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This paper deals with the analysis of language use and attitudes related to Croatian, English, and Swedish among Croatian immigrants in Sweden. The research was conducted during October and November 2020, and it included 64 Croatian immigrants in Sweden. The questionnaire that was used in the research was modelled on the questionnaire used by Škifić and Grbas (2020) in their research on language use and attitudes among Croatian immigrants in Ireland. The results of the research point to respondents’ positive attitudes towards residing in Sweden, as well as their attitudes regarding the greater importance of the knowledge of Swedish than English. The respondents’ current level of the knowledge of the English language has been evaluated higher than their current level of knowledge of the Swedish language, while a more significant progress in the knowledge of the two languages has been noted in the case of Swedish. Different domains of language use have been shown to be relevant in identifying the dominant use of Croatian, English and Swedish, while both the knowledge of Swedish and the knowledge of English have been noted as important for employment.

U teoretskom su poglavlju prikazana dosadašnja promišljanja i rasprave o prostoru i kretanju, o ljudskom djelovanju i komunikaciji u prostoru, o zaokretu k prostoru, a potom jezikoslovni pristupi proučavanju izraza za prostor: kognitivni pristup, jezično izražavanje lokacije i kretanja, prostorna deiksa te konceptualna metafora. Nakon toga slijedi prikaz obilježja govora zadarskoga kraja s posebnim osvrtom na imenovanje prostora. U središnjem dijelu knjige obrađene su imenice, prijedlozi, prilozi kao prostorne riječi, glagoli kretanja, jezični dodiri u izrazima za prostor te frazemi kao izrazi za prostor i kretanje u govorima zadarskoga kraja. Posebna je pozornost posvećena kulturno specifičnim izrazima zabilježenima u obrađenim prostornim izrazima te metaforama i metonimijama. Na kraju su predstavljeni rezultati upitnika o poznavanju i upotrebi utvrđenih izraza za prostor i kretanje koji je proveden među stanovnicima zadarskoga kraja.

This book deals with different relationships between language, ideology, and identity that may be identified within certain aspects of teaching English as a foreign language in the Croatian educational context, both from theoretical and empirical points of view. The research focuses on three basic areas within which such relationships may be identified, and these are: documents related to the curriculum, materials used in English language teaching, and language use, teaching practice, beliefs, and attitudes of English language teachers towards different aspects of teaching English as a foreign language. Among other things, various analyses of language ideologies reveal the effects that language ideologies may have on language use, but also on attitudes towards different language varieties (primarily towards standard and non-standard ones), that is, on the perception of what is considered ‘correct’ and ‘incorrect’ in language use within the EFL classroom.

This book review provides a critical review of the book "Language, Immigration and Naturalization: Legal and Linguistic Issues", edited by Ariel Loring and Vaidehi Ramanathan.

The paper focuses on the analysis of the African-American film Daughters of the Dust. Due to the film’s geographical setting, narrative techniques, feminist perspective and immersion in the postcolonial context, it is possible to analyze it in the context of intertextuality and in correlation with other important films and novels. The technique of juxtaposing the past and the present is emphasized as means of depicting the importance of communal memories. From a linguistic point of view, the film Daughters of the Dust represents an ideal site for investigating the characteristics of Gullah Creole as a product of contact between English and West African languages. Such linguistic contact represents a part of a broader cultural contatact within which it is possible to identify language conflict and language ideology, notions which emerge in the analysis of efforts to maintain the cultural and linguistic identity of Gullah speakers.

The focus of this paper is on language attitudes towards English words and phrases in the Croatian language. In order to prevent loanwords, linguistic purism has arisen as a theory about what languages should be like. The tradition of linguistic purism in Croatia has been shaped by various socio-historical factors. English may be viewed as a language of opportunity, or as a threat to the survival of other, usually minority and endangered, languages. In order to provide an insight into the use of English words and phrases in the Croatian context, a questionnaire about language attitudes and awareness was conducted on 534 participants. The aim of the questionnaire was to determine participants' language attitudes and familiarity with English words and phrases. The results show that although people in Croatia generally like English, many of them are not familiar with English words, especially older participants and those with little or no knowledge of the English language. Moreover, the results indicate that the younger generation is more inclined towards English than the older generation; however, they are not as familiar with Croatian equivalents as they claim. Članek se osredinja na odnos do angleških besed in besednih zvez v hrvaškem jeziku. Iz potrebe, da bi preprečili rabo tujk v jeziku, je postal jezikovni purizem teorija o tem, kakšni naj bodo jeziki. Na Hrvaškem so tradicijo jezikovnega purizma oblikovali različni družbeno zgodovinski dejavniki. Angleščina je lahko jezik priložnosti, lahko pa je tudi grožnja za preživetje manjših in bolj ogroženih jezikov. Z namenom dobiti vpogled v odnos in ozaveščenost glede rabe angleških besed in besednih zvez v hrvaščini, smo opravili anketo med 534 udeleženci. Cilj vprašalnika je bil ugotoviti poznavanje ter odnos udeležencev do angleških besed in besednih zvez. Rezultati so pokazali, da imajo ljudje na Hrvaškem v glavnem radi angleščino, vendar veliko starejših udeležencev in tistih s šibkim znanjem angleščine ne pozna angleških besed in besednih zvez. Ne drugi strani pa rezultati kažejo, da so mladi bolj naklonjeni angleščini kot starejši, vendar je njihovo poznavanje hrvaških ustreznic angleških besed in besednih zvez slabše, kot trdijo.

The focus of this paper is on language attitudes towards English words and phrases in the Croatian language. In order to prevent loanwords, linguistic purism has arisen as a theory about what languages should be like. The tradition of linguistic purism in Croatia has been shaped by various socio-historical factors. English may be viewed as a language of opportunity, or as a threat to the survival of other, usually minority and endangered, languages. In order to provide an insight into the use of English words and phrases in the Croatian context, a questionnaire about language attitudes and awareness was conducted on 534 participants. The aim of the questionnaire was to determine participants’ language attitudes and familiarity with English words and phrases. The results show that although people in Croatia generally like English, many of them are not familiar with English words, especially older participants and those with little or no knowledge of the English language. Moreover, the results indicate that the younger generation is more inclined towards English than the older generation ; however, they are not as familiar with Croatian equivalents as they claim.

Language policies of former Yugoslav countries represent an extremely interesting subject of sociolinguistic research. The fruitfulness of such analyses can primarily be accounted for by a specific socio-historical background in the sense that the countries once formed part of a more complex political entity. In such a context, the dominant language ideology of the time reflected a broader tendency towards ethnic and political unification. However, after the break-up of Yugoslavia, independent states developed the so-called „divergent language policies“ (Greenberg 2001), followed by changes in their respective language ideologies. In this paper focus will be placed on language policies of the following former Yugoslav countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. Population censuses have become a frequent site for the investigation of different language policies. After gaining independence, the countries conducted their population censuses and had the opportunity to design census questions in order to obtain valuable data on languages used on their territories. The aim of this paper is to analyze those parts of census questionnaires in which respondents are asked to provide answers to specific language question(s). The analysis focuses not only on specific structure (wording) of language questions, but also takes into account other relevant aspects of conducting population censuses, by means of which it is possible to draw conclusions concerning specific language policies (such as provision of an open answer box for languages other than official ones, or provision of a rationale for asking language questions). In the analysis of the data reference will also be made to the United Nations' (2006 ; 2008) suggestions on how to devise the language-related part of censuses. The findings provide an insight into the ideological background of devising language- related census questions and, consequently, disclose covert elements of examined language policies.

