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Substantial studies have shown that ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have various health-promoting effects; however, there are inconsistent results from animal studies that showed that ω-3 PUFAs have no effects or even detrimental effects. Emerging research suggests that oxidized ω-3 PUFAs have different effects compared to unoxidized ω-3 PUFAs; therefore, lipid oxidation of dietary ω-3 PUFAs could contribute to the mixed results of ω-3 PUFAs in animal studies. Here, we prepared an AIN-93G-based, semi-purified, powder diet, which is one of the most commonly used rodent diets in animal studies, to study the oxidative stability of fortified ω-3 PUFAs in animal feed. We found that lowering the storage temperature or the addition of a certain antioxidant, notably tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), helps to stabilize ω-3 PUFAs and suppress ω-3 oxidation in the animal diet, while reducing the level of oxygen in the storage atmosphere is not very effective. The addition of 50 ppm of TBHQ in the diet inhibited 99.5 ± 0.1% formation of primary oxidation products and inhibited 96.1 ± 0.7% formation of secondary oxidation products, after 10 days of storage of the prepared diet at a typical animal-feeding experiment condition. Overall, our results highlight that ω-3 PUFAs are highly prone to lipid oxidation in a typical animal-feeding experiment, emphasizing the critical importance to stabilize ω-3 PUFAs in animal studies.

Waste disposal and utilisation of its important components are pioneering goals for achieving sustainable development and a clean environment. Silkworm pupae (SWP) are considered a by-product of the sericulture industry and may contain a high concentration of selenium (Se) in some regions, making them a potentially hazardous waste posing health risks. This study examined six treatments of Se-rich SWP (0–100%) as a substrate for black soldier fly (BSF) larvae. Growth performance and protein content of BSF larvae were not affected by increasing SWP content. The total fat, mono-, and poly-unsaturated fatty acids in BSF pre-pupae increased with increasing SWP inclusion in the substrate, from P0 (pre-pupae fed control treatment) through P100 (pre-pupae fed 100% SWP treatment), by 18.83, 61.14, and 62.42%, respectively. The results of significance were: (1) BSF pre-pupae did not accumulate Se, maintaining the same amount of Se in their bodies (~0.18 mg/kg); (2) omega-3 fatty acids represented by linolenic acid in BSF increased by 1,223.35% from P0 to P100, with 70.65% recovered from the SWP; (3) valine percentage increased in BSF compared with the percentage of SWP by 25.30%; and (4) BSF larvae were observed reducing SWP waste by more than one-third. BSF larvae can reduce the waste from sericulture industry and exploit the beneficial properties and components of SWP, converting them into safe and highly nutritious products.

Substance abuse is a chronic relapsing disorder that results in serious health and socioeconomic issues worldwide. Addictive drugs induce long-lasting morphologic and functional changes in brain circuits and account for the formation of compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviors. Yet, there remains a lack of reliable therapy. In recent years, accumulating evidence indicated that neuroinflammation was implicated in the development of drug addiction. Findings from both our and other laboratories suggest that ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are effective in treating neuroinflammation-related mental diseases, and indicate that they could exert positive effects in treating drug addiction. Thus, in the present review, we summarized and evaluated recently published articles reporting the neuroinflammation mechanism in drug addiction and the immune regulatory ability of ω-3 PUFAs. We also sought to identify some of the challenges ahead in the translation of ω-3 PUFAs into addiction treatment.

The ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are among the most popular dietary supplements in the US, but they are chemically unstable and highly prone to lipid peroxidation. Many studies performed in different countries demonstrate that the majority of ω-3 PUFA products on the market are oxidized, suggesting that the resulting ω-3 PUFA peroxidation-derived compounds could be widely consumed by the general public. Therefore, it is of practical importance to understand the effects of these oxidized lipid compounds on human health. In this review, we summarize and discuss the chemical structures and biological activities of ω-3 PUFA peroxidation-derived compounds, and emphasize the importance to better understand the role of lipid peroxidation in biological activities of ω-3 PUFAs.

