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The aim of this study was to examine whether there are differences in the performance on simple and complex mathematical tasks depending on the personality traits and the presence of an audience. After completing the personality questionnaire, within the first experimental session, participants (N=70) solved one set of simple and one set of complex mathematical tasks. In the second session participants solved another set of simple and another set of complex tasks. In one of the sessions, participants were solving tasks in front of the audience, while in the other session the audience was absent. The results indicate that presence of an audience facilitates performance of those participants low on neuroticism, but only when they are solving simple tasks.

Facial expressions of emotions guide social interactions, thus enhancing adaptation and functioning of an individual, and the ability to recognize them could be related to stable personality traits. This research aimed to examine the relationship of Big Five personality traits, Dark Triad personality traits and aggressiveness with the accuracy of recognizing unambiguous and the categorization of ambiguous and neutral facial expressions. The sample comprised 207 university students who completed the emotion recognition test (which, besides the standard “prototypical” unambiguous expressions of six basic emotions, also contained ambiguous and neutral facial expressions) as well as the series of personality questionnaires. Before examining the relationship of personality traits with emotion recognition, general recognition of emotions and patterns of errors were inspected. Results confirmed earlier findings, with the level of accuracy being highest for happy and lowest for fearful faces. Regarding the relationship with the personality traits, results showed that openness to experience was related to more accurate recognition of fearful faces. This finding is discussed by account of aesthetic sensitivity and within the frequency-of- occurrence hypothesis. Also, psychopathy was related to more frequent categorization of neutral expressions as disgusted faces, which is discussed within the framework of evolutionary psychology. The relationships of other considered variables did not prove to be significant.

Podaci o učestalosti i tipu vježbi koje prakticiraju na igralištu, zadovoljstvu samim objektom te motivima za tjelesno vježbanje, prikupljeni su na uzorku od 101 vježbača na riječkom igralištu Kampus (od čega 66 muškaraca i 34 žene), prosječne dobi 29.39 godina (SD=16.85). Ispitanici su uglavnom zadovoljni objektom na kojemu vježbaju, iako smatraju da ima prostora za poboljšanje te da njihovi sugrađani vježbaju premalo. Motivi ispitanika za vježbanjem vrlo su raznoliki i međusobno su uglavnom u visokim pozitivnim korelacijama. Najviše se ističu korelacije socijalizacije, odnosno potrebe za druženjem s prijateljima i upoznavanjem novih ljudi, i interesa i uživanja, kao i kompetentnosti i interesa i uživanja. Dobiveni rezultati su u skladu s teorijom samoodređenja Decija i Ryana (2000), prema kojoj se upravo zadovoljenje osnovnih potreba za bliskim odnosima i kompetentnošću, uz zadovoljenje potrebe za autonomijom, povezuje s višom dobrobiti i optimalnim razvojem.

The main goal of this study was to examine the differences in employing conflict management strategies with regard to the study program and the study progress. In total, 437 students from two faculties from the University of Rijeka, Croatia participated in the research. Dutch Test for Conflict Handling (DUTCH) was used to measure students’ conflict management preferences. The results showed that students of both majors used strategies of compromising and problem solving the most. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed the main effect of the study program on the students’ preferences for compromising. It was found that the students of psychology reported using compromising more often than the students of economics and business. The interaction of the study program and the study progress on compromising was also significant. It was found that the seniors of psychology preferred compromising significantly more than the seniors of economics and business. Another ANOVA showed that the main effects of the study program and the study progress on forcing were significant with no interaction: preferences for forcing were higher among senior students than among freshmen as well as among the students of economics and business than among the students of psychology. The results provide guidelines for the future design of study programs relative to the needs of the labor market and social needs for integrative solutions and inclusiveness. Despite the validity of our findings, the results cannot serve as an accurate predictor of the student behavior in the workplace. It is possible that college students would use a combination of conflict management strategies once they enter the workforce. In addition, our results are based on self-report data. That is why we suggest that future studies include experimental design as a more accurate way of data collection.

The objective was to test several hypotheses by exploring the ability of violent men to recognize facial affect. According to social learning theory and evolutionary hypothesis, sadness, fear and disgust were expected to be recognized with higher accuracy on female than male faces, while the opposite effect was expected for angry faces. Considering different types of violent behavior, sexual coercion perpetrators were expected to either have an impaired ability to recognize female disgust, since disgust has a function to decrease sexual arousal, or to be more sensitive to female disgust than violent men without a history of sexual coercion, because female facial disgust can be interpreted as a cue of infidelity. The participants were 71 married or cohabiting couples who were attending treatment at a Social Welfare Centre. All male participants exhibited some sort of violent behavior towards their partner. To avoid social desirability bias, Revised Conflict Tactic Scale was administered to females, while males were requested to complete the emotion recognition test. Violent men recognized facial expressions of fear and disgust more accurately when displayed by female than male models. The opposite was found for angry faces, whilst the models’ sex did not affect the recognition of sad, happy and surprised facial expressions nor neutral faces. Furthermore, perpetrators of sexual coercion were more accurate than other violent men in the recognition of female facial disgust. We propose that by expressing disgust towards their partner, women signal their low mate value and the availability of alternative men with a higher mate value. Therefore, female facial expressions of disgust could be subtle cues to sexual infidelity that motivate sexual coercion in some men.

Prateći frekvenciju korištenja igrališta „Kampus“ kroz godinu dana, od početka ožujka 2017. do kraja veljače 2018. godine, ustanovljeno je da za potrebe tjelesnog vježbanja igralište dnevno u prosjeku posjeti 205 ljudi. Prosječan broj građana koji su individualno primjenjivali tjelesnu aktivnost na igralištu je 172, a prosječan broj vježbača koji su dolazili iz škola, fakulteta i klubova je 33 po danu. Najčešće se igralište koristilo u poslijepodnevnim satima, što je činilo 65% od ukupnog broja korisnika. Ukupno je najviše korisnika bilo u listopadu, zatim u srpnju pa svibnju, a najmanje u veljači, zatim u prosincu te rujnu. Obzirom na dobro poznate i poželjne motoričke, zdravstvene i psihosocijalne ishode, uključivanje ovako velikog broja građana u različite kineziološke sadržaje na igralištu „Kampus“ u Rijeci potvrda je isplativosti ulaganja te primjer dobre prakse za poticanje građanstva na tjelesno vježbanje.

