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Relationship between Judgments for Recognition and Default Judgments Abstract The subject of this diploma thesis is the relationship between judgments for recognition and default judgments. In both cases, the judgements are special institutes typical for civil contentious proceedings, primarily aimed at speeding up the proceedings before the court. The statutory provisions seek to achieve this mainly by not requiring the court to establish the facts of the case when deciding by special judgments, as the decisions are based solely on plaintiff's factual allegations or defendant's act of disposition. Firstly, the starting point for determining the links between the two judgments is an analysis of the judgments as separate decisions. The current legal framework recognises three types of special judgments, namely a judgment for explicit recognition, a judgment for a legal fiction of recognition and a default judgment. In particular, a judgment for explicit recognition should be distinguished from a fictitious judgment for recognition and a default judgment. Whereas the first decision is based on a dispositive act made by the defendant freely expressing his will to recognise the claim, the other two judgments are based on defendant's default, either by failing to appear at the hearing or make a statement of...

The process of platelet aggregation is often influenced by several factors including sex and age. A literature review confirmed the existence of sex-related differences in platelet aggregation. Although 68 out of 78 papers found such differences, there are still some controversies regarding these differences, which can be due to multiple factors (age, trigger, concomitant disease, sample handling, etc.). These outcomes are discussed in line with novel results obtained from a local study, in which blood samples from a total of 53 overall healthy women and men with ages ranging from 20 to 66 years were collected. Aggregation was induced with seven different triggers (ristocetin, thrombin receptor activating peptide 6 [TRAP-6], arachidonic acid [AA], platelet-activating factor 16 [PAF-16], ADP, collagen, or thromboxane A2 analog U-46619) ex vivo. In addition, three FDA-approved antiplatelet drugs (vorapaxar, ticagrelor, or acetylsalicylic acid [ASA]) were also tested. In general, women had higher aggregation responses to some agonists (ADP, TRAP), as well as lower benefit from inhibitors (ASA, vorapaxar). The aggregatory responses to AA and TRAP decreased with age in both sexes, while responses to ADP, U-46619, and PAF were affected by age only in women. In conclusion, more studies are needed to decipher the biological importance of sex-related differences in platelet aggregation in part to enable personalized antiplatelet treatment.

Current knowledge about human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in psoriasis patients treated with biologics is limited. In this study we evaluated the prevalence of oral and genital HPV infection in psoriasis patients treated with biologics or topical therapy for at least 6 months. The presence of HPV DNA in oral rinse and genital smears was evaluated. In total, 267 patients who met the inclusion criteria and agreed to participate were enrolled: 110 (41.2%) on topical therapy, 84 (31.5%) on anti-TNF-alpha therapy, 31 (11.6%) on anti-IL-12/23 therapy and 42 (15.7%) on anti-IL-17 therapy. The presence of genital HPV infection was detected in 34.6% of men receiving anti-TNF-α treatment, in 25.0% of patients on anti-IL-12/23 and 18.8% of patients on anti-IL-17 therapy. The difference in prevalence was not statistically different from men on topical treatment (26.3%). Prevalence of oral HPV infection was higher across all of the biologic groups (11.9% for anti-TNF-α, 12.9% for anti-IL-12/23 and 19.0% for anti-IL-17) compared to patients on topical therapy (7.3%), but statistically significant only for anti-IL-17 (p 0.05). The presence of oral HPV infection in patients treated with biologics was significantly higher (44.0%) in patients on long-term biologic treatment (8 years) compared to patients taking biologics for a shorter period (9.1%; p 0.01). Our results suggest that patients on biologics for psoriasis have a higher prevalence of oral HPV infection compared to patients on topical treatment. Long-term treatment with biologics seems to be associated with a higher prevalence of oral HPV infection, independent of previous conventional immunosuppressive therapy.

Elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels lead to atherosclerosis and platelet hyperaggregability, both of which are known culprits of arterial thrombosis. Normalization of LDL cholesterol in familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is not an easy task and frequently requires specific treatment, such as regularly performed lipid apheresis and/or novel drugs such as proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 monoclonal antibodies (PCSK9Ab). Moreover, a high resistance rate to the first-line antiplatelet drug acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) stimulated research of novel antiplatelet drugs. 4-methylcatechol (4-MC), a known metabolite of several dietary flavonoids, may be a suitable candidate. The aim of this study was to analyse the antiplatelet effect of 4-MC in FH patients and to compare its impact on two FH treatment modalities via whole-blood impedance aggregometry. When compared to age-matched, generally healthy controls, the antiplatelet effect of 4-MC against collagen-induced aggregation was higher in FH patients. Apheresis itself improved the effect of 4-MC on platelet aggregation and blood from patients treated with this procedure and pretreated with 4-MC had lower platelet aggregability when compared to those solely treated with PCKS9Ab. Although this study had some inherent limitations, e.g., a low number of patients and possible impact of administered drugs, it confirmed the suitability of 4-MC as a promising antiplatelet agent and also demonstrated the effect of 4-MC in patients with a genetic metabolic disease for the first time.

