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In this perspective analysis, we strive to answer the following question: how can we advance integrative biology research in the 21st century with lessons from animal science? At the University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, we share here our three lessons learned in the two decades from 2002 to 2022 that we believe could inform integrative biology, systems science, and animal science scholarship in other countries and geographies. Cultivating multiomics knowledge through a conceptual lens of integrative biology is crucial for life sciences research that can stand the test of diverse biological, clinical, and ecological contexts. Moreover, in an era of the current COVID-19 pandemic, animal nutrition and animal science, and the study of their interactions with human health (and vice versa) through integrative biology approaches hold enormous prospects and significance for systems medicine and ecosystem health.

In this paper agriculture as a sector with extremely complex management problems is presented. Most frequently applied mathematical programming methods for resource allocation considering risk are being presented. The paper illustrates innovative approach of linking different methods enabling support for short-term operative-tactical planning. The proposed approach enables the analysis of hypothetical or real agricultural holding. It takes into account agro-technical, environmental and economic circumstances. The application of the developed model enables one to evaluate farmers developmentperspectives from different points of view, indicating possibilities for increasing added value in farming. The model application hasbeen illustrated in the case of a dairy farm. V prispevku izpostavljamo kmetijstvo kot področje z izjemno kompleksnimi obratoslovnimi problemi. Podajamo pregled najpogosteje uporabljenih metod matematičnega programiranja za reševanje alokacijskih problemov upoštevajoč tveganje. Predstavljamo izvirni pristop povezovanja različnih metod, s katerim lahko podpremo kratkoročno operativno-taktično načrtovanje proizvodnje. Predlagani modelni pristop omogoča analizo dogajanja na hipotetičnem ali realnem kmetijskem gospodarstvu in modeliranje kompleksnih agrotehničnih, okoljskih in ekonomskih razmer. Z njegovo uporabo lahko v danih razmerah z različnih zornih kotov ovrednotimo razvojno perspektivnost kmetijskih gospodarstev in pokažemo na možnosti povečanja dodane vrednosti v kmetijstvu. Aplikacija modela je v prispevku prikazana na primeru kmetije, usmerjene v prirejo mleka.

The aim of this paper is to present possibility to combine different mathematical methods for analysis of ration composition changes in actual economic environment. On the basis of mathematical programming models, based on constraint optimization, the influence of price-cost ratios on the trends of efficient beef ration formulation in the period 1998 to 2008 has been analysed. For investigation positive and normative mathematical methods have been utilized. The normative part of methods applies a common linear programming approach supported bz penalty function. To find out the "reaction"of rational farmer within given circumstances, simulation was upgraded with positive mathematical programming approach. Obtained results illustrate change in ration composition by increased maize silage quantities and significantly lower amounts of grass silage during last decade. Due to Slovene natural conditions it is obvious that such a dramatic shift is impossible, therefore more attention should be paid to reduction of grass silage production costs. Namen prispevka je prikazati možnost kombiniranja različnih matematičnih metod za analiziranje sestave krmnih obrokov v danih okoliščinah. Z matematičnimi modeli, ki temeljijo na omejeni optimizaciji, smo proučevali cenovno-stroškovna razmerja v obdobju 1998 do 2008 in iskali morebitne spremembe v sestavi racionalnih krmnih obrokov za goveje pitance. Za analizo smo uporabili normativne in pozitivne matematične metode. S pomočjo klasičnega linearnega programa, nadgrajenega s tehtanim ciljnim programom, smo izvedli normativno analizo. Da bi ugotovili, kako bi se v danih razmerah odločal povprečen rejec, pa smo simulacijo izvedli tudi s pozitivnim matematičnim programiranjem. Dobljeni rezultati kažejo, da se je sestava racionalnega krmnega obroka v zadnjih desetih letih nagnila v prid koruzne silaže, izrazito pa se je zmanjšala količina travne silaže v obroku. Zaradi naravnih danosti v Sloveniji take spremembe niso izvedljive, zato bomo morali več pozornosti posvetiti zniževanju stroškov pridelave travne silaže.

V nalogi smo naredili ekonomsko analizo dveh različnih hlevov za pitovne piščance. Hleva se razlikujeta po sistemu uhlevitve in tehnologiji reje. Analizirali smo donosnost obeh naložb, pri tem pa smo predpostavili tri različne scenarije. S tem smo poizkušali zajeti različne pogoje in posredno izvesti tudi občutljivosti enega in drugega projekta. Tako smo spreminjali število turnusov, spremembo prodajne cene in spremembo proizvodnih stroškov. Pri izvedeni analizi smo ugotovili, da največjo donosnost prinaša hlev pri varianti A, kljub večjim začetnim vlaganjem. Slabše ekonomske rezultate pa bi dosegli pri varianti B, ki ima sicer nižja začetna vlaganja. Pri varianti A, kjer je kapaciteta hleva 27.115 živali se izkaže, da zahtevano stopnjo donosa 6 % dosežemo že pri šestih turnusih letno (ISD je 6,1 %). Pri varianti B pa bi morali za primerljiv poslovni rezultat izvesti 7 turnusov. Pri tem bi dosegli sicer 6,4 % interno stopnjo donosa. Pričakovano se izkaže, da imajo tako prodajne cene, kot tudi stroški zelo pomemben vpliv na upravičenost izvedbe ene ali druge naložbe. Ob enakih pogojih sprememb (15 %) se izkaže, da je varianta A, manj občutljiva in bi jo predlagali za izvedbo. In this thesis, we have carried out an economic analysis of two different broiler houses. They differ in their housing system and rearing technology. We analysed the return on investment of the two investments, assuming three different scenarios. In this way, we have tried to capture the different conditions and, indirectly, the sensitivities of one project and the other. Thus, we varied the number of batches of poultry, the change in the selling price and the change in production costs. The analysis showed that the highest profitability was achieved by the barn in variant A, despite the higher initial investment. However, the economic results would be worse for variant B, which has a lower initial investment. For variant A, where the capacity of the barn is 27,115 animals, it turns out that the required rate of return of 6% can be achieved with just six batches per year (ISD of 6.1%). For variant B, however, 7 batches would be required to achieve a comparable economic result. This would result in an internal rate of return of 6.4%. As expected, both sales prices and costs have a very significant impact on the viability of an investment. At the same rate of change (15%), variant A is less sensitive and would be the one we would propose to implement. .