Web-ispitivanja kod kojih se podaci od ispitanika prikupljaju web-upitnikom danas postaju sve popularnija. No sve više ljudi za pristup internetu koristi zaslone raznih formata, pametne telefone, tablete itd., pa su posebno važne mogućnosti raznih prikaza web-upitnika, odnosno fleksibilnost u njihovu dizajniranju. S druge strane, dizajn web-upitnika može utjecati na podatke prikupljene tim ispitivanjem. Dosadašnja istraživanja o utjecaju vizualne orijentacije skale za odgovore i broja stranica web-upitnika na rezultate daju dosta nejasne, a ponekad i oprečne nalaze. Osim toga, postoji premali broj istraživanja koja se bave ovakvim pitanjima. U članku je opisano istraživanje koje se bavi utjecajem navedenih osobina web-upitnika na rezultate ispitivanja na uzorku od 207 studentica i studenata Filozofskog fakulteta u Rijeci. Cilj istraživanja bio je provjeriti utječu li vizualna orijentacija skale za odgovaranje i broj stranica web-upitnika na rezultate ispitivanja. U kontekstu ovog istraživanja pod rezultatima ispitivanja misli se posebno na vrijeme potrebno za ispunjavanje web-upitnika i posebno na sadržaj odgovora. Primijenjen je web-upitnik sa skalom stavova o računalima i sa skalom stavova o internetu. Korištene su tri inačice web-upitnika. U prvoj je korišten straničeni dizajn, u drugoj vertikalni klizaći, a u trećoj horizontalni klizaći dizajn. Kruskal-Wallisovom analizom ustanovljeno je da nema značajnih razlika u brzini rješavanja web-upitnika među skupinama ispitanika sa straničenim dizajnom, vertikalnim klizaćim i horizontalnim klizaćim dizajnom. Također, analizom varijance nije ustanovljena značajna razlika u sadržaju odgovora među tim skupinama. Možemo zaključiti da dizajn web-upitnika u smislu broja stranica i vizualne orijentacije skale za odgovaranje nije utjecao na rezultate ispitivanja.

Migrantska kriza vrlo je aktualna tema kako u Hrvatskoj, tako i u Europi. Način na koji nam je ona predstavljena može značajno utjecati na naše stavove prema migrantima. Stoga je cilj ovoga istraživanja bio ispitati kako promjena naslova i ključnih riječi u novinskim člancima, odnosno efekt oblikovanja utječe na stavove adolescenata prema migrantima. Isto tako ispitan je doprinos osobina ličnosti petofaktorskoga modela, desničarske autoritarnosti, religioznosti i spola stavovima prema migrantima. U istraživanju su sudjelovala 102 adolescenta prosječne dobi od osamnaest godina. Istraživanje je provedeno u dva navrata. U prvom su dijelu sudionici ispunjavali upitnike desničarske autoritarnosti, osobina ličnosti (BFI) i stavova prema tražiteljima azila te je provjereno jesu li religiozni. U drugom je dijelu sudionicima prezentiran novinski članak s pozitivnim, negativnim ili neutralnim sadržajem vezanim uz migrantsku krizu. Nakon toga su adolescenti ponovno ispunili upitnik stavova prema tražiteljima azila. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da mladići, kao i autoritarniji sudionici imaju negativnije, a ugodniji i ekstravertiraniji pojedinci pozitivnije stavove prema migrantima prije manipulacije (prvi dio). Također je dobiveno da su sudionici izloženi pozitivno oblikovanom članku u drugom dijelu istraživanja imali pozitivnije stavove prema migrantima, a oni izloženi negativno oblikovanom članku negativnije stavove. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata može se zaključiti da se efekt oblikovanja javlja i u kontekstu migrantske krize kod mladih ljudi te da pri ispitivanju stavova adolescenata treba voditi računa o nekim individualnim karakteristikama poput spola i osobina ličnosti.

Središnja su tema ovog pregleda istraživanja koja se bave utjecajem različitih vrsta uređaja te različitih web-formi na rezultate web- ispitivanja. Rezultati dosadašnjih istraživanja nisu jednoznačni. Različiti autori izvještavaju o različitim smjerovima značajnih efekata, dok se u nekim radovima efekti nisu manifestirali. Razmotrena je i interakcija uređaja i web-formi, međutim radova koji se time bave gotovo da i nema. Pregled je zaključen smjernicama za buduća istraživanja.

The purpose of this paper is to identify the implementation of conflict management strategies in the population of final year students of economics and business administration. In order to identify student preferences, we used the Dutch Test for Conflict Handling (DUTCH), which has previously been proven as a reliable and valid measurement instrument with good psychometric qualities. The questionnaire consists of 20 items grouped in five sections pertaining to five conflict management strategies: problem solving, yielding, forcing, avoiding, and compromising. Besides detecting general student preferences regarding conflict management strategies, the goal was to examine whether there are statistically significant differences with regard to respondents’ gender, study program and the degree of career ambition. Results based on the sample of 107 final year students of the Faculty of Economics University of Rijeka, Croatia showed that problem solving and compromising were the most widely used conflict management strategies, while yielding was used the least. Significant differences in implementing conflict management strategies were detected with regard to the study program. Furthermore, female students were found to have the strongest preference towards the strategies of problem solving and compromising, while male students prefer forcing as strongly as compromising and problem solving. Business schools have the obligation to prepare students for modern business environment in which many concepts have been revisited and revised. Fragmentation has been replaced by integration of capabilities, capacities and resources, and increased interdependence leading to co- sourcing, partnerships, alliances and various other short and long-term cooperation agreements. Understanding behavioral patterns among individuals studying economics is very important because they will be future managers and leaders. Considering their conflict management behavioral preferences, it can be concluded that the surveyed students exhibit the right attitude and are therefore well prepared for their future working conditions and demands.