Citizenship is an extremely complex concept and, as such, can be utilized in sociolinguistic research in order to account for differences in language policies. Language requirements in naturalization processes point to differences in particular countries’ language policies. Specifi cally, analysis of such language requirements reveals the different facets of the countries’ language policies in terms of the ways in which applicants for citizenship via naturalization are expected to know and use the countries’ offi cial language(s) or the main language (in cases where there is no offi cial language). The paper aims to address changes in such language requirements in four immigration countries which are bound by a specifi c past associated with colonialism and the fact that English is the medium of communication for the majority of the population. The countries are: the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. A comparison of past and current language requirements provides an insight into both past and current status of immigrants and their languages in the four countries. This, in turn, leads to assessments of citizenship increasingly being regarded more as an instrument of inclusion rather than as an instrument of exclusion., Ciudadanía como instrumento de inclusión y exclusión: estudio comparativo de los requisitos lingüísticos en el proceso de nacionalización en Estados Unidos, C anadá, Australia y Nueva Zelanda. La complejidad del concepto de la nacionalidad permite su uso en los estudios sociolingüísticos con el fi n de interpretar diferencias entre las políticas lingüísticas. Los requisitos lingüísticos en los procesos de nacionalización indican las diferencias entre las políticas lingüísticas de algunos países. Es decir, el análisis de requisitos lingüísticos desvela diferentes aspectos de las políticas lingüísticas en cuanto al conocimiento que se espera del solicitante de la nacionalidad de la(s) lengua(s) ofi cial(es) o dominante(s) del país (en el caso en que no exista una lengua ofi cial). El objetivo de este trabajo es señalar el cambio de esos requisitos lingüísticos en cuatro países receptores de inmigrantes que comparten un pasado caracterizado por el colonialismo y el hecho de que el inglés es el medio de comunicación de la mayor parte de la población. Los países en cuestión son: Estados Unidos, Canadá, Australia y Nueva Zelanda. La comparación entre requisitos lingüísticos del pasado y del presente ofrece una imagen del estatus pasado y del actual de los inmigrantes y sus lenguas en los cuatro países. Eso conlleva la conclusión de que la nacionalización cada vez más se considera más bien un instrumento de inclusión que de exclusión.

S obzirom na ubrzani razvoj računalne tehnologije, učestalost i oblik anglizama na području računalnoga nazivlja neiscrpan su predmet jezikoslovnih rasprava. Cilj je ovoga rada utvrditi eventualno postojanje i prirodu jezičnoga konflikta između engleskoga i hrvatskoga jezika na temelju analize učestalosti uporabe anglizama i domaćih izraza koji čine sastavni dio računal-noga nazivlja. Također, analiza uporabe prilagođenih anglizama omogućava donošenje zaključaka o legitimnosti jezičnoga purizma kao jednoga od oblika jezične ideologije. Is-traživanje uključuje provođenje upitnika među učenicama i učenicima odabranih osnovnih škola Zadarske županije. Na temelju rezultata istraživanja zaključujemo da je hrvatski jezik i “jezik identifikacije” i “jezik komunikacije”, pri čemu se prevlast uporabe anglizama javlja u slučajevima kada su u odnosu na istoznačne domaće izraze uporabno manje zahtjevni te u slučajevima kada se smatraju uspješno prilagođenima sustavu hrvatskoga jezika. To je razlog zbog kojega identificiramo minimalni oblik ispitivanoga jezičnog konflikta. S druge strane, s obzirom na broj varijanti koje predstavljaju prilagođene anglizme koji odstupaju od hrvatske pravopisne norme, zaključujemo da je jezični purizam koji se odnosi na inzistiranje na pravopisnoj normi, kao oblik jezične ideologije, razumljiv u umjerenom obliku.

Research on population censuses usually focuses on the extent of (under)representation of either indigenous languages or languages of minority communities by focusing on those parts of population censuses in which individuals are asked to provide information about their linguistic profiles. The paper focuses on the analysis of the language parts of population censuses in the following English-dominant countries: the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The same methodology is applied to all analyzed countries: after an overview of basic characteristics of their language policies, a detailed account of language parts of their censuses is provided. Such detailed account primarily includes reference to the number and structure (wording) of language questions in the questionnaires, but also to other language-related aspects of conducting population censuses (such as provision of help in filling in questionnaires in additional languages other than English). Analyzed aspects of population censuses will be compared to the United Nations' recommendations concerning the language element in censuses. English-dominant countries are also major immigration countries, which makes them ideal candidates for investigating different aspects of language contact and language conflict. Most language policies reflect dominant language ideologies. However, since population censuses have become a major focus of sociolinguists’ interest only recently, their analysis might point to yet additional characteristics of specific language ideologies to which previous analyses of language policies made no explicit reference. As contexts of frequent language contact and conflict are identified as highly susceptible to formation of different manifestations of language ideologies, analysis of language questions in English-dominant countries' censuses lends itself to conclusions made in light of the concept of language ideology.

Bridging the gap between independent cinema and mainstream cinema, the best films by Wayne Wang belong to the tradition of cinema of personal statement. His two early films, Chan Is Missing (1982) and Dim Sum: A Little Bit of Heart (1985), set in the Chinese community in San Francisco, are penetrating character studies exploring the issues of assimilation and identity formation in the immigrant Chinese community. The two films from the nineties, The Joy Luck Club (1993) and Smoke (1995), explore the themes of miscommunication and cross-cultural differences (a constant presence in his films) in a larger and multiple-story format. While The Joy Luck Club (1993) is set in San Francisco and continues the exploration of the Chinese-American community and inherent generational gaps, Smoke (1995) is set in Brooklyn and does not involve Chinese-American characters. Nevertheless, the themes and their resolution are basically the same, proving the universal nature of Wang’s films. Exploring the nature of everyday lives, Wang’s films can be interpreted in light of many different perspectives. This paper will explore the stylistic features of his films, their implicit Zen-Buddhist subtext, as well as their linguistic dimension, which give an empirical confirmation of the themes explored.

This paper presents the results of one part of the research concerning overt attitudes towards Croatian standard and dialect varieties. Overt attitudes were elicited through the usage of direct questions about the informants’ evaluation of Croatian standard and dialect varieties. Presented results may be regarded as a contribution to broader attempts to identify the nature of the relationship between the ideology of the standard variety and the ideology of dialects.