V okviru diplomskega dela smo analizirali kmetijsko gospodarstvo z območja Ljubljanskega barja na katerem si z razširitvijo primarne dejavnosti in nadgradnjo neposredne prodaje želijo izboljšati ekonomski položaj. Pri tem smo analizirali premik, preureditev in razširitev ponudbe že obstoječe samopostrežne prodajalnice jajc na kmetiji. Pri predvideni spremembi smo predpostavili, da se poveča stalež nesnic za 200 živali. Do sedaj uveljavljeno prodajo na zaupanje bi nadomestili z naložbo v multimat ter dva samopostrežna avtomata, ki bi jih postavili v posebej zato postavljeni prodajalnici. Pri tem pa smo predpostavili prodajo tudi nekaterih drugih artiklov. S pomočjo scenarijske analize smo zajeli tudi morebitno povečanje prodanih produktov in sicer za 5 %, 10 % ter 15 % in spremljali, kako slednje vpliva na izbrane ekonomske kazalnike in donosnost. Izkaže se, da bi ob izhodiščnih predpostavkah dosegali donos v višini dobrih 12 % pa vse tja do 16,6 %. Urna postavka ostane sorazmerno skromna, vsekakor pa odpira možnost dodatne zaposlitve in nadaljnji razvoj kmetije. As part of the thesis, we analysed a farm from the Ljubljana Barje area, which aims to improve its economic situation by expanding the main activity and improving direct sales. We analysed the relocation, transformation and expansion of the offer of the already existing self-service egg shop on the farm. In the planned reorganisation of production plan, we assumed that the number of laying hens would increase by 200 birds. The previously established trust-based sales would be replaced by an investment in three self-service machines, which would be housed in a dedicated warehouse. In the process, we also assumed the sale of some other products. Using scenario analysis, we also captured a possible 5%, 10%, and 15% increase in products sold and observed how this would affect selected economic indicators and profitability. Based on the initial assumptions, it turns out that we would achieve an internal rate of return of just over 12% and as much as 16.6%. Although the hourly rate remains relatively modest, it certainly opens up the possibility of additional employment and further development of the business.

V diplomski nalogi analiziramo stanje na kmetijskem gospodarstvu, kjer se poleg redne službe ukvarjajo z rejo drobnice in gozdarstvom. Na kmetijskem gospodarstvu se v zadnjih petnajstih letih sistem kmetovanja ni bistveno spremenil. Zaradi tega jih zanima, kako bi lahko povečali dohodek z novimi možnostmi, ki se ponujajo v njihovem okolju. To jih zanima predvsem zato, ker se najstarejši sin še izobražuje in bi v roku petih let lahko postal mladi prevzemnik. Ključen izziv diplomske naloge je priprava in analiza proizvodnega načrta, ki bi omogočal polno zaposlitev na kmetiji. Trenutni obseg reje živali in razpoložljivih površin ne zadošča za dodatno polno zaposlitev. Če bi se na kmetijskem gospodarstvu odločili za zagon dopolnilne dejavnosti predelave suhomesnatih izdelkov, bi to omogočalo polno zaposlitev. Ob predvidenih predpostavkah se izkaže, da se dohodek na efektivno uro dela na ravni kmetije poviša na 4,58 EUR. Sama alternativa pa omogoča doseganje urne postavke preko 7 EUR/h in dosega 12,3% interno stopnjo donosa. This B. Sc. Thesis analyzes the situation in a farm where sheep rearing and forestry are practiced in addition to regular work. In the farm, the management system has not changed in the last fifteen years. Therefore, they are interested in increasing their income with the additional investments they offer in their environment. They are interested mainly because the eldest son has started his education at the biotechnical faculty in Ljubljana, so he could be a young entrepreneur within five years. The main challenge of the household work is to work out a production plan that would allow full employment on the farm. The current level of livestock production and available land is not sufficient for additional full employment. If the farm decides to start the complementary activity of processing dried meat products, this would allow full employment. Based on the assumptions made, the result is that the income per effective hour worked at the farm level increases to 4.58 EUR. The alternative itself makes it possible to achieve hourly rates of over 7 EUR/h and achieves an internal rate of return of 12.3%.