The aim of this study was to summarize empirical research concerning relations between facial symmetry and health. Initial review of the literature revealed that facial symmetry is influential visual marker of attractiveness and health. We also observed that a strong connection between facial symmetry and health is demonstrated only in studies measuring perceived health, while there is only scarce evidence corroborating the link between symmetry and actual health. In order to systematically evaluate these observations, we conducted a meta- analysis with the type of health assessment (on two levels: perceived and actual) as a moderator variable. In order to select the studies for the meta-analysis, several data-bases were searched for articles containing items “health” and “facial symmetry” or “facial asymmetry”. After this initial search, reference lists of retrieved articles were checked in order to find other studies relevant for the meta-analysis. Finally, articles that cited all the studies retrieved in the first two steps were checked. Following the described search procedure, a total of 19 studies were selected for meta-analysis: 9 with actual and 10 with perceived health measures. The overall correlation between health and facial symmetry across all 19 studies was significant and positive (r=.23 ; p

Uvod: Partnersko nasilje prema ženama je prepoznato kao ozbiljan problem s različitim, negativnim posljedicama koje ima na žrtve, počinitelje i društvo u cjelini. U posljednjem desetljeću pažnju istraživača je privlačilo pitanje povezanosti konzumacije alkohola i partnerskog nasilja, pri čemu je sklonost pretjeranoj konzumaciji prepoznata kao rizični faktor za počinjenje partnerskog nasilja. Međutim, na iskustvenoj kao i na empirijskoj razini pokazalo se da nisu svi muškarci skloniji nasilju pod utjecajem alkohola, odnosno da postoji potencijalni faktor individualnih razlika koje određene pojedince predisponiraju za nasilničko ponašanje. Ovim istraživanjem željeli smo ispitati povezanost konzumacije alkohola, psihopatije i dimenzija privrženosti s različitim oblicima partnerskog nasilja. Metode i postupak: Sudionici istraživanja bili su muškarci i žene, odnosno bračni i izvanbračni parovi (N= 88) u tretmanu Centra za socijalnu skrb Varaždin. Pritom su muškarci samoprocjenjivali privrženost u ljubavnim vezama i psihopatiju (ispunjavajući skraćene oblike Brennanovog inventara iskustava u ljubavnim vezama, IIBV ; i Samoizvješće psihopatije, SRP- III), dok su žene procjenjivale nasilje koje su doživjele od strane partnera (ispunjavanjem Revidirane skale rješavanja sukoba, CTS- 2) te partnerovu sklonost konzumaciji alkohola (AUDIT- C). Rezultati: Regresijskom analizom dobiveno je da su samo sklonost konzumaciji alkohola i dimenzija anksioznosti značajni prediktori za pojavu nasilničkog ponašanja u partnerskim vezama, dok se dimenzija izbjegavanja i psihopatija nisu pokazale značajnima. Provedenom analizom objašnjeno je značajnih 37.2% varijance nasilničkog ponašanja. Ovisno o postignutim rezultatima na dimenzijama privrženosti (anksioznost/ izbjegavanje) muški ispitanici su podijeljeni u dvije skupine: sigurno i nesigurno privrženi nakon čega su testirane razlike između tih skupina ovisno o partneričinim procjenama doživljenog nasilja. U usporedbi sa sigurno privrženima muškarcima, oni s nesigurnim stilom privrženosti su češće manifestirali nasilničko ponašanje u odnosu s partnericama, konkretnije umjerenu i tešku psihičku agresiju te seksualnu prisilu. Zaključak: Ovi nalazi idu u prilog ranijim nalazima o partnerskom nasilju kao fenomenu determiniranom višestrukim faktorima, pri čemu važnu ulogu imaju individualne razlike. Rezultati ovog i sličnih istraživanja se mogu koristiti za poboljšanje programa liječenja i kreiranje psihosocijalnih intervencija prema počiniteljima nasilja.

Da bi mogli uspješno komunicirati, ljudi se oslanjaju na različite vrste informacija. Prepoznavanje izraza lica jedan je od mehanizama koji omogućava stvaranje i održavanje socijalnih kontakata te stoga ima važnu adaptivnu ulogu u rješavanju socijalnih problema. Procjena i prepoznavanje emocionalnih stanja kod duševnih bolesnika često je opterećeno usijed emocionalnih odsutpanja u okviru same bolesti, ali i kao posljedica dugogodišnje primjene farmakoterapije. U populaciji starijih duševnih bolesnika često se uočava jaka projektivnost te se postavlja pitanje do kakvih promjena u percepciji emocija dolazi s obzirom na starenje. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 69 ispitanika, od čega 44 duševna bolesnika hospitalizirana u PB Lopača te 25 kontrolnih. Ispitan je efekt dobi i efekt psihijatrijske dijagnoze na uspješnost prepoznavanja emocionalnih izraza lica, uz pretpostavku da će s porastom dobi i pod utjecajem dijagnoze rasti i percepcija ljutnje i straha. Emocionalni izrazi lica korišteni u istraživanju preuzeti su iz baze The Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces (KDEF). Korištene su 93 fotografije osnovnih emocionalnih izraza lica, po 10 od svake emocije (radost, tuga, strah, ljutnja, gađenje, iznenađenje, neutralno) te 23 fotografije s miješanim emocionalnim izrazima, kombiniranim iz više osnovnih emocionalnih izraza. Rezultati su preliminarni i predstavljaju uvod u veliko istraživanje o percepciji emocija kod duševnih bolesnika različitih psihijatrijskih dijagnoza. Nakon deskriptivne obrade provedene su tri regresijske analize s dobi i dijagnozom ispitanika kao prediktorima te točnošću prepoznavanja pozitivnih, negativnih i neutralnih izraza lica kao kriterijima. Ustanovljeno je da dijagnoza ispitanika značajno predicira točnost prepoznavanja negativnih i pozitivnih emocija na način da ispitanici bez dijagnoze postižu bolje rezultate. Dob ispitanika značajan je prediktor samo za točnost prepoznavanja negativnih emocija, koje mlađi ispitanici prepoznaju bolje od starijih, dok niti dob niti dijagnoza nisu značajni prediktori točnosti prepoznavanja neutralnih izraza. Dobiveno je u skladu s nizom emocionalnih tegoba koje se tipično javljaju kod duševnih bolesnika. Klinička opažanja o porastu projektivnosti s obzirom na dob evidentna su u percepciji straha kod duševnih bolesnika, čija je točnost prepoznavavnja gotovo na razini slučajanosti. Teškoće u prepoznavanju negativnih emocija kod starijih ispitanika moguće se javljaju zbog porasta tjeskobe i tuge koje, prema nekim istraživanjima, rastu s dobi ili kao posljedica procesa starenja temporalnog režnja.