Is there a single common denominator of the ‘Other’ in the standard – nonstandard relationship or a group of factors? Which entities should be identified as bearers of the ‘Other’ dimension in such a relationship? In various sociolinguistic contexts there has been a common belief for a long time that linguistic entities associated with lack of social prestige represent the ‘Other’ – the low and the nonstandard. Although we assume that nonstandard ideologies do carry specific implications of the ‘Other’ dimension, the supposed inherent value and social prestige of the standard, notions which have been frequently emphasized in the dissemination of findings concerning the standard – nonstandard relationship, cannot be used as sufficient arguments to support the ‘Otherness’ of nonstandard varieties and their ideologies. Silence of supposed promoters of such ideologies reveals itself as an additional (and, in certain cases, a much more productive) factor in analyzing the nonstandard – the ‘Other’ association. Thus, if silence is taken as the common denominator of the ‘Otherness’ of nonstandard ideologies in relation to ideologies of the standard and their more prominent public promotion, it may be possible to move away from the ‘unknown’, ‘inferiority’, and ‘minority’ dimensions that some sociolinguistic contexts of ‘Otherness’ have frequently been known to imply.

The existence of the ideology of the standard variety has hardly ever been brought into question. Most sociolinguists (Milroy & Milroy, 1999 ; Trudgill, 1999 ; Thomas, 1991 ; Leith, 1997 ; Crowley, 2003) agree (directly or indirectly) that it is precisely its abstract nature that makes the standard language variety susceptible to becoming an object of a specific ideological system of sociocultural beliefs. Furthermore, if the basic function of any ideology is the naturalization of social processes which is achieved through "disciplining" language (Crowley, 2003), the standard variety presents itself as the ideal candidate for such processes. The notion of standard language culture is yet another argument for the general acceptance of the ideology of the standard variety as it refers to the process of equating the standard variety (or what is believed to be the standard variety) with language as a whole and with what appears to be the correct usage of that language (Mićanović, 2006). However, not much has been said about the possible existence and/or (re)creation of dialect ideology. In fact, such a term has been avoided in sociolingustic literature. The reasons for this may be found, among other things, in the fact that there is nothing abstract in the linguistic structure of dialects and especially in their usage. However, broad definitions of standard language ideology that certain authors (Milroy, 1999) provide lend themselves to an equally efficient application to what may be termed dialect ideology. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that the ideology of the standard variety is not as strong as it used to be. After the process of creation and establishment of nation states had finished, it was no longer necessary to use the concept of ideology in connection to the standard variety and elevate it to the symbol of the validity of the existence of a particular nation. What seems to have been overriding such a view of specific language varieties is the notion of an increasing appreciation of various dialects. This is most evident through the investigation of a specific sociolinguistic function of the purity of language varieties. The solidarity function is a common link between the standard and various dialectal varieties. It is the only function that may be identified within the assumed dialect ideology. In this paper we shall try to identify all possible evidence that may give us a hint into the likelihood of the (re)creation of positive dialect appraisal and consequential dialect ideology. The main focus will not be placed on language varieties within specific language systems, but rather on various theoretical assertions/claims that may open the door for the discussion and elaboration of dialect ideology. However, most evidence to support such claims (e.g. recent changes in the evaluation of language competence tests) will be identified within the English language.

U ovome se radu u prvome redu iznose temeljna teorijska načela konfliktne lingvistike. Nakon iznošenja univerzalnih principa koji se mogu primijeniti na cijeli niz konfliktnih sociolingvističkih situacija, osobita pažnja se posvećuje tumačenju mogućnosti primjene takvih općih principa na analizu konfliktnoga odnosa između ideologije standarda i ideologije dijalekta. Naposljetku se navode primjeri provedenih istraživanja u sklopu engleskoga jezika čiji se rezultati mogu dodatno tumačiti u sklopu konfliktne lingvistike.

U ovome se radu najprije razmatra sam pojam asimilacije, odnosno nacin njegova definiranja u razlicitih autora. Razrada problematike sastoji se od dva glavna dijela, u kojima se odvojeno analizira asimilacija u engleskome i hrvatskome jeziku. Razmatraju se razlicite vrste asimilacija, ali i razlikovanje asimilacije od adaptacije, kako u engleskome, tako i u hrvatskome jeziku. Slijedi poredbena analiza asimilacije. Ona ukljucuje slicnosti i razlike do kojih se dolazi proucavanjem i usporedivanjem odvojenih cinjenica o asimilaciji u dva jezika, te razlikovanjem asimilacije kao glasovne preinake od adaptacije kao prilagodbe glasova.

Analizom eufemizama promiskuitetnog ponašanja oba spola, zaključujemo da su oni koji se tiču ženskog promiskuiteta mnogo brojniji, što govori da je ženska spolnost puno veća tabu tema od one muške. Nadalje, slikovitost koja prati eufemizme spolno je ovisna s evidentnim implikacijama na formiranje spolnog identiteta. Pojam promiskuitetne žene eufemizira se korelacijom s nizom životinja, a promiskuitetan muškarac zadržava ljudske osobine.

This thesis analyses the language policy and the status of the English language in Germany. It includes a small-scale study of the use of English and language attitudes among the students of the University of Finance in Nordkirchen. It can be divided into two sections. The first, theoretical one, analyses the field of LPP, LPP in Germany, and the role of English in Germany. In the second section, the results of a questionnaire filled out by the students of the University of Finance in Nordkirchen are analysed. The questionnaire was used in order to discover how much the students used English, and what they thought about it. At the beginning of the research, two hypotheses are presented. The first hypothesis is that the participants who, according to self-evaluation, claimed to have higher levels of the English language knowledge will communicate in English more often. The second hypothesis is that the participants who had been learning the English language for the longest period of time will have more positive attitudes towards Anglicisms in the German language. After examining the results of the conducted study, it was proven that both hypotheses were correct. Ovaj diplomski rad analizira jezičnu politiku i status engleskog jezika u Njemačkoj. Rad uključuje istraživanje manjeg opsega o uporabi engleskog jezika i jezičnim stavovima među studentima Ekonomskog fakulteta u Nordkirchenu. Rad se može podijeliti u dva dijela. Prvi, teorijski dio, analizira područje jezične politike i jezičnog planiranja, jezičnu politiku i jezično planiranje u Njemačkoj te ulogu engleskog jezika u Njemačkoj. U drugom dijelu analizirani su rezultati upitnika kojeg su ispunili studenti Ekonomskog fakulteta u Nordkirchenu. Upitnik je korišten kako bi se otkrila mjera u kojoj studenti koriste engleski jezik i što o njemu misle. Na početku istraživanja postavljene su dvije hipoteze. Prva je da će ispitanici koji su prema samoevaluaciji izjavili da imaju veću razinu znanja engleskog jezika češće komunicirati na engleskom jeziku. Druga hipoteza je da će ispitanici koji su najdulje učili engleski jezik imati pozitivnije stavove prema anglicizmima u njemačkom jeziku. Nakon analiziranja rezultata provedenog istraživanja dokazano je da su obje hipoteze točne.