Even though the internet is a common source of information and treatment for people with eating disorder (ED) experience, the motives for illness-related searches have rarely been investigated beyond the perceived negatives. This study explores how women with ED experience reflect upon the advantages and disadvantages of their ED-related internet use. We expand the framework of the Uses and Gratifications Theory (UG) into the context of users with ED experience through 30 semi-structured interviews with women with ED experience, aged 16 to 28, who live in the Czech Republic. Thematic analysis revealed four themes related to the pros and cons of their internet usage: ED-related Information Content; Internet Features Important to Users; Body Image; and Social Interaction. The results challenge the binary view of ED-related internet use and question some presumptions of UG Theory within the specific context of users with ED experience.

Background Czech older adults have lower rates of physical activity than the average population and lag behind in the use of digital technologies, compared with their peers from other European countries. Objective This study aims to assess the feasibility of intensive behavior monitoring through technology in Czech adults aged ≥50 years. Methods Participants (N=30; mean age 61.2 years, SD 6.8 years, range 50-74 years; 16/30, 53% male; 7/30, 23% retired) were monitored for 12 weeks while wearing a Fitbit Charge 2 monitor and completed three 8-day bursts of intensive data collection through surveys presented on a custom-made mobile app. Web-based surveys were also completed before and at the end of the 12-week period (along with poststudy focus groups) to evaluate participants’ perceptions of their experience in the study. Results All 30 participants completed the study. Across the three 8-day bursts, participants completed 1454 out of 1744 (83% compliance rate) surveys administered 3 times per day on a pseudorandom schedule, 451 out of 559 (81% compliance rate) end-of-day surveys, and 736 episodes of self-reported planned physical activity (with 29/736, 3.9% of the reports initiated but returned without data). The overall rating of using the mobile app and Fitbit was above average (74.5 out of 100 on the System Usability Scale). The majority reported that the Fitbit (27/30, 90%) and mobile app (25/30, 83%) were easy to use and rated their experience positively (25/30, 83%). Focus groups revealed that some surveys were missed owing to notifications not being noticed or that participants needed a longer time window for survey completion. Some found wearing the monitor in hot weather or at night uncomfortable, but overall, participants were highly motivated to complete the surveys and be compliant with the study procedures. Conclusions The use of a mobile survey app coupled with a wearable device appears feasible for use among Czech older adults. Participants in this study tolerated the intensive assessment schedule well, but lower compliance may be expected in studies of more diverse groups of older adults. Some difficulties were noted with the pairing and synchronization of devices on some types of smartphones, posing challenges for large-scale studies.

A polyphenol-rich diet has beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. However, dietary polyphenols generally have low bioavailability and reach low plasma concentrations. Small phenolic metabolites of these compounds formed by human microbiota are much more easily absorbable and could be responsible for this effect. One of these metabolites, 4-methylcatechol (4-MC), was suggested to be a potent anti-platelet compound. The effect of 4-MC was tested ex vivo in a group of 53 generally healthy donors using impedance blood aggregometry. The mechanism of action of this compound was also investigated by employing various aggregation inducers/inhibitors and a combination of aggregometry and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. 4-MC was confirmed to be more potent than acetylsalicylic acid on both arachidonic acid and collagen-triggered platelet aggregation. Its clinically relevant effect was found even at a concentration of 10 μM. Mechanistic studies showed that 4-MC is able to block platelet aggregation caused by the stimulation of different pathways (receptors for the von Willebrand factor and platelet-activating factor, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, protein kinase C, intracellular calcium elevation). The major mechanism was defined as interference with cyclooxygenase-thromboxane synthase coupling. This study confirmed the strong antiplatelet potential of 4-MC in a group of healthy donors and defined its mechanism of action.

Adaptace začínajících učitelů na školách není izolovaným procesem. Vý-znamně do ní vstupují kolegové (především uvádějící učitelé) a vedení školy. O jejich působení při uvádění začínajících učitelů však zatím nevíme mnoho. Cílem předklá-dané studie je proto popsat současnou podobu uvádění začínajících učitelů do praxe českých škol a zmapovat potřeby jednotlivých aktérů vstupujících do tohoto procesu. K tomu bylo použito kvantitativně orientované šetření, v němž byly dotazníkem oslo-veny tři skupiny respondentů: začínající učitelé, uvádějící učitelé a osoby odpovědné za uvádění začínajících učitelů, a to v mateřských, základních a středních školách. Vy-brané výsledky prezentují typické znaky současného stavu uvádění začínajících uči-telů, základní potřeby sledovaných skupin respondentů v tomto procesu a vnímanou profesní perspektivu respondentů.

