types and branches of the armed forces of the world countries, it is necessary to take into account both the number of weapons and military equipment belonging to them and the quality of their structure; assessment of the military power of the Armed Forces should be carried out for countries between which a military conflict or a full-scale war is possible; assessment of the military power of the Armed Forces of the world countries should take into account the possibility of their participation in a particular generation of war. A formula for an integrated assessment of the military power of the Armed Forces of a country is proposed. On the basis of the developed methodological approach and the proposed formula, the military power of Ukraine and russian federation is estimated and compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article proves that today Ukraine finds itself in a situation where it depends solely on imported supplies of light oil products to meet its motor fuel needs, which is unacceptable from the point of view of the country’s energy and national security, and the solution to this problem lies in the plane of organization of motor fuel production from the country’s own natural resources. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the technical and economic foundations for creating a synthetic motor fuel subsector in Ukraine. To achieve this aim, the authors define the classification of alternative motor fuels; provide a comparative description of the energy content and scope of use of different types of motor fuels, and also provides comparative characteristics of synthetic along with the best grades of natural oil; assess the compliance of synthetic gasoline and diesel fuel with the Euro-4 standard; considers the technical-operational advantages of synthetic analogues of oil fuel over other alternatives. Based on the carried out analysis, the article proves that, given the limited resource capabilities of Ukraine’s motor fuel production from oil and natural gas, the production of synthetic liquid motor fuel (SLMF) from coal raw materials should be recommended for development in the country; the raw material base for the production of synthetic liquid fuel is researched. The article also analyzes the peculiarities of methods and specific technologies for producing synthetic liquid motor fuel from coal and determines that the technology of synthesizing synthetic liquid motor fuel using the Fischer-Tropsch method with preliminary production of synthesis gas by steam-oxygen gasification of coal is advisable for development in Ukraine. Taking this into account, the resource and product balance of the full cycle of synthetic liquid fuel production is formed, a general production scheme of the industry subsector of SLF in Ukraine is developed, technical-economic characteristics of the national and regional industrial complexes for the production of SLF are presented, and the structure of the subsector for the production of SLF in the country is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to substantiate the feasibility of an integrated approach to the implementation of measures for the restoration and modernization of housing stock and heat supply objects. On the conditional example of heat supply of a heated quarter (which means a small number of residential buildings to be heated, a local boiler room and local distribution heat networks), various modernization options are considered: separate thermal modernization of buildings, modernization of heating networks, modernization of the boiler room, and options for simultaneous modernization of all elements of the chain: production-supply-consumption of heat energy (complex modernization of the heated district). It is proved that precisely a comprehensive modernization, which involves a simultaneous production, coordinated in terms of time and volumes, supply and consumption of heat, is an effective instrument for improving efficiency in the sphere of heat supply and heat consumption. The complexity of modernization in this example involves thermal modernization of buildings in the heated district (with a decrease in heat consumption by 40%) with the simultaneous modernization of heat transmission networks (with a decrease in heat loss when supplied from 20% to 5%) and modernization of the boiler room (with an increase in the efficiency quotient of boiler equipment from 88% to 93%). The implementation of such a project is economically feasible for all participants: consumers reduce the cost of paying for heat supply services by 49%, and the supplier and producer of heat with a slight (up to 6%) increase in heating tariffs provide break-even activities and receive a larger investment resource in the form of a larger amount of depreciation. At the national level, the proposed mass complex modernization of heated districts can almost halve the consumption of natural gas by municipal heat and power engineering and to the same extent reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. In addition, it becomes possible to significantly reduce the amount of subsidies from the budget for the payment of housing and communal services by the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essential prerequisite for success in modern warfare is military superiority over the enemy, which is based on the tactical and technological level of the operating groups of the armed forces and the economic sufficiency of its provision. This definition became the basis for the study of the laws of the causal chain of formation of military superiority over the enemy and the economic prerequisites for its provision. The article highlights the dependence of strategic goals, operational actions, tactics, principles of forming a system of military superiority over the enemy; the peculiarities of formation of military expenditures of countries depending on their