This thesis focuses on regional dialects in the USA and Great Britain. Dialectology is a linguistic discipline that studies varieties of language according to geographical or social distribution. In this paper the essential characteristics of the discipline are highlighted, together with notions of dialect, variety, language, accent, sociolect, idiolect and patois. The main part of the paper consists of the analysis of aforementioned dialects. Maps presented in the paper show us dialect regions according to different criteria; either differences in lexis or those in pronunciation. After analyzing different studies from notable linguists, regional dialects of the USA are divided into three large regions: North, South, and West. Great Britain’s division elaborated in this thesis is mostly concerned with accent differences rather than grammatical or orthographical ones. The main focus in differences between Great Britain and the USA was put on accent, since grammatical ones are not substantial. Vocabulary differences are presented in tables, which are also included in this thesis. Ovaj rad se bavi regionalnim dijalektima u SAD-u i Velikoj Britaniji. Dijalektologija je lingvistička disciplina koja se bavi proučavanjem dijalekata (prema njihovoj geografskoj ili društvenoj raširenosti). U radu su istaknuta ključna obilježja ove lingvističke discipline su naglašene zajedno s pojmovima kao što su: dijalekt, varijetet, jezik, naglasak, sociolekt, idiolekt i patois. Glavni dio rada se bavi analizom navedenih dijalekata. Geografske karte u ovom dijelu rada prikazuju dijalektalne regije koje su podijeljene prema različitim kriterijima; onim leksikološkim ili izgovornim. Na temelju konzultacije različitih izvora, SAD je podijeljen na tri velike regije: sjever, jug i zapad. Podjela u Velikoj Britaniji je u većoj mjeri usmjerena na razlike u naglasku nego na one gramatičke ili pravopisne. Razlike između Velike Britanije i SAD-a su također usmjerene na naglasak budući da su gramatičke razlike neznatne. Razlike u vokabularu su predstavljene u tablicama.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze language use and stereotypical portrayal in American comedy films Chasing Papi, Hot Pursuit, Hot to Be a Latin Lover and Overboard. The first part offers a short insight into language ideologies and attitudes and language stereotypes in order to explain the status of Spanish in the U.S. Then, the focus is on bilingualism in the U.S., with special reference to Spanish-English code-switching. The second part focuses on the results of the linguistic analysis made for the purpose of this thesis. The analysis of language use of Latino characters in the chosen American films was made, together with the analysis of their stereotypical portrayal. The main focus is on types of code-switching and the analysis of all of the instances of code-switching. The results show that Latino characters are mostly stereotypically portrayed in the film and that they often code-switch between the languages. Intra-sentential code-switching is the most frequent type, closely followed by inter-sentential code-switching, while tag-switching is present in a significantly lesser degree. Spanish is mostly present in conversations among friends and family. Nevertheless, English is identified as the dominant language in the films. Cilj ovog rada bio je analizirati jezičnu uporabu i stereotipni prikaz likova u američkim komedijama Chasing Papi, Hot Pursuit, How to Be a Latin Lover i Overboard. U prvom dijelu rada kratko se objašnjavaju jezična ideologija i stavovi te jezični stereotipi, a u svrhu tumačenja statusa španjolskog jezika u SAD-u. Potom se tumači dvojezičnost u SAD-u, uz poseban naglasak na prebacivanje kodova između španjolskog i engleskog jezika. U drugom dijelu rada tumače se rezultati jezične analize napravljene za potrebe ovog rada. Urađena je jezična analiza latinoameričkih likova iz odabranih američkih filmova uz stereotipni prikaz likova. Glavni naglasak bio je na različitim vrstama prebacivanja kodova i analizi primjera. Rezultati pokazuju da su latinoamerički likovi većinom stereotipno prikazani i da često prebacuju kodove. Unutarrečenično prebacivanje (miješanje kodova) najčešća je vrsta prebacivanja kodova, čemu po frekvenciji slijedi međurečenično prebacivanje (prebacivanje kodova), dok je prebacivanje oznaka prisutno u znatno manjoj mjeri. Španjolski jezik je najzastupljeniji u razgovorima među prijateljima i obitelji. Međutim, engleski jezik je identificiran kao dominantan jezik u filmovima.

On one hand, conceptual metaphors represent a significant aspect of the human conceptual system in the sense that they help us understand abstract concepts. On the other hand, animated films have had a certain significance in people’s lives as well and they represent a productive framework for recognizing the way in which we relate source domains to target domains. The purpose of this thesis was to examine, through the analysis of selected animated films, whether conceptual metaphors could be found in animation, and if so, in what way. Ten films that were chosen for the analysis primarily dealt with themes related to family, friendship, love, and emotions. A total of 27 conceptual metaphors were found within the corpus. Four target domains were isolated: ‘time’, ‘love’, ‘emotion’, and ‘life’. A total of 230 metaphorical expressions were gathered and presented. The results show that the most frequently occurring metaphorical expressions were those related to target domains ‘time’ and ‘love’. S jedne strane, konceptualne metafore predstavljaju značajan aspekt ljudskog konceptualnog sustava u smislu da nam pomažu razumjeti apstraktne pojmove. S druge strane, animirani su filmovi također imali određeni značaj u životu ljudi te predstavljaju produktivan okvir za prepoznavanje načina na koji izvorne domene povezujemo s ciljnim domenama. Svrha ovog rada bila je istražiti, kroz analizu odabranih animiranih filmova, mogu li se i na koji način, konceptualne metafore pronaći u animaciji. Deset filmova koji su odabrani za analizu obrađuju teme prvenstveno vezane za obitelj, prijateljstvo, ljubav i emocije. Unutar korpusa pronađeno je ukupno 27 konceptualnih metafora. Četiri ciljne domene bile su izdvojene: ‘vrijeme’, ‘ljubav’, ‘emocija’, i ‘život’. Ukupno je prikupljeno i predstavljeno 230 metaforičkih izraza. Rezultati pokazuju da su se najčešće pojavljivali oni izrazi koji se odnose na ciljne domene ‘vrijeme’ i ‘ljubav’.

Address terms are an essential part of any human language. Even though they might appear of little relevance, they bear meaning and reflect one's attitudes and relation to the addressee. Therefore, since our attitudes differ from person to person, address terms as conveyers of such information also differ and depend on a number of factors. The aim of this study was to present some basic terms of address in the English language, define rules governing their choice, explain their functions and see whether there are differences between the use of address terms in the books Pride and Prejudice and My Policeman, bearing in mind that the two books originated in different time periods. In total, 535 examples were gathered. The results show that there are differences regarding the use of address terms in the two books. In My Policeman, the informal ones are more favoured in comparison to the formal ones preferred in Pride and Prejudice. Moreover, the changes in the society and human relations also reflected on the importance of some factors governing the choice of a particular term, such as social status, level of intimacy, age, gender etc. Termini oslovljavanja bitan su dio svakog jezika. Iako se mogu činiti od male važnosti, oni imaju značenje i odražavaju nečije stavove i odnos sa sugovornikom. Stoga, budući da se naši stavovi razlikuju od osobe do osobe, termini oslovljavanja kao prenositelji takvih informacija također se razlikuju i ovise o određenim čimbenicima. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je predstaviti neke osnovne termine oslovljavanja u engleskom jeziku, definirati pravila koja određuju njihov izbor, objasniti njihove funkcije te vidjeti postoje li razlike između uporabe termina oslovljavanja u knjigama Ponos i Predrasude i Moj Policajac, imajući na umu da su knjige nastale u različitim razdobljima. Sveukupno je prikupljeno 535 primjera. Rezultati pokazuju da postoje razlike u uporabi termina oslovljavanja u dvjema knjigama. U knjizi Moj Policajac veća je frekvencija neformalnih termina u odnosu na formalne, koji su učestaliji u knjizi Ponos i Predrasude. Štoviše, promjene u društvu i međuljudskim odnosima odrazile su se i na važnost nekih čimbenika koji utječu na izbor određenog termina, kao što su društveni status, razina intimnosti, dob, rod itd.