Krill oil (KO) is unique in contrast to fish oil because the ω-3 PUFAs, particularly eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA), are almost exclusively esterified on phospholipids (PL) rather than triglycerides (TAG) which improves bioavailability and water solubility. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to use the principles of water degumming to separate PL from TAG in KO. Water was mixed with KO in varying ratios, centrifuged for separation and freeze-dried. Separation into gum and oil fractions occurred in the 75:25 and 50:50 KO:H2O samples. TLC-densitometry revealed 67.6 ± 1.97% and 49.73 ± 3.90% PL concentrations (p

Omega-3 polyunsatured fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA) are essential nutrients mainly derived from fish and seafood but present also in vegetables such as nuts and seed-oils. Some epidemiological and clinical studies indicate a protection of ω-3 FA against cardiovascular disease and a favourable effect on cardiovascular risk factors control in adults. The evidences of their effects in children and adolescents are scanty but a possible beneficial role, especially for insulin sensitivity and blood pressure control, has been proposed. In this review we want to focus especially on the evidences, which could justify the assumption of ω-3 in children and adolescents, and to underline the aspects which need further investigation. Mechanisms through which ω-3 FA act are manifolds and still a matter of investigation: beside their interaction with ion channel and their influence on plasma membrane fluidity, probably the main effect is acting as competitor for cytochrome P-450 (CYP) with respect to ω-6 FA. Thus, they can modulate the biosynthesis of eicosanoids and other lipid mediators, which likely exert a protective action. Another suggestive hypothesis is that their beneficial effect is not dependent only on the intake of ω-3 FA, but also on the complex interaction between different nutrients including ω-3 and other FAs with polymorphisms in genes involved in ω-3 FA modulation. This complex interaction has seldom been explored in children and adolescents. Further studies are needed to investigate all these points in order to find a better collocation of ω-3 FA on the available armamentarium for preventive, possibly individualized, medicine.

International audience; Since 40 years, it is known that omega-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (ω3 PUFAs) have cardioprotective effects. These include antiarrhythmic effects, improvements of autonomic function, endothelial function, platelet anti-aggregation and inflammatory properties, lowering blood pressure, plaque stabilization and reduced atherosclerosis. However, recently, conflicting results regarding the health benefits of ω3 PUFAs from seafood or ω3 PUFAs supplements have emerged. The aim of this review is to examine recent literature regarding health aspects of ω3 PUFAs intake from fish or supplements, and to discuss different arguments/reasons supporting these conflicting findings.

The problems of developing functional foods enriched with ω-3-polyunsatturated fatty acids are discussed in this article. Cod liver is chosen as a source of such valuable substances. The problems of processing and using the cod liver are reviewed. A method of using of microwave-cooked cod liver without sterilization as a base of a series of production is proposed. The results of experimental researches of developing and choosing an optimal composition of different products (meat and fish sausages with addition the cod liver or its oil with microwave-cooked cod liver, bakery products) are shown. The composition of frankfurters with fish mince, meat and cod liver oil has been optimized.Basic composition of frankfurters with meat, fish protein isolate (FPI), and cod liver has been chosen and then optimized both for main ingredients (meat, fish, and cod liver) and for additives (fermented rice, guar gum). The technology of bakery products using fish oil as a bakery agent (combining with glutathione from inactivated yeasts) has been developed. The characteristics of the gluten with such bakery agents has been studied. Test bakings have been carried out for such bread with addition of algae, bran, and milk thistle. All samples have been evaluated for sensory and structural characteristics.

At present, research shows that pregnant women are not consuming enough long-chain (LC) ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) from their diet alone. Therefore, functional foods and supplements may be an alternative way for women to attain LC ω-3 PUFA guidelines in pregnancy. A review of the literature has identified that there are a limited number of studies investigating the use of functional foods/supplements in pregnancy. However, those that have been undertaken do appear to indicate that their consumption may be beneficial to both mother and child. Further research is now needed to reinforce preliminary findings from these studies.

The influence of feeding full-fat flax seed with and without dietary antioxidants to 6-wk old male Hubbard chickens, on chemical characteristics of cooked white and dark meats was assessed. Level of dietary ω-3 fatty acid and dietary antioxidant significantly influenced the ω-3 PUFA compositions of meat lipids. Addition of antioxidants, especially mixed tocopherol plus canthaxanthin, to the diet significantly reduced concentrations of malonaldehyde and total volatiles in the enriched meat, particularly dark meat. Broiler meats enriched with omega-3 fatty acids could be stabilized by incorporation of natural antioxidants.