geopolitical and economic situation are analyzed; the necessary methodological principles for creating economic and social preconditions for the formation of military expenditures sufficient to ensure Ukraine's defense capability have been determined. The study uses the following provisions: of military affairs; of general tactics; combat statutes of the armed forces; normative legal acts of regulation of relations in the spheres of national security; military economy; ensuring the defense capability of countries; scientific methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In March 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the global outbreak of COVID-19 to be a pandemic. The probable source of the virus was Wuhan (China), from where it quickly spread all over the world. Experts say that from the start of the pandemic in Ukraine and to the second quarter of 2022, 5.04 million cases of infection were recorded. The fraction of people who have received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine is 36.4%, making Ukraine the least vaccinated country in Europe. High morbidity rate made it necessary to introduce quarantine measures that have negatively affected the socio-economic development of Ukraine as a whole, and regional labor markets, in particular. The article is aimed at assessing the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on regional labor markets in Ukraine. To achieve this aim, the following tasks were solved: a) to analyze the COVID-19 dynamics as for Ukraine’s regions, taking into account the aggravation of the humanitarian crisis; b) to identify the situation in regional labor markets by economic activity indicators; c) to analyze state regulation as for its compliance with the state social guarantees in labor relations. It has been determined that the most negative situation with the COVID-19 epidemic is present in the regions with the largest cities of the country (which are home to a population of 1,029,049 to 2,611,327 people). It proves that a particularly negative impact of the pandemic was made on the regional labor markets with high economic activity and strong economic potential. It is established that the pandemic has led to employment reduction in all the regions, which went hand in hand with the increase in informal employment of economically active population. Rising unemployment and wage arrears are also signs of the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Ukraine’s regional labor markets. It can be concluded that the key problems requiring managerial decisions are those connected with inclusive economic recovery after COVID-19 and the fulfillment of state social guarantees in the labor market in almost every region in Ukraine, given the impact of the ongoing military conflict and the need for economic recovery after it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is aimed at forming an organizational and economic mechanism of education, science and business integration on the basis of University 4.0. To achieve this goal, the methods of logical analysis and analytical modeling were used. The article clarifies the concept of “organizational and economic mechanism of education, science and business integration”, which is proposed to be treated as a set of organizational and economic interrelated elements, namely: instruments, forms, tools, levers, factors, and methods of management that work to improve the effectiveness of innovation and achievement of certain goals by coordinating the interests of the parties involved in its work. The organizational and economic mechanism of science, education and business integration should promote effective implementation of all the stages of the research and innovation cycle to ensure the socio-economic development of individual regions and the country as a whole. The organizational and economic mechanism of education, science and business integration according to the university 4.0 model is suggested, and its following components are substantiated: the purposes and tasks; legal norms; priorities and principles of its creation; organizational and economic forms, management methods, tools; means of implementing educational, scientific and innovative processes; levers and factors of influence; management effectiveness measures; resources. Actual use of the organizational and economic mechanism of education, science and business integration based on the formation of an innovative ecosystem around the university can enhance the positive influence of academic activity on the socio-economic development of individual regions and the country as a whole due to providing highly qualified personnel training according to innovative development needs, involving young people in research and startups development, stimulating the commercialization of research results, promoting large-scale use of scholarly knowledge as a virtually inexhaustible resource of economic growth for the development of high-performance technologies, tools, products, services, new knowledge, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is aimed at substantiating the measures to improve the state regulation of investment activities of heat supply companies, aimed at intensifying work on the modernization of district heating systems. In Ukraine, the need for state regulation of activities (including investment) in the field of heat and power engineering is established by the Law of Ukraine “On Heat Supply”. Such regulation is carried out by adopting regulations that are mandatory for use by all economic entities in the field of heat supply, and by providing control functions to the national regulator and local governments. The article analyzes Procedures for development, approval, coordination and approval of investment programs of municipal heat companies which are now in force in Ukraine. The analysis of current regulations has made it possible