Kmetija Šink je živinorejska kmetija, ki se ukvarja s prirejo mleka, dodaten vir zaslužka pa predstavlja prodaja jajc in krompirja. Lega kmetije ne omogoča širitve proizvodnje, zato je ključna možnost za nadaljnji razvoj v proizvodnji izdelkov višje kakovosti in dodane vrednosti. Velik izziv predstavlja tudi dotrajanost hleva, ki ne zagotavljanja več ustrezne dobrobiti za živali, veliko pa je tudi ročnega in težkega dela. S prestrukturiranjem proizvodnega načrta, bi na kmetiji ukinili rejo krav molznic, uvedli pa rejo krav dojilj in bikov pitancev, manjšo rejo krškopoljskih prašičev, rejo kopunov, ob enem pa bi povečali tudi obseg reje nesnic na 350 živali. Za takšno razširitev smo predvideli naložbe v klavnico za perutnino in razsekovalnico, v prodajni avtomat za jajca in v enostaven hlev za rejo nesnic. Izračuni kažejo, da bi predlagane spremembe skupaj z naložbami na kmetiji izboljšale ekonomske kazalnike, kot tudi dohodkovni položaj. Razbremenili bi delovno silo in tako omogočile obstoj kmetije, hkrati pa povečali perspektivnost za nadaljnja vlaganja in razvoj. The Šink farm is a livestock farm that produces milk, and an additional source of income is the sale of eggs and potatoes. The location of the farm does not allow the expansion of production, so it is a key possibility for further development in the production of products of higher quality and added value. A big challenge is also the dilapidation of the barn, which no longer provides adequate welfare for the animals, and there is also a lot of manual and hard work. By restructuring the production plan, dairy cow rearing would be discontinued on the farm, and suckler cow and fattering bull rearing would be introduced, as well as small-scale rearing of Krškopolje pigs, capun rearing, and at the same time, the volume of laying hen rearing would be increased to 350 animals. For such an expansion, we have foreseen investments in a slaughterhouse for poultry and a cutting plant, in a vending machine for eggs and in a simple barn for rearing laying hens. Calculations show that the proposed changes, together with investments on the farm, would improve the economic indicators as well as the income situation. It would relieve the workforce and thus enable the existence of the farm, while at the same time increasing the perspective for further investments and development.

Prireja govejega mesa je v Sloveniji pomembna kmetijska panoga. Težave, s katerimi se sooča reja goveda za meso, so nizke odkupne cene živali in visoki stroški, kar prinaša slabe ekonomske rezultate pitanja. V tej magistrski nalogi smo z analizo naložbe v skupno razsekovalnico želeli prikazati pozitivne učinke, ki jih prinaša prodaja mesa na domu. Z metodami matematičnega programiranja smo analizirali različne scenarije, povezane z razsekovalnico. Na kmetijskih gospodarstvih se s prodajo mesa na domu poveča pokritje na letni ravni in kljub povečanemu vložku dela se izboljša tudi pokritje na uro vloženega dela. Ugotovili smo, da se skupna naložba v razsekovalnico izplača vsem kmetijskim gospodarstvom, samostojna pa le nekaterim. Vpliv na donosnost naložbe ima predvsem obseg razseka mesa in prodajna cena, ki jo dosežemo ob prodaji na domu. Ugotovili smo tudi, da se vložek denarja in časa v trženje mesa izplača, če se s tem dovolj poveča obseg prodaje na domu. Beef production is an important sector in Slovenian agricultural . Main challenges facing the industry of beef production are low prices for animals and high costs, which leads to poor economic results of fattening. This master’s thesis aims to show positive effects of selling meat at farm gate by analysing joint investment into a cutting plant. Methods of mathematical programming were used to analyse different scenarios relating utilization of the cutting plant. Agricultural holdings increase their annual gross margin by selling meat at farm gate, and also the gross margin per hour improves despite the labour input increase. We found out that the joint investment into the cutting plant pays off to all agricultural holdings, while investments into independent plants pay off to only few. The volume of the dissected meat and the selling price at farm gate are the main impacts to the investment return. It was also determined that the monetary and marketing investments pay off if they sufficiently increase the number of sales at farm gate.

V diplomski nalogi analiziramo stanje na kmetijskem gospodarstvu, kjer se ob redni službi ukvarjajo z rejo krav dojilj in gozdarstvom. Pred nedavnim so v obdelavo prejeli dodatne površine, s katerimi so izboljšali poslovanje. Starejši sin gospodarja končuje študij in bo v kratkem iskal zaposlitev. Tako je ključen izziv diplomske naloge, priprava proizvodnega načrta, ki bi omogočal polno zaposlitev. S pomočjo scenarijske analize smo testirali različne alternative. Naša predvidevanja, da zgolj povečanje površin in črede ne zadostuje za polno zaposlitev so se izkazala za pravilna. V kolikor bi se na kmetijskem gospodarstvu preusmerili v rejo krav molznic in zagnali dopolnilno dejavnost predelave mleka, bi to, pod določenimi sicer dokaj optimističnimi pogoji zadostovalo za polno zaposlitev. Ocenjen dohodek pa bi bil primerljiv z minimalno plačo. S tem, ko bi obstoječo dejavnost reje krav dojilj povečali do polne zasedenosti hleva, zagnali dopolnilno dejavnost razseka mesa in opravljali usluge razseka za okoliške kmete, bi ustvarili dohodek, ki bi prav tako zadostoval za polno zaposlitev na kmetiji. Seveda pa je v obeh primerih ključen izziv pridobitev dovolj velikega trga in s tem povpraševanja za njihove proizvode. In the thesis we analyse the situation on the farm, where, family members, in addition to their regular jobs, are angaged also in the breeding of suckler cows and forestry. Recently, they received additional tillage areas, which improved their business. The older son of the owner is finishing his studies and will be soon looking for a job. Therefore, the key challenge of the thesis is to find a business plan that enables a full – time job on the farm. Using scenario analysis, we testet different alternatives. Our assumptions that an increase in tilage area and herd size is not enough for full emplovet, have proved correct. If they would switch their production to dairy cow and start a milk processing activity it would be enoug for full – timee job. However, under certain rather optimistic conditions. The estimated income would be comparable to the minimum wage. On the other hand by increasing the existing suckler cow breeding to full capacity of the barn, and launching a meat cutting activity by providing cutting services for the surrounding farmers, it would generate an income that would also be sufficient for full employment on the farm. Of course, in both cases, the key challenge is to gain a sufficiently large market and thus demand for their products.