In our pioneering study concerning human crying we investigated how various facial emotional expressions and tears affect the speed of sex recognition. In several experiments, participants were presented with photographs of human facial expressions and asked to determine if these faces belong to male or female models. Analyses of accuracy and speed of responding revealed that participants respond slow and make lot of errors only in condition of female models expressing anger. Tears had no effects on performance in such tasks, except in one of the experiments, but we failed to replicate that finding. Therefore, we have now constructed another study in order to investigate if exposure to tears affect the performance in visual search tasks and modify attentional focus of the observers. In the beginning of the experimental session we intend to assess participants baseline performance in global-local letter tasks and visual search tasks and then prime them with photographs of human faces in five between-subjects conditions: crying, happiness, fear, babies and crying with removed tears. We presume that exposure to tears may narrow attentional focus and improve performance in visual search tasks.

Aim of this in vitro study was to compare accuracy of three electronic apex locators (EALs) (ES-02, ES-03 and ProPex) in root canals of extracted human teeth utilizing two meter readings and different conditions of root canals (RC). RC lengths of 46 single-rooted teeth were visually determined using a K-file # 15. Teeth and labial connector were then embedded in alginate. Two sets of measurements were performed for each device - root canal condition combination (dry root canal, 2.5% NaOCl, 17% EDTA, RC prep, Glyde) according to readings “-0.5” and “0.0”. The differences were evaluated using descriptive and nonparametric statistics. The mean difference between real and measured values at meter reading “0.0” was 0.10 mm with ProPex, 0.31 mm with ES-02 and 0.71 mm with ES- 03. At meter reading “-0.5“ that difference was 0.28 mm with ProPex, 0.41 mm with ES-02 and 0.87 mm with ES-03. In vitro testing showed ProPex to be the most accurate EAL in most of combinations, followed by ES-02, and ES-03 (p

The objective of the experiment was to investigate how facial expressions and tears affect the speed of sex recognition. Photographs from Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces database (KDEF) were used as stimuli material and presented to 186 participants (95 male and 91 female), who were divided into three experimental groups. Each group was presented with 40 photographs of human emotional expressions. The pictures showed no clear signs of sex markers (beard, jewelry, make-up, hair, etc.). The first group viewed sad expressions, the second crying faces while the control group was exposed to neutral expressions. In order to keep idiosyncratic facial features constant, each stimuli set contained different expressions of the same models, so the only variable aspect of stimuli within each set was the emotional expression and tears. The participants’ task was to recognize whether the faces were male or female. ANOVA revealed that both main effects (sex of participants and expression of models) were significant, together with the interaction. Women took significantly less time to recognize models’ sex than men. Regardless of their sex, participants needed significantly less time to recognize the sex of crying faces in comparison to neutral and sad faces. Post-hoc analysis showed that facial expressions of models affected only the reaction times of female participants. While men were responding equally slow in all conditions, women were extremely fast in the condition of crying faces, moderately fast when exposed to sad faces, but as slow as men in the control condition. Since women are more sensitive to signs of other people suffering, observing sad and especially crying people might activate their evolutionally developed mechanism for feeling empathy, helping and providing support. Additional experiments are currently being conducted in order to examine the external validity of these findings and to investigate if tears elicit approaching behavior.

The main topic of the book is a review and a comparison of behavioral research methods in the field of visual working memory (VWM) capacity research. After analysis of existing procedures for memory capacity assessment, the author constructed a new formula for VWM capacity estimation. Unlike procedures derived from signal detection theory, this new method estimates VWM capacity directly via percentages of correct answers. After considering a series of theoretical simulations and empirical data obtained on healthy participants, new formula was proven to be more accurate compared to existing methods. It was demonstrated that it does not tend to overestimate true VWM capacity, nor it is at all affected by the criterion of responding. Unlike some procedures, the new method can be applied in various sorts of economical experimental designs.

Ljuta i prestrašena lica često su nazivana jednim nazivnikom - lica povezana s prijetnjom. Međutim, za razliku od izraza ljutnje, koji sam po sebi predstavlja potencijalnu izravnu prijetnju, prestrašeno lice ne predstavlja prijetnju za opažača, nego ukazuje na moguću opasnost u okolini. Prema tome, efekti izraza ljutnje i straha na kognitivno procesiranje trebali bi biti različiti. Ljuto će lice privlačiti i zadržavati pažnju na sebi jer predstavlja potencijalnu opasnost za opažača, dok bi prestrašeno lice trebalo reflektirati pažnju od sebe, jer se izvor njegova straha nalazi negdje u okolini. Drugim riječima, kada opažač ugleda prestrašeno lice, adaptivno je što efikasnije i brže pretražiti okolinu, kako bi locirao izvor njegovog straha, jer on je potencijalno opasan ne samo za to lice, već ujedno i za opažača (Williams i sur., 2005). U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 24 sudionika, kojima su prezentirani različiti izrazi lica: tuga, ljutnja, radost, strah, gađenje, iznenađenje te neutralni izraz. Korištena je paradigma detekcije promjene, što znači da su u sklopu svakog pokušaja prezentirana dva prikaza odvojena međupodražajnim intervalom. Prikazi su se sastojali od šest različitih izraza, a tijekom međupodražajnog intervala jedan od izraza se u nekim pokušajima promijenio, dok u preostalim pokušajima promjene nije bilo. Zadatak sudionika, bio je odgovoriti da li se promjena dogodila ili nije. Analizirana je točnost odgovora i brzina reakcije. U skladu s hipotezom koju su postavili Williams i sur. (2005) očekuje se najlošija izvedba u zadacima detekcije promjene prestrašenog lica. Međutim, analizom rezultata ustanovljeno je da ispitanici podjednako uspješno uočavaju sve promjene, a iznimno su točni u zadacima detekcije promjene sretnih lica. Nalazi su objašnjeni u okviru metodoloških specifičnosti ovog istraživanja. Dok se u istraživanjima kognitivnog procesiranja standardno koriste paradigme poput vidnog pretraživanja, kojima se ispituje rana faza kognitivnog procesiranja, paradigma detekcije promjene pruža uvid u radno pamćenje te na taj način indirektno omogućava zaključivanje o dodjeli pažnje određenim izrazima lica. Efekt iznimno uspješne detekcije promjene sretnih lica objašnjen je u okviru evolucijske psihologije.

