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Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) has been an important crop with considerable cultural and economic significance for over 2,500 years, and Greece has been an important entry point into Europe for lineages that were domesticated in Western Asia and the Caucasus. However, whole-genome-based investigation of the demographic history of Greek cultivars relative to other European lineages has only started recently. To understand how Greek cultivars relate to Eurasian domesticated and wild populations, we sequenced 3 iconic domesticated strains ('Xinomavro,' 'Agiorgitiko,' 'Mavrotragano') along with 1 wild accession (the vinetree of Pausanias-a historically important wild specimen) and analyzed their genomic diversity together with a large sample of publicly available domesticated and wild strains. We also reconstructed genealogies by leveraging the powerful tsinfer methodology which has not previously been used in this system. We show that cultivated strains from Greece differ genetically from other strains in Europe. Interestingly, all the 3 cultivated Greek strains clustered with cultivated and wild accessions from Transcaucasia, South Asia, and the Levant and are amongst the very few cultivated European strains belonging to this cluster. Furthermore, our results indicate that 'Xinomavro' shares close genealogical proximity with European elite cultivars such as 'Chardonnay,' 'Riesling,' and 'Gamay' but not 'Pinot.' Therefore, the proximity of 'Xinomavro' to Gouais/Heunisch Weiss is confirmed and the utility of ancestral recombination graph reconstruction approaches to study genealogical relationships in crops is highlighted., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.)

We study natural DNA polymorphisms and associated phenotypes in the Arabidopsis relative Cardamine hirsuta. We observed strong genetic differentiation among several ancestry groups and broader distribution of Iberian relict strains in European C. hirsuta compared to Arabidopsis. We found synchronization between vegetative and reproductive development and a pervasive role for heterochronic pathways in shaping C. hirsuta natural variation. A single, fast-cycling ChFRIGIDA allele evolved adaptively allowing range expansion from glacial refugia, unlike Arabidopsis where multiple FRIGIDA haplotypes were involved. The Azores islands, where Arabidopsis is scarce, are a hotspot for C. hirsuta diversity. We identified a quantitative trait locus (QTL) in the heterochronic SPL9 transcription factor as a determinant of an Azorean morphotype. This QTL shows evidence for positive selection, and its distribution mirrors a climate gradient that broadly shaped the Azorean flora. Overall, we establish a framework to explore how the interplay of adaptation, demography, and development shaped diversity patterns of 2 related plant species., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Baumgarten et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)