The main focus of this paper is the analysis of language policies in the following Englishdominant countries: the USA, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand, with the emphasis on two major European languages: Spanish and French. The first part of this paper consists of a brief presentation of the definitions of language policy and language planning as well as their types. In the following parts the reader is provided with some important facts about the researched countries and their languages, followed by the development of their language policies. Furthermore, the statuses of Spanish and French and the degree of their importance in the education and government of mentioned countries throughout the history and at present day are described. Spanish and French have a significant role in the countries analysed in this thesis. Spanish is especially acknowledged in the United States due to a large number of its speakers, while French in Canada shares the official status with English. In the UK, Australia and New Zealand these two major European languages are known to be attractive in the context of foreign language studies. Glavni fokus ovog rada je analiza jezičnih politika u državama u kojima je engleski jezik dominantan, uključujući SAD, Kanadu, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo, Australiju i Novi Zeland, s naglaskom na dva europske jezika - španjolski i francuski. Prvi se dio rada sastoji od kratke prezentacije definicija jezične politike i jezičnog planiranja, kao i njihovih vrsta. U dijelovima koji slijede čitatelju su pružene pojedine važne činjenice o istraženim državama i njihovim jezicima te u nastavku o razvoju njihovih jezičnih politika. Nadalje, u radu su opisani status i stupanj važnosti španjolskog i francuskog jezika u obrazovanju i državnim tijelima spomenutih država kroz povijest i danas. Španjolski i francuski jezik imaju važnu ulogu u državama koje su analizirane u ovome radu. Španjolski je posebno priznat u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama zahvaljujući velikom broju govornika, dok francuski u Kanadi dijeli službeni status sa engleskim jezikom. U Velikoj Britaniji, Australiji i Novom Zelandu poznato je da su ova dva važna europska jezika atraktivni u kontekstu učenja stranih jezika.

With the last wave of migration beginning several years ago, some Croatian workers managed to find a new home in Norway. In order to communicate with Norwegians, they should speak a language, common to both Croatians and Norwegians. That language is usually English or lingua franca. The aim of this paper is to examine proficiency levels in English among Croatian migrant workers as well as the ways they learned it and situations in which English is useful for them. This paper consists of two parts. The first part presents the theoretical framework and the second part is the analysis of the collected data. The research was conducted among 25 Croatian migrant workers in Norway who filled out a questionnaire consisting of both open-ended and closed-ended questions. The conclusion is that Croatian migrant workers are open to learning the English language and easily adapt in a foreign country when it comes to using a foreign language, specifically the English language. What has aided these Croatian migrant workers is Croatia's national language policy, which provides Croatians the opportunity to study English from an early age. Consequently, Croatian migrant workers do not encounter many difficulties in studying and using the English language and have embraced the fact that it is basically the primary way of communication with people in Norway. Their interest in other foreign languages is also evident. S posljednjih valom migracija koji je počeo prije nekoliko godina, pojedini hrvatski radnici su našli novi dom u Norveškoj. Za potrebe komunikacije s Norvežanima, potrebno je da govore jezik koji je zajednički i Hrvatima i Norvežanima. Taj jezik je obično engleski jezik ili lingua franca. Cilj ovog rada je proučiti razinu poznavanja engleskog jezika među hrvatskim radnicima migrantima kao i načine na koji su ga naučili i situacije u kojima im je engleski jezik koristan. Rad se sastoji od dva dijela. Prvi dio predstavlja teorijsku podlogu, a drugi dio je analiza prikupljenih podataka. Istraživanje je provedeno među 25 hrvatskih radnika migranata u Norveškoj koji su ispunili upitnik koji se sastojao od pitanja otvorenog i zatvorenog tipa. Zaključak je da su hrvatski radnici migranti otvoreni za učenje engleskog jezika te da se lako prilagođavaju u stranoj zemlji u situacijama gdje se koristi strani jezik, preciznije, engleski jezik. Ono što im je pomoglo je jezična politika Hrvatske koja dopušta Hrvatima da uče engleski jezik od rane dobi. Stoga, hrvatski radnici migranti ne nailaze na puno poteškoća kod učenja i uporabe engleskog jezika te su prihvatili činjenicu da je to, u suštini, glavni način komunikacije s ljudima u Norveškoj. Također je vidljiva i njihova zainteresiranost za druge strane jezike.

This final paper analyses the status of English in colonial and postcolonial contexts and it is divided into six chapters. It contains the explanations and the definitions of the concepts of colonialism and postcolonialism. Furthermore, it provides a general overview of the status of English during colonialism and postcolonialsm. It contains brief information regarding the circumstances of the spread of English and its varieties, the explanation of English-based pidgins, creoles and indigenized varieties, the role of English in mass media, anti-English reactions, English in relation to technology, English within the Commonwealth and the role of English as a threat to language extinction. The following chapters aim to explain the development and the status of English in individual countries: India, Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Canada and South Africa. Finally, the paper provides a conclusion with the comparison of the status of the English language in the previously identified countries. Ovaj završni rad analizira status engleskog jezika u kolonijalnom i postkolonijalnom kontekstu i podijeljen je u šest poglavlja. Sadrži objašnjenja i definicije pojmova kolonijalizma i postkolonijalizma. Nadalje, daje se pregled općenitog statusa engleskog jezika u vrijeme kolonijalizma i postkolonijalizma. Rad sadrži opće informacije o uvjetima širenja engleskog jezika i njegovih varijeteta, objašnjava pidžinske i kreolske jezike te domorodačke jezike koji se baziraju na engleskom jeziku, ulogu engleskog jezika u masovnim medijima, reakcije protiv engleskog jezika, odnos engleskog jezika i tehnologije, njegovu ulogu u organizaciji Commonwealtha te ulogu koju ima u procesu nestajanja drugih jezika. Svrha narednih poglavlja je objasniti nastanak i status engleskog jezika u pojedinim državama: Indiji, Australiji, Novom Zelandu, Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, Kanadi i Južnoafričkoj Republici. Naposljetku, ovaj rad daje zaključak i usporedbu statusa engleskog jezika u prethodno navedenim državama.