S ciljem ispitivanja efekata izraza lica na određivanje spola modela, provedena su dva eksperimenta u kojima su kao podražajni materijal korištene fotografije preuzete i prilagođene iz baze Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces (KDEF, Lundqvist i sur., 1998). U prvom je eksperimentu sudjelovalo ukupno 60 studenata (30 žena i 30 muškaraca) u rasponu dobi od 18 do 27 godina, kojima je slučajnim rasporedom prikazano ukupno 80 fotografija izraza lica, iz sljedećih osam kategorija: tužno, uplakano, ljuto, sretno, prestrašeno, neutralno, neutralno sa suzama i neutralno s točkom na čelu. Zadatak ispitanika bio je što točnije i brže odrediti spol modela. Analizom rezultata ustanovljeno je da su ispitanici brži i točniji prilikom određivanja spola uplakanih i sretnih lica u odnosu na ljute izraze. Također je ustanovljeno da efekt spola ispitanika nije značajan. Kako bismo testirali hipotezu prema kojoj emocionalni podražaji lica imaju dugotrajan učinak, proveden je drugi eksperiment, u kojemu su izrazi lica prezentirani u blokovima. Ispitanicima su prezentirana tri bloka izraza lica (ljuto/uplakano/neutralno), u razmaku od tjedan dana, a zadatak im je bio jednak kao i sudionicima prvog eksperimenta. Analizom rezultata drugog eksperimenta, u kojem je sudjelovalo 30 ispitanica u rasponu dobi od 18 do 24 godine, otkriven je glavni efekt izraza lica, pri čemu su ljuta lica dovela do većeg broja grešaka u odnosu na neutralna i uplakana lica. Osim toga dobivena je statistički značajna interakcija spola modela i izraza lica: ženska ljuta lica dovela su do duljeg vremena reakcije i većeg broja grešaka nego muška ljuta lica, dok se muška ljuta lica nisu razlikovala od ostalih muških izraza. Ovi rezultati konzistentni su s nalazima prvog eksperimenta, u kojemu je za procjenu ženskih ljutih lica također trebalo značajno više vremena i napravljen je veći broj grešaka u odnosu na muška ljuta lica. Dobiveni su rezultati interpretirani u skladu s novijim nalazima i hipotezama o efektima suza i izraza lica na različite aspekte doživljavanja i ponašanja ljudi

Prezentirat ćemo slučaj 21-godišnjeg desnorukog muškarca koji je prije dvije godine pretrpio ishemijski moždani udar lijeve hemisfere velikog mozga pri čemu je nastala ozljeda istostranih bazalnih ganglija, uključujući glavu kaudatne jezgre, putamen, dio globus pallidusa i klaustrum, te insule. Prvi je cilj bio ispitati njegovu sposobnost prepoznavanja emocionalnih izraza lica, posebno emocije gađenja. Kako u literaturi još uvijek ne postoji konsenzus o posebnoj ulozi insule u prepoznavanju emocije gađenja, ovim smo radom htjeli provjeriti tu hipotezu. Drugi je cilj bio testirati pretpostavku o uključenosti zahvaćenih dijelova mozga u izvršne funkcije. Naime, istraživanja su pokazala da se poremećaji u izvršnim funkcijama mogu javiti i nakon oštećenja bazalnih ganglija te da su oni rezultat promjena u povezanosti između bazalnih ganglija i frontalnih područja kore mozga. Ovo je ispitivanje pokazalo da je pacijentova sposobnost prepoznavanja emocija, pa tako i emocije gađenja, sačuvana. Ovaj je nalaz u skladu s dijelom istraživanja koja upućuju na jasnu lateralizaciju u prepoznavanju emocije gađenja, odnosno o posebnoj ulozi desne insule. U skladu s drugom pretpostavkom, pacijent je manifestirao teškoće u izvršavanju određenih zadataka namijenjenih mjerenju izvršnih funkcija (poput pronalaženja pravila, promjene seta, samoaktivacije kognitivnih strategija i kognitivne kontrole). Kako oštećene izvršne funkcije mogu voditi do vrlo ozbiljnih problema u svakodnevnom funkcioniranju, izuzetno je važno odrediti potencijalno oštećenje tih funkcija i u osoba s ozljedama bazalnih ganglija (a ne isključivo frontalnih režnjeva).