Analizo poslovanja se za posamezno kmetijsko gospodarstvo v določenih primerih izpelje na ravni tipičnih kmetijskih gospodarstev (TKMG). V okviru naloge smo podrobneje analizirali izbrana TKMG, usmerjena v prirejo mleka. Definiranje TKMG smo opravili s kvalitativno in kvantitativno klasifikacijo na organiziranih delavnicah. Podrobnejše podatke smo pridobili iz različnih podatkovnih zbirk ter ocen strokovnjakov za posamezna področja. Analizo vpliva smo opravili na treh izbranih tipičnih kmetijskih gospodarstvih in sicer z modelom kmetijskih gospodarstev (MKMG). Na ta način smo s pomočjo tehnik matematičnega programiranja rekonstruirali proizvodni načrt, ki predstavlja izhodišče nadaljnjih ekonomskih analiz. S scenarijsko analizo smo testirali stabilnost izhodiščnega proizvodnega načrta posameznega TKMG ter trend morebitnih odstopanj. Tako smo ugotovili, katere so ključne možnosti analiziranih TKMG za nadaljnji razvoj z doseganjem višjega pokritja. Prav tako se je izkazalo, da uporabljen pristop omogoča sorazmerno enostavno rekonstruiranje proizvodnega načrta in s tem analizo vpliva različnih dejavnikov na ravni tipičnih kmetijskih gospodarstev. The analysis of the production plan of the individual agricultural holding (KMG) can be performed at farm groups with common characteristics defined as typical farms (TKMG). In the context of the master's thesis, we analyzed selected TKMG directed towards the production of milk. The definition of TKMG was performed using qualitative and quantitative classification on organized workshops. The data was obtained from different databases and the estimates of the experts in agricultural fields. Impact analysis was performed at three typical farms. All TKMGs were defined in the model of the agricultural holdings (MKMG). Using MKMG test of feasibility of production plan was performed. Performing impact analysis, we have reconstructed the production plan of each individual TKMG and tested for potential deviations from the basis. In this thesis, we can conclude that the used approach allows for an analysis of the impact at the level of the typical farms. Furthermore, we conclude that the average agricultural holdings are differently economic efficient and the use of linear programming allows us to reconstruct the selected production plan.

Namen diplomskega dela je podrobneje analizirati kakšen je ekonomski pomen stavništva v konjeništvu, kot tudi v katerih disciplinah je najpogosteje prisoten in v kakšnih oblikah. Pomen konjeniške dejavnosti se je namreč v zadnjih desetletjih zelo spremenil. Iz delovnih živali so konji postali predvsem družne in športne živali. S tem se je povečal tudi ekonomski pomen konjeniške dejavnosti. Glede na te trende, se je v zadnjih desetih letih pričakovano povečalo število konjeniških tekmovanj, in sicer se je glede na dostopne podatke več kot potrojilo. S tem pa je večji tudi ekonomski vpliv stav, ki so sicer v konjeništvu že dolgo prisotne, vendar v Sloveniji slabše poznane in prisotne. Te so se pojavile predvsem zato, da so organizatorji tekem na katerih so preizkušali konje, laže pokrili stroške organizacije in izvedbe posamezne prireditev. Stavništvo je najbolj razširjeno pri galopskih in kasaških dirkah. Tu se obrača največ denarja. Način stavništva se razlikuje glede na vrsto discipline in državo v kateri stavimo. The purpose of the B. Sc. Thesis is to analyse in detail the economic importance of betting in equestrianism. as well as in which disciplines it is most often present and in what forms. The meaning of equestrianism has changed a lot in the past decades. From working animals, horses became primarily family and sport animals. This also increased the economic importance of equestrianism. According to these trends, the number of equestrian competitions expectedly increased over the last ten years, more than tripling according to available data. This also increases the economic impact of bets, which have long been present in the penitentiary but are less well known and present in Slovenia. Horse betting appeared mostly due to the organizers of the competitions testing horses being more easily able to cover the financial expenses of the events. The most widely spread and the most profitable is betting in horse racing, such as flat racing and harness racing. The form of betting varies depending on the type of discipline and the country in which we place the bet.

