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This article reviews the literature on the morphological features of the poultry thymus. Since the preservation of livestock and disease prevention is a constant problem, the issue of poultry care will always remain in the forefront. Efforts to preserve the population and increase their productivity are directly related to strengthening poultry immunity and the state of their immune system. The study of the morphology of immune system organs allows us to objectively assess the effectiveness of methods for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, as well as to identify critical periods of development of the immune system and the body as a whole. When assessing the immune status of poultry, much attention is paid to the state of lymphoid organs, including the thymus. Currently, aspects related to the dynamics of development of immunocompetent organs during the postnatal period of ontogenesis and the time frame of their involution remain unresolved. Understanding the morphological features of the thymus and its changes is a key element in assessing the function of the immune system. It was found that with the growth and development of chicks, the absolute and relative weight of the thymus increases. However, at the onset of reproductive maturity, these values decrease significantly. Involution of the thymus mass occurs, the boundary between cortical and cerebral substances becomes less distinct, and the cellular composition of the thymus changes. The process of age-related involution is accompanied by a decrease in lymphoid tissue and T-lymphocytes. It is worth noting that the total number of circulating T-lymphocytes remains stable, as this population includes long-lived cells that do not require constant renewal. In this context, there is a change in the ratio of cortical and cerebral substances, the growth of connective tissue stroma and adipose tissue. It is noted that stress factors are one of the causes of early thymic involution, and the degree of development and morphological state of the thymus significantly affect the body's resistance to infections. Changes in the structure and morphometry of the chicken thymus can be an important criterion for the morphological diagnosis of immunodeficiencies in poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The content of fatty acids in the lipids of mesenchymal stem cells of dog adipose tissue culture was studied. Mesenchymal stem cells of dog adipose tissue culture were obtained by culturing the primary material in a CO2 incubator with a content of 5 % CO2, at a temperature of 37 °C in DMEM medium with the addition of 10–15 % fetal bovine serum and 1 % antibiotic-antimycotic. When the confluency of the monolayer reached 70–80 %, the cells were transferred to a suspension and subcultivated in order to reduce the heterogeneity of the culture and obtain a sufficient amount of biological material. The lipids of the obtained stem cells were analyzed for the content of fatty acids by the method of thin-layer gasliquid chromatography. Determination of the content of lipids of fatty acids in FSK of a cat was carried out by the Folch method. A mixture of fatty acid methyl esters was analyzed on a Trace GC Ultra gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector on a capillary column SPTM –2560, 100 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.20 μm film (Supelco). Identification of fatty acids was carried out using a standard sample of Supelco 37 Сomponent FAME Mix. Quantitative assessment of the LC spectrum was carried out by the method of normalization of the peak planes of methylated LC derivatives and their content was determined as a percentage of the total content of all LC. The conducted study of the content of fatty acids in lipids made it possible to reveal certain features of the lipid metabolism of mesenchymal stem cells cultured in dog adipose tissue. A high content of oleic acid, characteristic of cells resistant to apoptosis and with high proliferative potential, was determined; a high ratio of unsaturated linoleic to saturated stearic acid (С18:1/С18.0), which reflects the high activity of the stearoyl-coenzyme-desaturase enzyme and, indirectly, the active state of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway; inability to lengthen the chain of saturated fatty acids; lack or low activity of de novo synthesis of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. 18 fatty acids were found in the composition of lipids of fetal stem cells of a cat, of the saturated ones - the most palmitic acid (33.70 ± 0.02 %), of the monounsaturated ones – oleic acid (21.63 ± 0.03 %), of the polyunsaturated ones - linoleic acid (6.45 ± 0.07 %). The least amount of cis-,11,14-eicosadienoic acid (0.04 ± 0.01 %) was found in the composition of cell lipids. The total amount of saturated fatty acids in dog mesenchymal stem cell lipids was 65.65 ± 0.02 %), unsaturated fatty acids – 34.35 ± 0.02 %. Monoene fatty acids were determined in the amount of 24.46 ± 0.02 %, and polyene – 9.89 ± 0.02 %. The ratio index of polyunsaturated fatty acids ω 3 to ω 6 is 0.40. Lipids of mesenchymal stem cells of adipose tissue culture were characterized by a lower content of monoene unsaturated fatty acids 24.46 ± 0.02; (P < 0.05), with a higher content of ω3 fatty acids 3.04 ± 0.02 %; (P < 0.05), with a lower content of ω6 fatty acids 6.86 ± 0.02 %; (P < 0.05) in contrast to lipids of red bone marrow stem cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In mammals, the first protective barrier to antigen entry through the digestive system is the Valdeier-Pirogov pharyngeal lymphoid ring, which is absent in birds. In the latter, this function is performed by the esophageal tonsil, which belongs to the peripheral organs of hematopoiesis and lymphopoiesis. In them, due to the effects of antigenic stimulation, T- and B-lymphocytes differentiate