Which affective component guides cognitive processing of emotional facial expressions? There are four possible answers to that question. According to the threat hypothesis, processing of angry faces is prioritized by human cognitive system, because rapid detection of threat has large adaptive value. The negativity hypothesis presumes that distressing emotional experiences of other people attract attention, regardless of whether they represent danger or not. The emotionality hypothesis proposes that positive emotional facial expressions can capture attention as effective as negative ones, while the happy face superiority hypothesis predicts that happy faces are prioritized by our cognitive system. In order to experimentally evaluate these four hypotheses, change detection paradigm tasks were used. In contrast to dot probe paradigm or visual search tasks, which most often provide evidence supporting the threat hypothesis, the change detection paradigm enables insight into later stage of information processing. Displays of human facial expressions were presented to 24 participants (12 male and 12 female, age range 20- 26), whose task was to detect changes of these stimuli, which could occur during inter-stimuli intervals. Each trial consisted of two displays: initial simultaneous display of six facial expressions and consequent test display. Between these two displays, blank screen was briefly presented as inter-stimuli interval. In half of trials, one of initially presented expressions altered during presentation of blank screen, while in the other half of trials there were no alterations. The results obtained show that happy facial expressions are heavily prioritized by human cognitive system. In explanation of these results, that clearly support the happy face superiority hypothesis, we propose that angry expressions are initially prioritized by our cognitive system, because we benefit from early detection of potential threat in the environment, but in later cognitive processing, happy expressions are given the priority, because smiling is a valuable mechanism for forming and maintaining cooperative relationships. Besides the theoretical relevance, the present study is also valuable methodologically, because we demonstrated that change detection paradigm can be efficiently used for the research of emotional facial expressions processing.

Kako bi ispitali kako plakanje utječe na doživljaj ljutnje korišteno je po 40 lica s tužnim, neutralnim i uplakanim izrazima (20 muškog i 20 ženskog spola) preuzetih iz baze Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces (KDEF, Lundqvist i sur., 1998). Ljutnja je mjerena jednodimenzionalnom skalom dobivenom zajedničkom faktorskom analizom čestica ljutnje i prijateljstva-neprijateljstva iz dviju skala raspoloženja (Kardum i Bezinović, 1992 ; Kardum i Vukmirović, 1992). Ispitivanje je provedeno na uzorku od 186 studenata u dobi od 19 do 30 godina. Njihov je zadatak bio da najprije procijene svoje raspoloženje, a nakon toga su trebali što brže i točnije odrediti spol modela kod svih 40 prikazanih lica, pri čemu su jednoj trećini ispitanika prikazani neutralni izrazi, drugoj trećini lica s tužnim izrazom, a trećoj lica s tužnim izrazom i suzama. Odmah nakon završetka tog dijela ispitivanja ispitanici su još jednom procijenili svoj doživljaj ljutnje. Cjelokupno ispitivanje izvedeno je na računalima. Dobiveni su rezultati pokazali da se u usporedbi s prvom procjenom doživljaj ljutnje pri drugoj procjeni značajno smanjio kod sve tri skupine ispitanika. Nadalje, ženama je potrebno kraće vrijeme za prepoznavanje spola modela nego muškarcima, a spol modela se značajno brže prepoznaje kod lica sa suzama u usporedbi s neutralnim i tužnim izrazom lica. Također, dobivena je i značajna interakcija spola ispitanika i prikazanih izraza lica na brzinu prepoznavanja spola modela. Muškarci podjednako brzo procjenjuju spol modela bez obzira na njegov izraz lica, dok žene spol modela sa suzama procjenjuju značajno brže nego spol modela s neutralnim i tužnim izrazom lica. Dobiveni su rezultati objašnjeni u kontekstu evolucijom oblikovanih psiholoških mehanizama kojima ljudska lica općenito dovode do smanjenja ljutnje te koji kod žena dovode do veće osjetljivosti na vidljive znakove patnje drugih osoba.

Decreases in parasympathetic (PNS) activation are a normative reaction to stressful situations. By the Porges’ Polyvagal theory (Porges, 1995) and Thayer and Lane’s (2000) model of neurovisceral integration, PNS inflexibility is related to poorer functioning of emotional and other psychological regulatory mechanisms. The aim of the present study was to investigate the differences in PNS activation between high and low trait anxiety individuals throughout two phases of dental surgery - the period of waiting for the beginning of the surgery and the phase after the injection of anesthesia which was expected to be more stressful. PNS activation defined as high frequency heart rate variability was measured in 11 female and 10 male participants during two phases of dental surgery. Participants that were higher on trait anxiety had lower parasympathetic activation during the expectation of the surgery compared to low trait anxiety participants. High anxiety participants also did not show parasympathetic reactivity (i.e. vagal withdrawal) during the next phase, which was evident only in low trait anxiety participants. Such a pattern was not observed for the other components of trait of neuroticism. The results were interpreted in the context of lower psychophysiological flexibility and poorer coordination of different emotional systems in high trait-anxiety individuals.

Na uzorku od 58 sudionika odabranih predispitivanjem s obzirom na izraženost crte anksioznosti, ispitani su efekti anksioznosti i depresivnosti na uspješnost, čestinu i brzinu prepoznavanja emocionalnih izraza lica. Anksioznost je procijenjena Upitnikom anksioznosti kao stanja i crte ličnosti (STAI, Spielberger i sur., 1970), a depresivnost Beckovim inventarom depresivnosti (BDI, Beck i sur., 1979). Emocionalni izrazi lica korišteni u istraživanju preuzeti su iz baze The Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces (KDEF, Lundqvist i sur., 1998). Korišteno je 70 fotografija emocionalnih izraza lica, od toga 35 lako i 35 teško prepoznatljivih. Zadatak ispitanika bio je što brže i točnije prepoznati podražaje prezentirane na ekranu računala. Osobe niskog stanja anksioznosti uspješnije su u prepoznavanju lako prepoznatljivih emocionalnih izraza lica, dok osobe visokog stanja anksioznosti brže prepoznaju radostan izraz lica. Kada se radi o teško prepoznatljivim emocionalnim izrazima, ispitanici visoki na crti anksioznosti sporiji su od nisko anksioznih kada daju odgovor “iznenađenje” te imaju i duže prosječno vrijeme reakcije pri prepoznavanju pozitivnih emocija. Rezultati dobiveni na ekstremnim skupinama ispitanika s obzirom na razinu anksioznosti i depresivnosti pokazuju da anksiozne osobe teško prepoznatljive facijalne ekspresije češće prepoznaju kao prestrašene, a nisko depresivne osobe kao radosne. Razmotrene su teorijske i kliničke implikacije dobivenih rezultata.