The main goal of this paper is to analyze whether Internet neologisms – new words coined on the Internet – are present in what is assumed to be the formal environment of daily news. The paper starts with the definition of the Internet and elaboration of its connection with language change. The second chapter introduces Internet neologisms and the pragmatics of Internet neologisms. The third chapter discusses the methodological problems in analyzing Internet neologisms, while the fourth chapter explains why the CNN Daily News site is suitable for the linguistic analysis of Internet neologisms. Chapter 5 brings the most common Internet neologisms sampled from Tom Chatfield’s book Netymology: From Apps to Zombies: A Linguistic Celebration of the Digital World. Chapter six is dedicated to the analysis of the appearance of the sampled neologisms on the CNN Daily News site. The analysis showed that there are Internet neologisms present on the site, but that there are certain discrepancies considering the connection between the origin of neologisms and the news sections in which they appear, as well as considering the hypothesis about the areas assumed to contain the greatest and the least numbers of neologisms. Glavni je cilj ovog rada pružiti uvid u pojam internetskih neologizama – novih riječi skovanih na Internetu – analizom njihove prisutnosti u očekivano formalnom okruženju dnevnih vijesti. Rad započinje definicijom Interneta i raspravom o njegovoj povezanosti s promjenom jezika. Drugo poglavlje predstavlja internetske neologizme i pragmatiku internetskih neologizama. U trećem poglavlju se raspravlja o metodološkim problemima kad je u pitanju analiza internetskih neologizama, dok se u četvrtom poglavlju objašnjava zašto je CNN pogodan za lingvističku analizu internetskih neologizama. Peto poglavlje donosi najčešće internetske neologizme uzorkovane iz knjige Toma Chatfielda pod naslovom Netimologija: Od aplikacija do zombija: Lingvistička proslava digitalnog svijeta. Šesto poglavlje posvećeno je analizi pojave uzorkovanih neologizama na stranici dnevnih vijesti CNN-a. Analiza je pokazala kako su internetski neologizmi prisutni na toj stranici, ali kako postoje određena odstupanja s obzirom na povezanost podrijetla neologizama s odjeljcima vijesti u kojima se pojavljuju, kao i s obzirom na hipotezu o područjima za koja se pretpostavilo da će sadržavati najveći i najmanji broj neologizama.

Metaphor is not only a literary device, but it is also an important instrument in conceptualizing the world. How someone perceives the world is influenced by culture, which means that metaphors that are used will also be influenced by culture. This paper aimed to discover whether basic conceptual metaphors used in English and Croatian are the same using the work of Michelle Moran “The Heretic Queen” and its translation produced by Marija Perišić. The analysis is based on George Lakoff and Mark Johnson’s book“ Metaphors We Live By” (1980). There were 22 basic conceptual metaphors found and 161 metaphorical expressions in English. For each example the Croatian translation is provided. The greatest differences between the examples in the English original and the Croatian translation were found in relation to the TIME metaphors and CONTAINER metaphors. The data suggests that all basic conceptual metaphors identified exist in both languages, except for one, TIME IS SOMETHING WE ARE LEADING THROUGH SPACE. Furthermore, the analysis showed that metaphors used are to a great degree similar in the two languages. Metafora nije samo stilsko izražajno sredstvo već i sredstvo koje ljudima pomaže u konceptualizaciji svijeta. Način na koji netko percipira svijet pod utjecajem je kulture, što znači da će i metafore koje netko koristi biti pod utjecajem kulture. Cilj ovog rada bio je analizirati jesu li iste metafore korištene u engleskom i hrvatskom jeziku koristeći roman Michelle Moran, „The Heretic Queen“ te hrvatski prijevod Marije Perišić („Heretička kraljica“). Analiza se temelji na djelu Georga Lakoffa i Mark Johnsona „Metaphors We Live By“ (1980). Pronađeno je 22 temeljne konceptualnih metafora te 161 metaforičkih izraza na engleskom. Uz svaki primjer naveden je hrvatski prijevod. Najveće razlike uočene su u metaforama vezanim uz VRIJEME i metafore SPREMNIKA. Podatci pokazuju da sve temeljne konceptualne metafore koje su identificirane u djelu postoje u oba jezika osim jedne, VRIJEME JE NEŠTO ŠTO VODIMO KROZ PROSTOR. Također, analiza je pokazala da su metafore u velikoj mjeri slične u ova dva jezika.

Language is a tool for emotional expression and various research suggests that language is being used for persuading purposes when emotions are concerned. As such, language is being used in advertising to influence consumers and their opinions on advertised products. This thesis investigates the relationship between language and emotion in order to identify the way language influences emotional responses in young adults through using language methods such as verbal anchoring, positive and negative message framing, strong and weak implicatures. For the purpose of this research, an online questionnaire was conducted with 20 participants. The questionnaire contained nine different pictorial advertisements with verbal anchoring and message framing. Responses were analyzed comparing different variables through using median values of Likert scales. The results indicate that language is an important aspect of advertisements and it has only a slight influence on informants' positive emotional responses. In contrast, the influence of language on negative reactions is fair. Furthermore, message framing shows no influence on the informants, while advertisements containing strong implicatures limit positive reactions in informants. Advertisements containing weak implicatures have either a neutral or negative effect on the informants. Language that carries positive connotation results in overall positive emotional responses in informants, while language that has a negative connotation results in negative emotional responses. These results suggest that language can influence emotional reactions in different ways. However, language alone does not have enough persuasive power to convince informants to purchase the products in the advertisements. Jezik je alat za emocionalno izražavanje i različita istraživanja ukazuju na korištenje jezika u svrhe uvjeravanja kada su u pitanju emocije. Kao takav, jezik se koristi u oglašavanju kako bi utjecao na potrošače i njihove stavove o reklamiranim proizvodima. Ovaj diplomski rad istražuje vezu između jezika i emocija kako bi istražio način na koji jezik utječe na emocionalne reakcije mladih odraslih putem jezičnih metoda kao što su: verbalno usidravanje, pozitivno i negativno jezično uokvirivanje, te snažne i slabe implikacije. U svrhu ovog istraživanja provedena je online anketa s ukupno 20 sudionika. U anketi se koristilo devet različitih slikovnih reklama koje su sadržavale verbalno usidravanje i jezično uokvirivanje. Rezultati su analizirani putem usporedbe različitih varijabli koristeći srednje vrijednosti Likertove ljestvice. Rezultati su ukazali na važnost jezika kao aspekta reklama, te njegov blag utjecaj na pozitivne emocionalne reakcije kod sudionika. S druge strane, utjecaj jezika na negativne reakcije se pokazao umjerenim. Nadalje, jezično uokvirivanje je pokazalo nepostojeći utjecaj na sudionike, dok su reklame sa snažnim implikacijama limitirale pozitivne reakcije kod sudionika. Reklame koje su sadržavale slabe implikacije su imale neutralan ili negativan efekt na sudionike. Jezik s pozitivnim konotacijama je rezultirao s općim pozitivnim emocionalnim reakcijama kod sudionika, dok je jezik s negativnim konotacijama rezultirao negativnim emocionalnim reakcijama. Navedeni rezultati sugeriraju da jezik može utjecati na emocionalne reakcije. Međutim, sam jezik nije imao dovoljno utjecajne moći kako bi sudionike uvjerio da kupe proizvode iz priloženih reklama.