V okviru magistrske naloge smo s kombiniranjem linearnega programiranja in tehtanega ciljnega programiranja, nadgrajenega s kazensko funkcijo, izračunali krmne obroke za krave molznice v različnih stopnjah laktacije in brejosti. Cilj naloge je bil na sorazmerno enostaven način izračunati uravnotežene krmne obroke, ki so cenovno-stroškovno najbolj ugodni glede na razpoložljive proizvodne vire konkretnega kmetijskega gospodarstva. Dodatno smo analizirali tudi stroškovni vidik krmnega obroka v skupnih stroških reje krav molznic na konkretnem kmetijskem gospodarstvu. Pri tem smo izračunali štiri krmne obroke, ki jih krava molznica zaužije tekom enega leta. Obroke smo prilagodili potrebam krave molznice glede na stadij laktacije in brejosti. Strošek vsakega obroka smo pomnožili s številom dni, ko ga je krava molznica zauživala. Vsota le teh je skupni strošek krmnih obrokov, ki nastanejo v enem letu, pri reji krave molznice. Ugotovili smo, da strošek krme na konkretnem kmetijskem gospodarstvu predstavlja 45 % skupnih stroškov, ki nastanejo pri prireji mleka. Analiza praga pokritja je pokazala, da pri prireji 8.000 kg mleka na leto dano kmetijsko gospodarstvo doseže prag pokritja pri ceni mleka 0,30 €/kg. Ta se lahko zniža že samo na račun manjših stroškov krme, če dosegamo boljše reprodukcijske parametre. Dodatno pa se zniža za slabe tri cente če upoštevamo pripadajoča neposredna plačila. Within the master's thesis, combining linear programming and weighted-goal programming with a penalty function, we calculated rations for dairy cows at different stages of lactation and pregnancy. The objective of the task was to calculate, in a relatively easy way, balanced rations which are the most cost-effective in terms of the available production resources of the particular agriculture holding. In addition, we analyzed the cost aspects of the rations in the total cost of a rearing cows in a particular dairy farm. In this case, we calculated four rations consumed by the dairy cow for one year. We adjusted the meals to the needs of the dairy cow according to the stage of lactation and pregnancy. The cost of each ration was multiplied by the number of days the dairy cow eat it. The sum of these is the total cost of rations that are incurred in one year in the case of breeding dairy cow. We found that the cost of feeding on a particular agriculture holding represents 45 % of the total costs incurred in milk production. The analysis of the economic aspect of the covering showed that when produce 8.000 kg of milk per year, for analysed dairy farm reaches a coverage at the price of milk of 0,30 €/kg. However in case of achieving better reproductive parameters also feeding cost decrease. It is additionally reduced by less than three cents if the associated direct payments are taken into account.

Mobilna klavnica je v tujini vedno bolj uveljavljen način zakola rejnih živali. Namen te naloge je preveriti, ali je mobilna klavnica v slovenskem prostoru ekonomsko upravičena oziroma ob kakšnih pogojih bi bila. V njej se opravlja vse faze zakola, od omamljanja živali do hlajenja klavnih trupov. Prednost mobilne klavnice v primerjavi s stacionarno klavnico je v tem, da ni potrebe po prevozu živih živali, razsek se izvede na mestu vzreje živali. V nalogi predstavljamo nekaj primerov uspešnih mobilnih klavnic iz tujine. Na podlagi teh izkušenj smo zasnovali načrt za mobilno klavnico, ki bi delovala na območju Slovenije. V okviru naloge smo orisali mobilno klavnico in določili osnovne predpostavke kot so velikost klavnice, kapaciteta hladilnice, število zaposlenih in število delavnih dni. Klavnica omogoča zakol goveda, konj, prašičev in drobnice. S pomočjo MS Excela smo zasnovali kalkulacije v obliki elektronskih preglednic, na podlagi katerih smo osnovali model in z njim, po različnih scenarijih, prikazali spreminjanje izbranih ekonomskih kazalnikov. Pri tem smo ugotovili, da ima velik vpliv na uspešnost poslovanja, število zakolov na dan kot tudi dodatni storitvi hlajenja in razseka klavnih polovic, prav tako pa tudi število delovnih dni in število prevoženih kilometrov. Nasprotno pa imajo majhen vpliv začetni strošek mobilne klavnice in presenetljivo tudi povečanje števila zaposlenih za dodatnega mesarja. Minimalno število zakolov dnevno za dosego točke preloma je šest govedi ali osem konj ali devetnajst prašičev ali dvaindvajset glav drobnice. Število potrebnih zakolov na dan pa se občutno zmanjša z dodatnima storitvama hlajenja in razseka. Abroad is a mobile slaughterhouse an increasingly established method of slaughtering farm animals. In the M. Sc. Thesis a mobile slaughterhouse is verified economically. A mobile slaughterhouse can be used for all phases of slaughtering from stunning animals to chilling carcasses. The argument for the mobile slaughterhouse vs. stationary is that there is no need for the transportation of live animals in a mobile slaughterhouse. Successful models from abroad were shown and further, based on those a plan for a model of a mobile slaughterhouse located in Slovenia was made. Our mobile slaughterhouse allows slaughtering of four species of animals: cattle, horses, pigs and sheep. With MS Excel program different models were created. For those variables as number slaughtered animals per day, number of cooling and cutting, number of working days and number of kilometres were used. A model where working radius is within 150 km in four day working days per week was calculated as cost efficient. Initial costs of a mobile slaughterhouse and cost of added employee have minimal effect on cost-efficiency. To be cost- efficient 6 cattle, 8 horses, 19 pigs or 22 sheep in a mobile slaughterhouse need to be slaughtered. Costs could also be reduced by adding services as chilling and cutting.