Due to global changes in dietary sources and habits, the human diet has shifted to include an unfavorable ratio of ω-6 to ω-3 PUFAs. This is believed to have drastic consequences on health, increasing the risk for cardiovascular and inflammation-related diseases as well as cancer. Epidemiology and experimental studies suggest that ω-3 PUFAs are protective against certain types of cancer, including colon, breast, and prostate cancer. The available data have motivated the recent implementation of interventional clinical trials where cancer patients or individuals at high risk of developing cancer receive dietary ω-3 PUFA supplementation. In this review, we summarize the objectives of ongoing and recently closed clinical trials of ω-3 PUFA supplements for breast and prostate cancer prevention and treatment that are listed in the ClinicalTrials.gov database, a registry of federally and privately supported clinical trials conducted in the United States and worldwide (http://clinicaltrials.gov/).

Objective: Evaluation of the nutritional status of an elderly cohort from a French Mediterranean area. Design: Cross-sectional nutritional assessment in the framework of the population-based POLA cohort. Subjects and Methods: 832 subjects aged 70 years or older answered a 165-item, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Mean Nutritional Need (MNN) was defined as 77% of the French Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA). The risk for clinical deficiency (CD) was defined as intakes lower than the Limit Threshold Intake (70% of the MNN). Results: Consumption was characterized by an excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (95.4% of subjects above the RDA) and a deficit of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (60.1% and 46.9% of subjects at risk for CD for alpha-linolenic (ALA) and long-chain ω-3 PUFA, respectively). Median intakes of fiber, vitamins B6, B9, and D, calcium, and magnesium were below the RDA. Dairy products were the first providers of SFA, nuts of ALA, and fish of long-chain ω-3 PUFA and vitamin D. Conclusion: The study identified an unbalanced food intake, with an excess of mammal animal products, mainly of dairy products, and a deficit of fish and vegetal foods. This resulted in a deficiency in some vitamins, minerals, and ω-3 PUFA.

Fish oils are the main sources of omega-3 (ω3) polyunsaturated acids (PUFA) such as eicosapentaenoic (C20:5ω3) and docosahexaenoic (C22:6ω3) acids. World demand for ω3 PUFA shows an increasing trend mainly due to the growth of the aquaculture industry and also due to the increasing demand for specific PUFA used as food supplements. Bacteria, fungi, microalgae and thraustochytrids are biotechnological PUFA alternatives to fish oils. These sources are characterized by specific PUFA profiles whose productivity depends on strain and growth conditions. PUFA content in bacteria is low; microalgae synthesize mixtures of PUFA; fungi system productivity is low due to long fermentation times. In heterotrofic cultures of thraustochytrids high concentrations of PUFA can be obtained. Moreover, many strains are able to synthesize a single ω3 PUFA. The optimization of fermentation systems and the development of technology capable of large-scale production are needed in order to make these alternatives feasible. Actualmente, los aceites de pescado son la principal fuente de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGPI) del tipo omega-3 (ω3) como el ácido eicosapentaenoico (C20:5ω3) y el ácido docosahexaenoico (C22:6ω3). Se estima que en los próximos años la demanda por AGPI ω3 aumentará debido al crecimiento de la industria acuícola y al incremento en la demanda de AGPI específicos para la elaboración de suplementos alimenticios para humanos y animales. Fuentes alternativas para la producción de AGPI ω3 son bacterias, hongos, microalgas y thraustochytridos. La productividad de estos sistemas depende de las cepas y condiciones de fermentación. En general, las bacterias presentan bajas concentraciones de AGPI; las microalgas producen mezclas de AGPI; la productividad de los cultivos de hongos es baja debido a los largos tiempos de fermentación. A diferencia de éstos, los cultivos heterotróficos de thraustochytridos presentan altas concentraciones de AGPI ω3 y varias cepas son capaces de producir un único AGPI ω3. Para que estas fuentes se transformen en alternativas reales de producción de AGPI ω3 es necesario optimizar los procesos de fermentación y desarrollar las tecnologías para la producción a gran escala.

Production and growth of a local strain of marine Chlorella sp. was investigated under different pH levels ranging from pH 6.0–8.5 using 200 L capacity algal tubes. The results show that a pH of 6.5 will be most conducive for producing this species in a continuous culture system. The highest production was 136 g/m3/d with a mean of 117 ± 11 g/m3/d at pH 6.5 compared with other pH levels tested. The total fatty acid content was elevated at low pH levels and ω 3 PUFA increased as the pH was lowered from 8.5 to 6.5. The investigations show that algal productivity is considerably higher in the continuous culture system than in any of the other culture systems available.