to identify the main problems of the state regulation of investment activity: imperfection of planning; complexity of development, justification, approval and control of investment programs; and a complicated mechanism for financing investment activities. According to the results of the research, the following ways to improve the state regulation of investment activity of the enterprises working in the municipal heat power engineering are offered: transition from short-term to medium- and long-term planning of investment activity; simplification of the current procedures for approval and adoption of investment programs; further decentralization of investment management and granting all powers to local governments; dismissal of the obligation for each measure and investment program as a whole to be economically efficient. A local authority should be entitled to independently choose the priorities for designing an investment program, e.g.: to improve the quality or reliability of heat supply, or to reduce tariffs; to simplify procedures of monitoring the implementation of investment programs, to give a heat supply company more independence in spending funds received under the investment program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formulating regional development goals stands out as an important part of the state regional policy, which in its essence has a purposeful character reflected in the state’s permanent influence on the socio-economic development of the country’s regions. Analysis of modern research on the issue has shown urgent need to deepen the theoretical foundations and toolkit for solving problematic situations in the regions, the latter being the purpose of the study. The theoretical basis to enable setting the goals (goal-setting) for regional development is substantiated. It is proved that the cognitive approach is among the most powerful tools for studying poorly structured systems and situations, and the expediency of using fuzzy cognitive modeling to form regional development scenarios and solve problematic situations present in the relevant regions is substantiated. A special algorithm to carry out structural analysis of socio-economic regional development and to form a fuzzy cognitive model has been designed. Using this algorithm, a fuzzy cognitive model of socio-economic development of Ukraine’s regions has been formed. Pulse modeling based on the fuzzy cognitive model of socio-economic development of Ukraine’s regions by the self-development scenario is carried out. Scenario modeling has been implemented as for raising the strategic goals level of socio-economic development in the Kharkiv region on the basis of pulse modeling. The expediency of introducing a criterion showing the total impact effectiveness of certain scenarios exerted on goals achievement topical for the Kharkiv region is analyzed. It is substantiated that this criterion should be based on weighted additive convolution of the growth rate as for the level of target factors relative to the self-development scenario. The scenario modeling of the Kharkiv region socio-economic development based on the cognitive model formed in accordance with the approach mentioned above shows that reaching the top level of the region’s goals requires implementing development scenarios based on the effective growth of the region’s scientific potential and its combination with other domestic potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is aimed at developing and implementing a theoretical and methodological approach to identify promising areas in scientific and scientific and technological activity in Ukraine. The following general and special methods are used: logical analysis (to determine the state and trends in the development of scientific and scientific and technological activity in Ukraine and other countries); modeling and prognosticating (to create prognostic models of scientific support for economic development); analysis and synthesis (to determine the priority areas of scientific and scientific and technological activity, general-purpose technologies and areas of scholars training); fuzzy logics (to identify sectors of economy, promising for scientific and scientific and technological development, and priority areas in scientific and scientific and technological activity. The suggested theoretical and methodical approach to substantiate promising guidelines for scientific and scientific and technological activity in Ukraine requires the following: analysis of current trends and assessment of global guidelines for scientific and scientific and technological activity; identification of promising economic sectors of Ukraine as for ensuring scientific and scientific and technological activity, and assessment of scientific support for their development; substantiation of the choice of promising general-purpose technologies and areas of scientific and scientific and technological activity in the country; substantiation of training areas for scientific personnel; identification of priority areas in providing scientific and scientific and technological activity that enables taking into account both global economic development trends and features, and the state of scientific and scientific and technological activity in the country. The use of the suggested theoretical and methodical approach has made it possible to substantiate the main topics of the activity in question and promising general-purpose technologies, which are aimed at ensuring the development of traditional economic sectors of strategic importance and high-tech industries, the development of which will increase the country’s competitiveness and living standards in the future, i.e. meet the needs of all the stakeholders of scientific and scientific and technological activity (government, education, business, society). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]