The objective of the present study was to explore in depth how adolescents understand democracy and how they apply their ideas of democracy to attitudes toward immigrants. In order to research these topics, we conducted five focus groups at middle and high schools (9th and 10th grade) with a total number of 32 respondents. Utilizing thematic analysis, we identified the main themes related to definitions of democracy, such as emphasis on individual freedom, and democracy as rule by the people. Young people also discussed possible conflicts between democratic principles (e.g., majority rule vs. minority voice). Inclination toward majoritarian model was mostly present in adolescents’ attitudes toward immigrants, which were characterized mostly by endorsement of assimilation. We discuss these results in the light of the conflicting principles upon which democracy is built, such as equality versus freedom or majority rule versus minority rights.

Internet usage may have both positive and negative impacts on people with eating disorders. In research to date, most of the focus has been put on the harms connected with platforms that support people in continuing their disorder. Less studied have been the benefits of other technology platforms used by people with eating disorders. When these different platforms were investigated, users were rarely interviewed about their experience. To fill this gap, we conducted 30 interviews with participants aged 16 to 28, all female, living in the Czech Republic. The interviews focused on their experiences with the harmful and helpful impacts of the internet on the course of their eating disorders. The data were analyzed via thematic analysis. The results provided insight into the participants' experience with the following online environments: 1) nonprofessional pro-eating disorder platforms; 2) nonprofessional pro-recovery platforms; 3) social networking sites (SNS); 4) platforms for counting calories and setting weight goals; 5) platforms about food, exercise, and lifestyle; and 6) platforms providing professional help. The participants noted many benefits these platforms could provide; however, their ability to achieve the benefits was affected by their motivation for treatment. As a result, even platforms designed to support recovery could be used for illness maintenance. The results are discussed in the context of research on the changing motivations for recovery in people with eating disorders and the theory of different processes connected to the course of the eating disorders according to the differential interactivity of digital platforms.

Lactic acidosis is a feared complication of metformin therapy. In our article we describe 2 case reports of patients treated with metformin, who developed this complication. In the first case, which was fatal, cummulation of lactate was a result of acute kidney failure caused by diarrhea. In the second patient, lactic acidosis developed in the terrain of preexisting chronic kidney disease, when dyspepsia and decreased fluid intake caused progression into acute kidney failure. In this case, treatment of lactic acidosis was successful. Death of the first patient was probably caused by the presence of serious comorbidities and other complications which developed early after her addmission to intensive care unit. Lactic acidosis can be prevented by strict avoidance of metformin use in case of contraindications and interruption of its use during intercurrent disease.

Women remain underrepresented in clinical trials and those with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at high risk for cardiovascular (CV) events. The sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor dapagliflozin reduces the risk of CV death or heart failure hospitalisations in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Here, we performed a pre-specified analysis to examine whether sex modifies these effects.The DECLARE-TIMI 58 trial randomised 17,160 patients with type 2 diabetes with or at risk for atherosclerotic disease to dapagliflozin or placebo (median follow-up 4.2 years). The dual efficacy outcomes were CV death or heart failure hospitalisations, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; CV death, myocardial infarction or ischaemic stroke). The renal-specific composite outcome was a sustained ≥40% drop in eGFR to60 ml minAt baseline, women (n = 6422, 37.4%) had higher HbADapagliflozin offers comparable CV and renal benefits and a comparable safety profile in women and men.AstraZeneca.clinicaltrials.gov NCT01730534.

Author: Lenka Šmahelová Institution: Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové Institute of Social Medicine, Department of Nursing Title: The level of health literacy of women in motherhood in terms of breastfeeding Supervisor: Mgr. Eva Vachková, PhD. Number of pages: 105 Number of appendices: 3 Year of defense: 2020 Keywords: breastfeeding, breastfeeding difficulties, education, education process, breastfeeding counselling The bachelor's thesis deals with education about breastfeeding. The theoretical part of the thesis provides general information on breastfeeding, including the most common difficulties and solutions. This part also describes the breastfeeding education process and breastfeeding counselling. The research part of the thesis is based on a quantitative questionnaire survey. This part focuses on the rate of health literacy about breastfeeding in mothers, including the specific aspects they had been educated about. Out of a total of 60 distributed questionnaires, 52 of them met the inclusion criteria and were assessed. Based on the survey results, the author created education materials that provide the most important facts about breastfeeding, including the most common breastfeeding difficulties.

The aim of this study was to explore how professionals working with clients who suffer from eating disorders reflect the impact of digital technologies on their clients. Interviews with 30 professionals were conducted. A qualitative analysis revealed the following areas: (a) the attributes of technologies that influence people with eating disorders, (b) the characteristics of people with eating disorders that influence their interaction with digital technologies, (c) the risks of technology usage, and (d) the benefits of technology usage. The results are discussed with respect to the Rodgers’s theoretical model explaining technology–eating disorder relations and the implications for practice.