This thesis provides an insight into the position of English as the dominant lingua franca from the perspective of Croatian public figures’ use of English on Instagram. The main aim of the conducted research was to examine, detect and indicate the main problems of Croatians’ use of English on social media, in this particular case, Instagram. The first part of the thesis is the theoretical background based on definitions of English as a lingua franca, explaining the reasons which contributed to it obtaining such a position, as well as the most prominent context in which it is used. What has also been dealt with is the influence that English has had on language use in the Croatian context. This part is concluded with a brief insight into the social media platforms in general, with a special emphasis on Instagram, and the characteristics of communication commonly performed on such platforms. The second part represents the analysis of the ways in which English is used by famous Croatian Instagram users. During the analysis, two basic types of deviations were identified, those related to grammar and orthography. The analysis of the use of English by Croatian Instagram users revealed a number of different grammatical and orthographic issues. Ovaj rad pruža uvid u poziciju engleskog kao vodeće svjetske lingue france iz perspektive uporabe engleskog na Instagramu od strane hrvatskih javnih osoba. Glavni cilj provedenog istraživanja bio je ispitati, otkriti i uputiti na glavne probleme korištenja engleskog među Hrvatima na društvenim mrežama, u ovom konkretnom slučaju, na Instagramu. U prvom se dijelu rada predstavlja teorijska podloga vezana uz definicije engleskog kao lingue france, pri čemu se tumače razlozi koji su doprijenili tome da engleski ostvari takvu poziciju kao i najistaknutiji konteksti u kojima se rabi. U radu se također opisuje utjecaj kojeg engleski ima na jezičnu uporabu u hrvatskom kontekstu. Ovaj dio se zaključuje s kratkim pregledom društvenih mreža općenito, s posebnim naglaskom na Instagram, kao i na obilježlja komunikacije koja se obično odvija na takvim mrežama. Drugi dio predstavlja analizu načina korištenja engleskog od strane poznatih hrvatskih korisnika Instagrama. Tijekom analize, uočene su dvije osnovne vrste pogrešaka, one vezane uz gramatiku i pravopis. Analiza uporabe engleskog od strane hrvatskih korisnika Instagrama ukazuje na različite vrste gramatičkih i pravopisnih poteškoća.

This thesis aims to investigate different aspects of parental attitudes toward the concept of early childhood bilingualism. The theoretical part of the paper provides an overview of topics closely related to early bilingualism and language attitudes. It discusses the socio-cultural factors that influence the childhood bilingualism process. The first part also encompasses the types of childhood bilingual acquisition, as well as the basic information on family language policy. It also addresses the information on parental roles and attitudes in the process of childhood bilingualism. Apart from that, this thesis provides a brief overview of research conducted on the topic of childhood bilingualism. The third part presents the results of the research conducted by means of a questionnaire among 37 anonymous participants, who are parents of young children and are bilingual in English and Croatian language. Apart from investigating participants‟ attitudes and beliefs about the process of early acquisition of more than one language, the study also provides insights into parents‟ experiences of English-Croatian bilingual upbringing. The results show that the participants generally have positive attitudes towards early childhood bilingualism as well as positive experiences with this type of upbringing. Cilj ovog rada je istražiti različite aspekte vezane ta stavove roditelja spram koncepta dvojezičnosti u ranom djetinjstvu. Teorijski dio rada daje pregled tema usko povezanih s ranom dvojezičnošću i jezičnim stavovima. U tom se dijelu raspravlja o društvenokulturološkim čimbenicima koji utječu na proces dječjeg dvojezičnog usvajanja. Prvi dio također objašnjava tipove dvojezičnog usvajanja te pruža osnovne informacije o obiteljskoj jezičnoj politici. Također, u ovome se dijelu pružaju informacije o roditeljskim ulogama i stavovima vezanima za proces razvoja dječje dvojezičnosti. Osim toga, ovaj rad daje kratki pregled dosadašnjih istraživanja provedenih na temu rane dječje dvojezičnosti. Treći dio daje rezultate istraživanja provedenog putem upitnika među 37 anonimnih sudionika, koji su roditelji male djece i koji su dvojezični govornici engleskog i hrvatskog. Osim što je cilj istražiti stavove i vjerovanja sudionika o procesu ranog stjecanja više jezika, istraživanje također pruža uvid u konkretna iskustva roditelja s englesko-hrvatskim dvojezičnim odgojem. Rezultati pokazuju da sudionici uglavnom imaju pozitivan stav prema dvojezičnosti u ranom djetinjstvu, kao i pozitivna iskustva s takvim načinom odgoja.

This MA thesis deals with Paul Grice’s Co-operative principle, its conversational maxims and the flouting of these maxims. For the effective communication to be achieved, the speakers have to observe four conversational maxims by providing truthful, sufficient and relevant statement, which carries only literal meaning. However, very often these maxims tend to be violated and there are several ways of doing so, but in this paper the focus is on the case of flouting the maxims. This paper includes the study, that is, discourse analysis, which analyses the cases of flouting maxims in the comedy series Friends and Only Fools and Horses. This study aims to determine which of these comedy series tends to flout conversational maxims more frequently and which of the conversational maxims is most frequently flouted. It also examines the situations in which the flouting of maxims occurs, that is, the reasons for flouting the maxims. The study analysed nine episodes from both comedy series and found that there are slightly more cases of flouting maxims in the comedy series Friends and that the most flouted conversational maxim is the Maxim of Quality. Moreover, the main reason for flouting the maxims is to elicit laughter, but also to express irony, sarcasm, hyperbole, impatience, mockery and to change the subject or even to avoid the conversation. Ovaj se diplomski rad bavi načelom suradnje, kojega je formirao Paul Grice, njegovim razgovornim maksimima tenamjernim kršenjem razgovornih maksima. Kako bi se postigla učinkovita komunikacija, potrebno je da se govornici pridržavaju glavnih razgovornih maksima tako što će iznijeti istinitu, količinski adekvatnu i relevantnu izjavu, koja sadržava samo doslovno značenje. No, ipak se u većini situacija ove maksime krše i postoje brojni načini kršenja. Međutim, u ovom je radu fokus na namjernom kršenju maksima. Ovaj rad sadrži i istraživanje, odnosno analizu diskursa, koja analizira primjere namjernog kršenja maksima u humorističnim serijama Prijatelji i Mućke. Ovim se istraživanjem nastoji utvrditi koja od navedenih humorističnih serija češće namjerno krši razgovorne maksime te koji se od razgovornih maksima najčešće namjerno krši. Osim toga, istraživanjem se ispituje u kojim se situacijama namjerno krše maksime, odnosno ispituju se razlozi namjernog kršenja maksima. Istraživanjem se analiziralo devet epizoda iz navedenih humorističnih serija, a rezultati su pokazali da se u humorističnoj seriji Prijatelji razgovorne maksime nešto češće namjerno krše te da se maksima kvalitete najčešće namjerno krši. Nadalje, utvrđeno je da se razgovorni maksimi namjerno krše prvenstveno radi izazivanja smijeha te kako bi likovi izrazili ironiju, sarkazam, hiperbolu, nestrpljivost, ruganje, ali i promijenili temu razgovora, pa čak i izbjegli razgovor.