The present study was constructed in order to provide answers to four problems. Problem 1: To investigate which affective component governs the cognitive processing of emotional facial expressions. Currently, three hypothesis exist, each of which received certain amount of experimental support: the threat hypothesis, the negativity hypothesis and the emotionality hypothesis. Problem 2: To evaluate the hypothesis of Williams et al. (2005), who believe that when a fearful face occurs in a crowd of faces, the observers divert attention away from that face in order to locate the source of its fear, because that same source could be threatening for the observer too. Problem 3: To investigate whether fearful and surprised expressions are independent facial expressions, or not. Problem 4: Te estimate the capacity of visual working memory for emotional facial expressions. Numerous studies using various methodological approaches specialized for the experimental investigation of cognitive processing of emotional facial expressions (e.g. visual search tasks, dot probe paradigms, eye-movement monitoring) attempted to solve some of these problems, but they were unsuccessful. Therefore, a procedure constructed primarily for the research of attention, vision, working memory and consciousness (change detection paradigm) was applied in the field of cognitive processing of human emotional expressions in the present study. Twenty-four participants were presented with pictures of human emotional facial expressions, in 1008 experimental trials per participant. Each of these trials began with a presentation of a fixation mark, which was followed by a short simultaneous presentation of six emotional facial expressions. After that, a blank screen was presented, and after such interstimulus interval, one facial expression was presented at one of the six previously occupied locations. Participants had to answer if the facial expression presented at test is different or the same as the expression presented at that same location before the retention interval. The percentages of correct answers and reaction times were analysed. It can be concluded that neither the threat, nor the emotionality nor the negativity hypothesis received any support. Williams et al.'s (2005) hypothesis was also not corroborated. No strong evidence against the theory according to which the emotions of fear and surprise are discrete was found. Instead, all analyses consistently revealed the happy face superiority in cognitive processing – happy facial expressions are heavily prioritized by our cognitive system. Although these results were unexpected, they fit well into the evolutionary framework, and they are consistent with numerous previous findings. It was elaborated that smiling is an evolutionally developed behaviour, which is adaptive for the receiver and for the sender and has positive effects on social relationships. Happy faces receive priority from our cognitive system, because observers clearly benefit from detecting, recognizing and memorizing the location of a happy face in a crowd.

The primary goal of the present study was to answer the following question: is visual working memory capacity indeed extremely limited, or it is erroneously underestimated due to inadequate encoding of stimuli? Visual working memory capacity is estimated by a procedure known as change-detection paradigm, in which two sets of stimuli are presented. These two displays are separated by an interstimulus interval, during which a change may occur, usually on one of the stimuli. Participants' task is to answer if change had occurred or not, and the memory capacity is then estimated through analyses of their performance. In the majority of recent studies it was found that the memory capacity is limited to three or four objects. Although there is a consensus regarding the capacity limitation, all previous studies are based on the same procedure, in which it is uncertain that visual objects are adequately encoded into working memory. In order to assure their adequate encoding, we constructed a new procedure, in which stimuli are presented successively in the initial stage. That experimental condition was compared to a condition using classical change-detection paradigm, in which objects are initially presented simultaneously. Besides the initial presentation, testing of memory was also varied: in one condition memory was tested with partial test-displays, while in the other, full test-displays were applied. Thus, a 2 x 2 experimental design was used. Analyses have shown that the main effect of the type of presentation was not significant, and it can therefore be concluded that visual working memory capacity was not underestimated due to encoding limitations in previous studies. The main effect of test display type and the interaction were both also insignificant.

Aim To compare the accuracy of three different apex locators (EAL) considering two different meter readings. Methodology EALs used in this study were ES-02 and ES-03 (Artronic, Zagreb, Croatia) and ProPex (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). Root-canal lengths of 46 extracted human onerooted teeth were determined visually with a size 15 file (actual length-AL). The teeth and labial connector were embedded in alginate and two sets of measurements were performed for each meter readings: ‘0.5 bar’ and ‘Apex’ reading (0.0). The differences between the measured and control values were statistically tested by using the analysis of the direction of discrepancies, nonparametric Friedman, and Wilcoxon tests, as a post hoc. Results The mean difference between AL and measured values at meterreading‘Apex’was0.10 mmwithPropex, 0.31 mmwithES-02 and 0.71 mm with ES-03. At meter reading ‘0.5 bar’ that difference was 0.28 mmwith ProPex, 0.41 mmwith ES-02 and 0.87 mmwith ES-03. Wilcoxon test showed that at meter reading ‘Apex’ ProPex is more accurate than ES-02 (Z = 4.23 ; df = 2 ; P < 0.001) and ES-03 (Z = 5.08 ; df = 2 ; P < 0.001). ES-02 is more accurate than ES-03 (Z = 3.78 ; df = 2 ; P < 0.001). At meter reading ‘0.5 bar’ ES-02 and ProPex are equally accurate (Z = 1.82 ; df = 2 ; P > 0.05), and ES-03 is less accurate than other two AELs (Z = 5.02 ; df = 2 ; P < 0.001). Generally, Wilcoxon test showed that mean difference between meter readings ‘Apex’ and the actual length (M = 0.37 mm) were lower than the mean difference between the measurement ‘0.5 bar’ and the actual length (M = 0.52 mm) (Z = 3.94 ; P < 0.001). Conclusions ProPex was the more accurate EAL at meter reading ‘Apex’, compared with ES-02 and lastly ES-03. At meter reading ‘0.5 bar’ ES-02 and ProPex were equally accurate, whereas ES-03 was the least accurate.