V diplomskem delu smo želeli analizirati tabore za otroke na konjeniških centrih, pri različnih scenarijskih predpostavkah in pripraviti načrt poteka konjičkovega tabora za otroke. Za pomoč pri pripravi analize in pripravi načrta smo spremljali konjičkove tabore na PRC za konjerejo Krumperk in Ranču Sitar. Za obdelavo podatkov smo pripravili kalkulacijo v obliki elektronske preglednice v programu Microsoft Office Excel. V model smo vključili število udeležencev, ceno storitve na dan, stroške, katere smo razdelili na več kategorij in kar nas je na koncu najbolj zanimalo, so bili skupni stroški in seveda dosežen rezultat. Naprej smo s pomočjo modela analizirali obiskane tabore, nato pa analizirali več možnih scenarijev, ob različnih predpostavkah. Med drugim smo izračunali, da bi Ranč Sitar pri 12 udeležencih moral zaračunati minimalno 40,20 EUR na dan oziroma bi moralo biti pri ceni 42 EUR na dan minimalno 11,04 udeležencev, da dosežemo prag pokritja. Na PRC za konjerejo Krumperk bi pri 13 udeležencih morali zaračunati minimalno 26,24 EUR na dan oziroma bi pri ceni 30 EUR na dan za dosego praga pokritja moralo biti prisotno minimalno 10,89 udeležencev. In this diploma thesis, we wished to analyse camps for children in equine centres with different scenario hypotheses and prepared a day-by-day plan for a horse camp for children. To aid our preparation of the analysis and the plan preparation, we visited little horse’s camps at Teaching and Research Centre Krumperk and at Sitar Ranch. To analyse the data, we prepared a calculation in the form of an electronic table in Microsoft Office Excel. In the model, we included the number of attending children, price of service per day, and costs divided into several categories. We were the most interested in seeing the complete costs and the result. With the help of the model, we first analysed the visited camps and then analysed different possible scenarios based on different hypotheses. Among other things, we also calculated that to reach the threshold for covering the costs, Sitar Ranch should charge a minimum of 40.20 EUR per day for 12 campers or 42 EUR per day for 11.04 campers. At the Teaching and research centre Krumperk, they should charge 26.24 EUR per day for 13 campers or 30 EUR per day for at least 10.89 campers to reach the threshold for covering the costs.

Doseganje ekonomske učinkovitosti je na hribovskih območjih težje dosegljivo kot v nižinah. V prireji mleka se pojavljajo težave predvsem zaradi povečanih stroškov pri pripravi krmnega obroka, velik izziv pa je zagotovo tudi ekonomija obsega. V nalogi smo ob pogojih konkretnega kmetijskega gospodarstva primerjali ekonomski vidik obstoječe prireje mleka (A) z alternativno preusmeritvijo v rejo krav dojilj (B). Preverjali smo tudi vpliv dopolnilne dejavnosti prodaje govejega mesa (C). S pomočjo postopka kalkuliranja in razvitega modela v obliki elektronske preglednice smo ocenili stalne in spremenljive stroške ter pričakovane prihodke za posamezen proizvodni načrt. Ugotovili smo, da je v danem primeru dohodek na vloženo delo največji v primeru reje krav dojilj (B). Za tak rezultat je sicer potrebno povečanje črede in obdelovalnih površin, kar je eden od ciljev kmetijskega gospodarstva. Z vpeljavo dopolnilne dejavnosti (C) se ob predvideni količini prodanega mesa sicer povečajo prihodki, vendar se zaradi sorazmerno visokih stroškov ekonomski rezultat ne spremeni. Urna postavka je v scenariju B in C enaka, medtem ko je v prireji mleka (A) slabša. Za izboljšanje rezultata (C) bi bilo potrebno povečati količino prodanega govejega mesa, kar pa bi bilo dosegljivo po nekaj letih izvajanja takšne dejavnosti. S takšno investicijo bi dosegali donos v višini 12,60 %. Achieving economic efficiency is much more difficult to reach in mountainous areas than in the lowlands. Problems arise in milk production, mainly due to increased costs in preparing the feed meal, and the economies of scale are definitely a big challenge. In the thesis we compared the economic aspect of the existing milk production (A) to the conditions of a particlar agricultural holding, with alternative conversion to breeding suckler cows (B). Furthermore we examined the impact of the complementary bovine meat selling activity (C). Using the calculation procedure and the developed model in the form of an electronic spreadsheet, we estimated the constant and variable costs and expected incomings for each production plan. We have found that, in the given case, the income per work done is highest by breeding suckler cows (B). For such a result, an increase in the herd and arable land is needed, which is one of the objectives of the holding. With the introduction of complementary activity (C), though at the estimated quantity of meat sold the incomings increases, but because of the relatively high costs, the economic result does not change. The hourly rate is the same in scenarios B and C, while in milk production (A) it is worse. To improve the result (C), it would be opportune to increase the amount of sold bovine meat, which would be achievable after several years of carrying out such an activity. With such an investment, it would have been achieved a return of 12.60%.

