Search

The central question of the article is already formulated in the title. The author advocates a minimal definition of intelligence: intelligence is independent problem solving. The level of intelligence depends on the complexity of the problems and the degree of independence in solving them (Klaus Mainzer). According to this definition, the author notes that intelligent machines already exist. These are AI systems that are capable of deep learning. In the paper, the author presents criticisms of the claim that AI is intelligent in the literal sense and not just in the metaphorical sense. These criticisms are based on objections that can be divided into two basic groups. Proponents of the first line of criticism cite mental abilities (such as phenomenal consciousness and awareness) and aliveness as essential attributes of intelligence, rejecting the notion of artificial life as nonsense. Inanimate and non-mental systems are merely adaptive, not intelligent systems. Representatives of the second group claim that the indispensable characteristics of intelligence are generality, intuition, common sense and abduction. The author analyses the aforementioned criticisms and concludes that their proponents have not given good reasons against the minimal definition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. At-risk individuals have many forms, often it is the two opposing sides of a personality which can ultimately implement risky behaviour only to accept an individual into a peer group. Concept. The risky behaviour of young people and children currently associated with a consumer society aggravated by the pandemic situation Covid-19 is the subject of interest in professional as well as scientific research of various professionals who work in different areas of life. Methods. This study deals with the risks, social, but also individual consequences of at-risk youth, which occur at all levels of society. In the study, we proceeded in an analytical-synthetic way, interpreting and ascertaining the results of various other scientific and professional studies by foreign authors who deal with the given issue. Results. The study confirms that risky behaviour requires a constant approach to educating a young person through not only the family but also the school environment, which allows a new perspective on risky youth behaviour. However, it is very important to integrate young people into society to see the risks of their behaviour not only for themselves. but for a narrower or wider comm unity. Conclusion. The scientific articles and contributions offered in this study point out the risky behaviour of young people, the risks of behaviour not only for individuals but also for groups, it points out the possible causes, reasons, but also consequences of risky behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study deals with the establishment of a vineyard in Tanakh, analyzes the meaning and symbols associated with religious holidays. The connection between the first vineyard and the first garden, Adam and Noah, is emphasized. The study focuses on the story of Noah and the responsibility for his actions, highlighting how Tanakh and the rabbinic tradition pay close attention to the consequences of excessive drinking. On the other hand, wine consumed in moderation brings people forget about effort and is a symbol of the best in the rabbinic tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to show how philosophical grammatical consideration can contribute to better understanding of rationality of religion, and increase respect, fair cooperation and dialogue between adherents of different religions and worldviews. I have picked three examples of such account: Wittgenstein's account of theology as grammar, Alvin Plantinga's criticism of classical foundationalism and Hilary Putnam's semantical externalism. In the second part of the paper, I analyse the connection between grammar, rationality, and authenticity. I show that understanding of this connection provides a rational ground for claiming the possibility of dialogue and fair cooperation with others even in case when their rationality is different from ours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first born of men, animals, as well as the first fruit of the land were considered most precious to God in the ancient Israel. The first fruits of the land were also deemed to be the best produce of the cultivated soil and the first-born boys were thought to open the womb of their mother for giving birth to children and were thus consecrated unto God. It was thus the first-born of the animals that were sacrificed on the altar in the Jerusalem Temple. The first fruits of the land, however, have their specific traits which distinguished them from other fruits of the earth. Above all, it was their connectedness with the cult and the Temple. This duty stemmed from the ownership of the land in the country that had been given as a gift to the promised people by virtue of God's unfailing promise. The fact that the first fruits of the land have their special significance is evident from the expressions that the Hebrew language uses when referring to them. These expressions reveal the importance that was attributed to the first fruits of the land as something exceptional, unique, not just chronologically preceding. The command to bring the first fruits of the land can be understood as a remnant (or reminiscence) of the ancient times because its fulfilment is tied to dwelling in the promised Land ("Erec Jisrael") as well as to the existence of the Jerusalem Temple. According to rabbinic Judaism, the sacrifice of the first fruits pertained only to seven kinds of agricultural produce. In modern Israel as well as in numerous communities in diaspora, many of the ancient practices from the period of the Jerusalem Temple were implemented in the lives of common people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]