The aim of this master’s thesis is to analyze slang in Australian English found in the novel ‘Puberty Blues’, by K. Lette and G. Carey. The main focus of the analysis was to determine the extent to which American and British English influence Australian English slang. For the purpose of the research, slang terms and expressions were extracted from the novel ‘Puberty Blues’ and then found in various dictionaries and defined. The research has shown that British English has a greater impact on Australian slang than American English, but also that Australian people are more inclined towards employing their own slang than the British or American one. Additionally, it is confirmed that nouns are the most frequent word class among the analyzed slang expressions, and that the semantic fields that deal with alcohol, drugs, school, etc. are more frequently covered. What is more, the research confirmed that young speakers employ specific language forms that include changes of spelling/pronunciation of standard words and characterize their age group. However, when it comes to one of the most productive ways of forming Australian slang – hypocoristics, there was only one example found in the corpus. Ovaj se diplomski rad bavi analizom slenga australskoga engleskog u romanu ‘Puberty Blues’ autorica K. Lette i G. Carey. Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je odrediti mjeru u kojoj američki i britanski engleski utječu na sleng australskog engleskog. U svrhu istraživanja, sleng izrazi su identificirani u romanu ‘Puberty Blues’ te pronađeni u različitim rječnicima i definirani. Istraživanje je pokazalo da britanski engleski ima veći utjecaj na australski sleng nego američki engleski, ali i da su Australci skloniji vlastitom slengu nego britanskom ili američkom. Nadalje, potvrđeno je da su imenice najčešća vrsta riječi među analiziranim sleng izrazima i da su najzastupljenija semantička polja povezana s alkoholom, drogom, školom, itd. Istraživanje je pokazalo da mladi govornici koriste posebne jezične oblike koji uključuju promjene u pravopisu/izgovoru koje su karakteristične za njihovu dobnu skupinu. S druge strane, kada je riječ o najčešćem obliku tvorbe sleng izraza u australskom engleskom – hipokoristicima, pronađen je samo jedan primjer u korpusu.

The first part of this paper that deals with bilingualism in advertising consists of a brief presentation of the definitions and features of bilingualism and provision of several examples from everyday life. Many studies investigating different spheres of bilingualism attest to its significance and help us understand a variety of aspects of the phenomenon. What is also highlighted are the types of bilingualism and their influence on identity formation, which is relevant in order to understand the concept of bilingual advertising. The second part focuses on the influence of globalization on languages in general and the development of bilingualism. Taking into consideration that the world has become a ―global village‖ in recent years, it is no surprise that bilingual advertisements represent a growing trend. Due to its status on a global level, the starting point was English, its use and effectiveness in the advertising world. This paper also provides a brief analysis of the use of the English language in advertising in countries where English has spread quite widely in recent years, and these are: Japan, Spain and France. Prvi dio ovog rada koji se bavi dvojezičnošću u oglašavanju sastoji se od definicija i obilježja dvojezičnosti uz nekoliko navedenih primjera iz svakodnevnog života. Mnoga istraživanja koja se bave različitim sferama dvojezičnosti potvrđuju njezin značaj i pomažu nam u razumijevanju niza aspekata tog fenomena. Ono što je također istaknuto su vrste dvojezičnosti i njihov utjecaj na formiranje identiteta koji je svakako relevantan za razumijevanje koncepta dvojezičnog oglašavanja. Drugi se dio temelji na utjecaju globalizacije na jezike općenito, ali i na razvoj dvojezičnosti. Uzevši u obzir da je svijet u posljednjih nekoliko godina postao „globalno selo‖, ne čudi činjenica da su i dvojezični oglasi rastući trend. S obzirom na njegov status na globalnoj razini, polazna točka je engleski jezik, njegova upotreba i učinkovitost u svijetu oglašavanja. U radu je također predstavljena analiza upotrebe engleskog jezika u oglašavanju u zemljama u kojima se posljednjih godina znatno proširio, a to su: Japan, Španjolska i Francuska.

Many factors affect the level of proficiency in one language. Some of them include the language used in educational institutions, in communication in the workplace and in communication with family and friends. The research presented in this paper was conducted in order to find out more about Croatian-English bilinguals who live in Australia and New Zealand. The paper is divided into seven chapters. The introduction is followed by the theoretical background related to bilingualism and an overview of the history of Croatian emigration to Australia and New Zealand. Chapter four describes the research methodology, whereas chapter five provides a presentation of the results. 45 Croatian-English bilingual respondents provided an insight into their experience of living as bilingual individuals. The results have shown, among other things, that the early start of acquisition of two languages does not guarantee equal competence in both languages. Chapter six includes a discussion about the results with a suggestion for some possible future research in this area. Mnogi čimbenici utječu na razinu kompetencije u nekom jeziku. Neki od njih su jezik koji se koristi u obrazovnim ustanovama, u komunikaciji na radnom mjestu te u komunikaciji s obitelji i prijateljima. Istraživanje opisano u ovom radu provedeno je kako bi se dobili podatci o hrvatsko-engleskim dvojezičnim govornicima koji žive u Australiji i Novom Zelandu. Rad je podijeljen na sedam poglavlja. Uvodu slijedi teorijska podloga vezana za dvojezičnost te pregled povijesti hrvatske emigracije u Australiju i Novi Zeland. Nadalje, četvrto poglavlje opisuje metodologiju istraživanja, dok peti dio sadrži prikaz rezultata. Sveukupno 45 hrvatsko-engleskih dvojezičnih ispitanika pružilo je uvid u vlastito iskustvo života kao dvojezičnih govornika. Rezultati pokazuju da rani početak usvajanja dva jezika ne osigurava jednaku razinu kompetencije u oba jezika. Šesto poglavlje uključuje raspravu o rezultatima te prijedlog za moguća buduća istraživanja u ovom području.

Metaphors are nowadays perceived not only as literary devices, but are also increasingly analysed as parts of people's conceptual systems. They occur in everyday speech, texts and the media. The aim of this paper is to examine the occurrence of basic conceptual metaphors in A. Huxley's Brave New World and G. Orwell's 1984 and Animal Farm, according to Lakoff and Johnson's Metaphors We Live By (1980). The total amount of basic conceptual metaphors collected is 35, according to which 327 examples from the analysed books are taken. The most frequent metaphors found are the ones related to people, their features and emotions. The analysis has shown that the frequency of certain basic conceptual metaphors depends on the context, aside from the frequent occurrence of metaphors unrelated to a certain theme or genre. More precisely, the frequency depends on the motives, themes and genre of the analysed novels and the novella. Metafore se u današnje vrijeme ne smatraju isključivo stilskim izražajnim sredstvima, već se sve više počinju analizirati kao dio ljudskog konceptualnog sustava. Prisutne su u svakodnevnom govoru, raznim tekstovima i medijima. Cilj ovog rada jest istraživanje pojavnosti temeljne konceptualne metafore u dva romana i noveli u skladu s Metaphors We Live By Lakoffa i Johnsona (1980.). Sveukupan broj temeljnih konceptualnih metafora koje su preuzete iz navedenog izvora jest 35, dok je prema njima navedeno 327 primjera iz analiziranih knjiga. Metafore koje se načešće pojavljuju su one koje se odnose na ljude, njihove osobine i osjećaje. Provedena analiza pokazala je da učestalost određenih temeljnih konceptualnih metafora ovisi o kontekstu, uz čestu pojavu metafora koje nisu povezane s određenim temama ili žanrovima. Točnije, može se reći da učestalost metafora ovisi o motivima, tematici i žanru romana i novele koji su analizirani.