V okviru diplomskega dela smo analizirali konkretno kmetijsko gospodarstvo z območja tolminskega na katerem si z razširitvijo primarne dejavnosti želijo omogočiti zaposlitev dodatne delovne sile. Pri tem smo analizirali možnost razširitve na konjeniško dejavnost. Analizirali smo dva različna scenarija in sicer pri prvem, da bi se kmetijsko gospodarstvo ukvarjalo zgolj z oskrbo konj in drugim, kjer bi ponudbo razširili še na šolo jahanja. Na podlagi dobljenih rezultatov lahko zaključimo, da bi zgolj z oskrbo konj ob polni zasedenosti kapacitet lahko zagotovili delno zaposlitev polne delovne moči, med tem ko bi s šolo jahanja ob predvidnem povpraševanju zagotovili dovolj prihodkov za kritje polne zaposlitve pri čemer bi bilo potrebno najti tudi dodatno ustrezno kvalificirano delovno silo. V primeru, da bi šlo zgolj za oskrbo konj se donosnost takšne investicije giblje med 5,47 in 13,92 %. S šolo jahanja pa se ob predvidenem povpraševanju ta giblje med 3,17 in 19,68 % odvisno od tega kakšen je obseg povpraševanja po danih storitvah. Within the thesis we analysed concrete agricultural holding from Tolmin area where they want to expand the primary activity enabling additional workforce employment. For this purpose, we analysed the possibility of including also equestrian activities into business plan. We analysed two different scenarios. In the first scenario we anticipate that the agricultural holding would deal with the horse livery, while in the second scenario where they would extend the offer also to the riding school. On the basis of the obtained results we can conclude that with horse livery with full occupancy of the capacities we could provide partial employment of full time, while with the riding school, with the expected demand, they would have enough income to cover full employment, and it would be necessary to find also additional adequately skilled workforce. The profitability of such an investment in the case that it was only for the horse livery, ranges between 5.47 and 13.92 %. With the riding school, however, with the expected demand, it ranges between 3.17 and 19.68 %, depending on the volume of demand for given services.

Konjeništvo pridobiva na pomenu tako po svetu kot tudi v Sloveniji. Postaja pomembna prostočasna dejavnost, v katero se vključujejo različne generacije. Večina mladih se vključi v konjeniški šport prek jahalnih šol, zato je ključno, da so zadovoljni z njihovi storitvami. Jahalne šole so tako pomembne za mlade, ki se ukvarjajo s konjeniškim športom, saj jim omogočajo, da tovrstni šport izvajajo, ne da bi imeli lastnega konja. S slednjim so poleg dodatnega časa povezani tudi sorazmerno visoki stroški vzdrževanja konja brez kakršnekoli trdne zaveze in dnevne skrbi zanj. Pri tem pa je za ohranjanje in predvsem izboljšanje situacije v konjeništvu ključno, da so uporabniki storitev zadovoljni s ponudbo in izvedenimi storitvami. Dane situacije na področju izvajanja jahalnih šol v slovenskih razmerah ne poznamo. Z deskriptivno študijo o zadovoljstvu mladih s storitvami jahalnih šol v Sloveniji smo skušali zapolniti raziskovalno vrzel na tem področju. Cilj magistrske naloge je bil ugotoviti, kako so mladi zadovoljni s storitvami (programi treniranja) slovenskih jahalnih šol in ali so jih pripravljeni priporočiti drugim. K sodelovanju smo povabili vse inštruktorje jahalnih šol v Sloveniji in njihove stranke, stare med 11 in 27 let. S pomočjo spletne ankete smo ugotovili, da so mladi na splošno zelo zadovoljni z jahalnimi šolami in tudi s posameznimi elementi, kot so jahalni konji, inštruktorji in program dela. Mladi so na splošno pripravljeni priporočiti svojo jahalno šolo drugim. Horseback riding is gaining in importance both globally as well as in Slovenia. It is becoming an important leisure activity, involving various generations. Most young people get involved in equestrian sport through riding schools, so it is vital that they are satisfied with their services. Riding schools are so important to young people doing equestrian sport as they enable them to undertake this sport without any firm commitment and allow them to do other types of sport at the same time, as the time-consuming daily maintenance of one’s own horse is not necessary. However, in order to maintain and improve the situation, it is crucial that the service users are satisfied with the offer and services provided. We do not know the situation in Slovenia. By using a descriptive study of youth satisfaction with the services of riding schools in Slovenia, we tried to fill the research gap in this field. The aim was to find out how young people are satisfied with the services (training programs) of Slovenian riding schools and whether they are prepared to recommend them to others. All coaching instructors in Slovenia and their clients aged from 11 until 27 years were invited to participate. With using an online survey, we found that young people are generally very satisfied with riding schools as well as with individual elements such as riding horses, instructors, and work programs. Young people are in general ready to recommend their riding school to others.