into effector cells that cause specific immunity. The subject of the study was the esophageal tonsil of a cross Chever 579 from one to 300 days-old and 1, 2 and 3 years. When performing the work used conventional classical methods of cytological research. Cytological studies were performed on imprinted preparations, which were stained with Wright commercial paints LekoDiff 200 (Erba Lachema, Czech Republic) and Papagenheim paints Hemocolor (Merck, Federal Republic of Germany). They were studied using an Olympus microscope (x1000). Lymphocytes, immunoblasts, proplasmocytes and plasma cells, monocytes, macrophages, reticular cells, heterophils and fibroblasts are found in the cells of the esophageal tonsil of chickens. Most of them are lymphocytes. Their content increases unevenly to the 60-days-old bird. In chickens 90-180 days-old it remains practically the same, and in older individuals it decreases somewhat. Proplasmocytes and plasmocytes are found in imprints in a small amount, starting at 15 days-old of chickens. With increasing age of the bird, the content of these cells increases and the maximum becomes in one years of chickens. The content of monocytes and macrophages on the drug-imprints is negligible. It increases irregularly with increasing age of chickens and reaches maximum at two years of chickens. The reticular cells form the basis of the esophageal tonsil and are masked by cells of the lymphoid row, and the fibroblasts and heterophils are contained in a small amount that cannot be statistically processed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensive development of poultry farming dictates the necessity of creating scientifically substantiated norms of feeding and keeping of poultry, their productivity depends on the morphofunctional state of all organs and systems. Consequently, studies of morphological features of the digestive system of birds and the mechanisms of their regulation become greatly important. The object of studies was the esophagus of chickens cross Chever 579 aged 1, 30, 60, 90,120, 150,180, 210, 240, 270 and 300 days and 1, 2 and 3 years. During the work, conventional classical methods of microscopic research were used. The selected material was fixed in 10% neutral formalin solution and poured into paraffin according to the generally accepted method. Histologic sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Digital indexes of results of the research were processed statistically using personal computer with the Excel program. The morphogenesis of the esophagus of chickens in the age aspect is manifested by changes in the morphometric parameters of its wall thickness and the occupied area of the membranes. The wall thickness increases unevenly up to 300 days old chickens (between folds 1360,08 ± 30,31 and in the fold area 2492,88 ± 41,34 mkm - cranial and respectively 1374,75 ± 27,56 and 2496,54 ± 52,36 mkm - caudal parts). The area of the esophageal mucous membrane increases to 180- days old chickens (54,10 ± 0,81 - cranial and 54,91 ± 0,74% - the caudal parts), and the muscularis and adventitia (serosa) decrease (respectively 42,17 ± 0,89, 3,73 ± 0,38 - cranial and 42,73 ± 0,92, 2,36 ± 0,35% - caudal parts). In older birds, the wall thickness and area of the esophageal membranes remain almost unchanged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The macrostructure of the esophageal tonsils of the chickens cross Chever 579 in the age aspect (1-day-old to 3 year-old) was studied. 1-day old, chicks were vaccinated against Marek's disease and infectious bronchitis, and 12-, 30-, 80- and 100-day-old chicks were revaccinated against infectious bronchitis. In carrying out the work, conventional macroscopic methods of morphological research were used. Macroscopically, the chicken's esophageal tonsil becomes noticeable at 10 days of age. It has the appearance of a thin whitish-pink ring-shaped strip. In 15-day old chicks the mucosa folding of this area deepens, the color of the esophageal tonsil changes to pale yellowish. Her surface becomes tuberous and well developed in older birds. Linear measurements of esophageal tonsils change with increasing age of chickens. The maximum values of the parameters of its length and width are reached in 120-day-old birds (length - 27,83 ± 0,87 mm and width - 6,63 ± 0,51 mm), after which the length measurement remains almost unchanged, and the width decreases and reaches its minimum value at the age of 3 year (4,80 ± 0,60 mm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied morphofunctional features of immune formations of the esophagus (except the esophageal tonsil area) of chickens from Shever's cross 579 aged 210 (n = 6), 240 and 270 days (n = 5). During the work, we used histological methods of morphological research. It was found that in these age groups of chickens, immune formations are in the cranial and caudal parts of esophagus and they are submitted as single, minor accumulations of diffuse lymphoid tissue, prenodules, primary and secondary lymphoid nodules which show their morphofunctional mature. These accumulations are registered under the epithelium, near the small blood vessels, secretory departments of esophageal glands and their excretive ducts. There is a migration of lymphoid cells to the surface epithelium and epithelium of the esophageal glands, in places of their location. The area, which immune formations are occupied in the mucous membrane of the cranial and caudal parts of the esophagus, is not the same in the different age groups of chickens. In the cranial part of the esophagus, the biggest area of immune formations is registered in chickens aged 240 days( 2,78 + 0,22%), and the smallest - in chickens aged 270 days(1,37+ 0,10%). In the caudal part, it slightly decreases with increasing the age from 3,63 + 0,43(in chickens aged 210 days) to 2,20 + 0,32% (in chickens aged 270 days). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]