Istraživanja utjecaja facijalne ekspresije na brzinu prepoznavanja emocije su pokazala da se ljuta i vesela lica prepoznaju brže od tužnih i uplašenih lica. Međutim, ovi nalazi su dobiveni u eksplicitnom zadatku kada se od ispitanika traži da prepozna emociju koju neko lice izražava. U ovom istraživanju željeli smo ispitati da li će emocije imati sličan utjecaj i u implicitnom zadatku koji ne zahtijeva direktno prepoznavanje emocije lica. Umjesto toga, zadatak ispitanika je bio prepoznati spol lica. Pored toga, prije prezentacije slike lica, fiksacijskim križićima induciran je pokret prema ili od opažača. U istraživanju je sujelovalo 40 ispitanika 1. i 2. godine studija psihologije na Filozofskom fakultetu u Rijeci. Indukcija pokreta, prezentacija lica i bilježenje brzine i točnosti odgovora kotroliralo je računalo spojeno s uređajem za mjerenje vremena reakcije. Na podacima za medijan vremena reakcije i proporcije broja grešaka provedena je trosmjerna (5x2x2) ANOVA s ponavljanim mjerenjima na sva tri faktora (emocije: ljuto, veselo, tužno, uplašeno, neutralno ; spol: muški, ženski i pokret: prema opažaču, od opažača) koja je pokazala glavni efekt emocija pri čemu su ljuta lica dovela do dužeg vremena reakcije i većeg broja pogrešaka u odnosu na ostale emocije i na neutralne slike. Pored toga, pojavila se dvosmjerna interakcija između spola i emocija pri čemu su ženska ljuta lica dovela do duljeg vremena reakcije nego muška ljuta lica. Muška ljuta lica nisu se razlikovala od ostalih muških lica. Također, pojavila se i trosmjerna interakcija između emocija, spola i pokreta pri čemu su ljuta ženska lica prije kojih je induciran pokret prema ispitaniku dovela do najduljeg vremena reakcije i najvećeg broj apogrešaka. Rezultati se mogu objasniti evolucijskim razlozima jer nam ljuto lice sugerira prijetnju na koju automatski usmjeravamo pažnju što nam otežava izvođenje tekućeg zadatka i to posebno u situaciji kada se prijetnja prbližava.

The subject of the present study was a review and a comparison of behavioral research methods in the field of visual working memory capacity research. The most common paradigm in that field is the change detection paradigm - a procedure in which two sets of stimuli are presented. These two displays are separated by an interstimulus interval, during which a change may occur, usually on one of the stimuli. Participants' task is to answer if change had occurred or not, and visual working memory is then estimated through analyses of their performance. Although there are debates about the nature of visual information storage and maintainance, all prominent researchers have reached the consensus that visual working memory is surely limited to not more then 4-5 items. That belief was challenged in the present study. In previous studies, different kinds of variables were varied (e.g. set size, type of test display, type and complexity of visual material, duration of interstimulus interval, etc.), but all the experiments were based on the same template: a) short simultaneous exposition of stimuli ; b) retention interval during which a change may occur ; c) test. Since all relevant behavioral research was based on the classical change detection paradigm, the goal of this experiment was to test the memory for simple single-feature objects by a different procedure. In order to do that, an experimental design was constructed, in which the type of initial presentation of stimuli was manipulated. Participants' performance in classical change detection tasks was compared to performance in modified change detection tasks with successive initial presentation of stimuli. It was found that, compared to simultaneous presentation, successive presentation of stimuli had no positive effects on participants' performance. That means that in previous experiments (e.g. Vogel et al., 2001 ; Wheeler & Treisman, 2002 ; Alvarez & Cavanagh, 2004), visual working memory capacity was not underestimated. Consequently, that result corroborates that classical change detection paradigm is a valid tool for assessing visual working memory capacity and that visual working memory capacity is indeed limited to not more then 4 objects. Finally, the new method of visual working memory capacity assessment was constructed. In contrast to Pashler's (1988) formula, which is based on hit rates and false alarm rates, this procedure estimates visual working capacity via percentages of correct answers: C% = IP * (PC −50) / 50.

Svrha je rada vidjeti pratimo li svjetske trendove kad je riječ o operativnim zahvatima i dijagnozama za retinirane i impaktirane zube. Koristili su se operacijski protokoli Zavoda za oralnu kirurgiju Stomatološkog fakulteta u Zagrebu. U deskriptivnoj obradi podataka računale su se frekvencije, postoci, mjere srednje vrijednosti i to aritmetičke sredine i medijani, a također i mjere raspršenja – standardne devijacije. Od godine 1997. do 1999. obrađeno je bilo 4857 dijagnoza, razdioba po spolu iznosila je 1:1, 67 u korist žena. Udjel dijagnoze dens impactus (24, 89 %) jedini raste, a ne mijenjaju se dens semiinpactus (5, 13 %), dens retentus (6, 05 %) i dentitio difficilis (0, 64%). Pacijenti s dijagnozom dentitio difficillis statistički su znatno mlađi od onih s dijagnozom dens impactus i dens semiimpactus, a oni s dijagnozom dens semiimpactus statistički su mnogo stariji od pacijenata s dijagnozom dens retentus. Iz grada Zagreba bilo je 84, 17 %, 7, 59 % iz Zagrebačke županije, 1, 6 % iz Karlovačke te 0, 77 % iz Slitsko-dalmatinske županije, što se i očekivalo. Od svih alveolotomija njih 63, 95 % otpada na četiri navedene dijagnoze, te 18, 40 %na ekstrakcije. Najčeše impaktirani zubi su: 48 (38, 64 %), 38 (35, 88 %), 18 (10, 9 %), 28 (9, 92 %). Najčešće retinirani zubi su: 13 (19, 1 %), 23 (18, 8 %), u ostalim dijagnozama najčešći su 38 i 48. Na 23, 01 % retiniranih zuba obavljena je bila kortikotomia. Dexamethason je dan u 2, 80 % slučajeva, najčešće za dijagnozu impaktiranih i retiniranih 48 i 38. Udjel phd-a iznosio je 2, 36 %. Udjel anestezije bez adrenalina bio je 1, 80 %. Te četiri dijagnoze čine 36, 71 % dijagnoza, što se slaže s rezultatima ostalih autora, a očekivan je porast navedenih dijagnoza zbog sve češćega ortodontskog tretmana pacijenata.