V kriznih časih se vedno znova pojavljajo vprašanja o gospodarnosti prireje mleka in iskanju novih rešitev za dane izzive. Pri prireji mleka je eden takšnih izbira ustrezne pasme. V nalogi smo primerjali ekonomske kazalnike prireje pri dveh najpogostejših pasmah krav molznic v Sloveniji: lisasto in črno belo pasmo. S pomočjo nadgrajene modelne kalkulacije smo primerjali dosežena pokritja krav molznic v različnih skupinah in sicer na letni ravni na povprečno žival v čredi. V kalkulacijo smo vključili prihodke prodanega mleka, telet, izločenih krav ter spremenljive stroške obnove črede, stroškov krmnega obroka, veterinarskih storitev, zavarovanja in vezanega kapitala. Skupine krav molznic so bile oblikovane glede na zastopanost pasem v čredi in mlečnosti črede. Testirali smo ekonomičnost pasem ob različnih pogojih. S pomočjo uporabljenega pristopa smo ugotovili, da so najvišje pokritje ob razmerah v letu 2016 dosegale krave molznice lisaste pasme iz skupine mešanih rej z najvišjo mlečnostjo. Podoben ekonomski rezultat pri enakih pogojih reje ob odkupni ceni mleka v letu 2016 dosežemo, če krava lisaste pasme na leto da 5.500 kg mleka, krava črno-bele pasme pa med 7.500 kg in 8.000 kg. Lisasta pasma poveča stabilnost dohodka na kmetijskem gospodarstvu in je bolj konkurenčna predvsem v obdobju nizkih cen mleka. In times of crisis, there are recurring questions regarding the economics of dairy farming and the search for new solutions for the given challenges. When it comes to milk production one of them is the choice of appropriate breed. The focus of this master thesis was a comparison of the economic indicators of production in the two most common breeds of dairy cows in Slovenia: Simmental and Holstein Friesian breeds. Using upgraded model calculations, we compared the achieved gross margins of dairy cows in different groups, on an annual level and per average animal in the herd. The following items were included in the performed calculation: Sold milk, sold calves, culled cows, variable costs of restocking the herd, the costs of feed, veterinary services, insurance and all tied capital. Groups of dairy cows were formed according to the representation of the breeds in the herd and herd milk yields. We tested the efficiency of breeds under different conditions. Using the applied approach, we found that the highest gross margin in 2016 was achieved by dairy cows of Simmental breed from the group of mixed breeds with the highest milk yield. A similar economic result was achieved under the same conditions of farming, at the 2016 milk producer price, if the Simmental cow gives 5,500 kg of milk annually and the Holstein Friesian between 7,500 kg and 8,000 kg. The Simmental breed increases the stability of income on an agricultural holding and is more competitive particularly in the period of low milk prices.

Kmetijstvo danes deluje v poslovnem okolju, za katerega so značilni spreminjanje cen pridelkov, deregulacija trgov in nestabilnost dohodkov. Sooča se s številnimi tveganji, na eni strani povezanimi z vremenskimi vplivi, škodljivci, kot tudi vse pogostejšimi boleznimi živali. Na strani spreminjajočega okolja imajo pomembno vlogo tudi ukrepi skupne kmetijske politike. Zaradi slednjega so nosilci kmetijske proizvodnje pri svojih proizvodnih in organizacijskih odločitvah pogosto v dilemi in se soočajo s številnimi izzivi. Pri njihovih odločitvah so jim v pomoč različna orodja. Med kompleksnejšo skupino metod sodi matematično programiranje, znotraj katere je najpogosteje uporabljeno linearno programiranje. Tako smo tudi v nalogi uporabili modelno orodje, katerega metodološki pristop temelji na matematičnem programiranju. Z njim smo želeli raziskati, na kakšen način v danih ekonomskih razmerah optimirati ekonomski položaj v govedoreji na določenem omejenem območju. Tako smo v prvem koraku definirali tipe kmetijskih gospodarstev in jim na podlagi dejanskih podatkov določili fizični obseg proizvodnje. Vsi tipi predstavljajo govedorejske kmetije, usmerjene v prirejo mleka, rejo bikov pitancev oziroma kombinacijo obeh. Nato smo na podlagi oblikovanih scenarijev na danih tipih kmetijskih gospodarstev z metodo delne optimizacije definirali trenuten ekonomski položaj. V nadaljevanju smo z metodo omejene optimizacije iskali optimalen proizvodni načrt s ciljem doseženega čim boljšega ekonomskega rezultata. Pri tem smo s postopkom optimizacije spreminjali proizvodne omejitve in dodajali ali odvzemali posamezne aktivnosti, ki lahko vstopajo v optimalno rešitev. V primeru, ko smo dobili rezultate, ki so iz ekonomskega in tehnološkega vidika korektni, vendar nerealni, smo postopek optimizacije ponovili z dodajanjem dodatnih omejitev. Na podlagi uporabe modelnega orodja smo prišli med drugim do rezultatov, da samostojno obravnavanje živinorejskih aktivnosti vpliva na optimalen proizvodni načrt in posledično na višje pričakovano pokritje in višji pričakovani dohodek. Rezultati kažejo, da kmetijske površine niso optimalno izkoriščene, saj bi lahko na vseh treh tipih kmetijskih gospodarstev na obstoječih površinah redili več živali in s tem dosegali tudi boljše ekonomske rezultate. Agriculture nowadays operates in a business environment characterized by changing crop prices, deregulation of markets and income instability. It faces many risks from weather, pests and increasing occurrence of animal diseases. In such changing environment common agricultural policy plays an important role. That is the reason for a dilemma for carriers of agricultural production who are facing many challenges. There are many tools and methods to help them in decision making. Among the complex group of methods is mathematical programming, within which is the most commonly used linear programming. In our thesis we used a model tool where methodological approach is based on mathematical programming. With it, we wanted to explore how to optimize the economic situation of the cattle breeding farm in the current economic conditions in certain area. The first step was to define types of agricultural holdings and set their physical output on the basis of actual data. All chosen types represent cattle farms focused on milk production and breeding of fattening bulls or a combination of both. Then, we defined current economic situation formed by partial optimization on the basis of given scenarios for chosen types of agricultural holdings. With limited optimization method we were looking for the optimal production plan with the objective to achieve the best possible economic result. We changed the procedure of optimization of production constraints and added or subtracted different activities, which can enter the optimal solution. In the case when we got the results that are in economic and technological point of view correct, but unrealistic, we repeated the optimization process by adding additional constraints. Based on the use of modelling tools we have reached the results which inter alia show that independent planning of livestock activities affects the optimal production plan and, consequently magnifies the expected coverage and income. The results indicate that agricultural areas are not optimally used, as it could be in the case if all three types of holdings were breeding more animals and thus achieve better economic results.