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This work researches precarity workers in Croatia and conditions in the gig economy. It is based on research among the workers from the sector with the aim to find out about their initial reasons to join the gig economy, the current situation, and expectations for the future.

Studija nastoji otvoriti i osvijetliti temu zelene ekonomije te je staviti u kontekst klimatskih promena, Evropskog UN-a i izazova koje je donijela kriza uzrokovana virusom COVID-19. Analiziraju se ključni izazovi, ali još više ističu brojne razvojne prilike. Studija nudi primjere dobre prakse iz zemalja EU-a, ali i zemalja regije koje su glavna tema studije.

Ova studija nastoji stvoriti poveznicu između Europskog zelenog plana i ruralnog prostora Hrvatske, ukazati na razvojne prilike, poticajne programe, mogućnosti i promišljanja. U radu se prikazuje Europski zeleni plan kao prilika da se nedostaci i zaostajanja u ekonomskom i društvenom razvoju pretvore u razvojne prilike, da se iskoriste komparativne prednosti i još uvijek nedovoljno korišteni resursi preobraze po principima zelene ekonomije i održivog razvoja.

Priručnik se temelji na bogatom iskustvu u europskim gradovima gdje se primjenjuju javne politike za razvoj društvene i solidarne ekonomije kao modela koji uključuje građane, osigurava poslove i jača lokalnu ekonomiju te se odgovorno odnosi prema resursima i ekosustavima. Priručnik je pun praktičnim primjera, a predstavljeni su i dobri primjeri iz Hrvatske.

Rad donosi sažeti prikaz razvoja i preliminarnu analizu postojećeg stanja društvenog poduzetništva u Hrvatskoj. Aktualnosti ove teme pridonijela je gospodarska, pa i ekološka, kriza te strategije vladinih tijela usmjerene na društveno poduzetništvo. Prvi je cilj rada prikazati nastanak i razvoj tog oblika poduzetništva u Hrvatskoj, koji se odvijao usporedo s tranzicijskim procesom i pridruživanjem Europskoj uniji. Drugi je cilj preliminarni prikaz baze aktera društvenog poduzetništva i njihova kapaciteta. Istraživanje usmjereno na uspostavu te baze provedeno je krajem 2014. i početkom 2015. O akterima društvenog poduzetništva najprije su prikupljeni podaci iz postojećih baza vladinih tijela i drugih ustanova, nakon čega su provedeni kratki strukturirani intervjui s vodećim ljudima detektiranih aktera usmjereni na teme njihove djelatnosti, prihoda i zaposlenika. Dio prikupljenih podataka potom je provjeren usporedbom s podacima Financijske agencije i Registra neprofitnih organizacija. Uspostavljena baza uključuje 90 subjekata, od kojih većinu čine udruge i zadruge (83%). Više od trećine aktera djeluje u Splitsko- dalmatinskoj i Osječko-baranjskoj županiji, dok u šest županija nije lociran nijedan. Ukupni su godišnji prihodi više od polovine aktera manji od milijun kuna, ali je i više od polovine prihoda svih aktera ostvareno tržišnim poduzetničkim aktivnostima. Zaključuje se da društveno poduzetništvo u Hrvatskoj, premda se razvijalo bez institucionalne potpore, predstavlja sve važniji čimbenik gospodarskog oporavka. Njegov kapacitet i potencijal orijentiran je prema socijalno osjetljivom poslovnom modelu. Aktualna državna strategija vezana uz društveno poduzetništvo, kao i zakonska regulativa koja je u pripremi, mogu potaknuti novi val razvoja društvenog poduzetništva kakav ranije, zbog izostanka institucionalnih okvira, nije bio moguć.

In this paper we were presenting main goals research outcomes of INTEREG CE INNO-WISEs project. Main focus was on mapping actors in four diferent EU countries and presentation of first research activities.

Društveno poduzetništvo i ekonomija u sve većem broju zemalja svijeta postaju prepoznatljivi i prihvaćeni kao ekonomsko-poslovni model kojemu glavni cilj nije gomilanje profita nego ispunjavanje socijalne odnosno društvene misije. U Aktu o jedinstvenom tržištu II (EC, 2012), Europska komisija izdvojila je društveno poduzetništvo kao jadan od stupova novog razvoja Europe, povezujući ga sa socijalnom kohezijom i rastom povjerenja potrošaća. Društveno poduzetništvo je široki koncept koji obuhvaća raznolike ekonomske modele kao i raznolike organizacije društvenog poduzetništva i ekonomije. Zajedničko svim ovim modelima i organizacijama je, pored ostvarivanja društvenog utjecaja, reinvestiranja dobiti u projekte od javnog značaja te uključivanja marginaliziranih skupina, i participativno demokratsko upravljanje koje u središte stavlja radnika te na taj način mijenja ekonomiju ne samo za konzumente već i za one koji ju su- kreiraju. Iskustvo rada u društvenom poduzeću, motivacije za rad i vrijednosti koje dijele radnici su stoga u fokusu ovdje predstavljenog istraživanja. Kvalitativnim istraživanjem obuhvatili smo devet socijalnih zadruga kako bismo interpretirali iskustva rada u društvenom poduzetništvu iz perspektive samih radnika. Značenje društvenog poduzetništva konstruira se kroz osobne definicije, motivaciju za rad u društvenom poduzeću te kroz prethodno ili naknadno internalizirane vrijednosti. Osim što je direktno povezana sa motivacijom i vrijednostima zaposlenika, suradnja sa zajednicom te unutar I između poduzeća vitalni je segment društvenog podzetništva, posebice u kontekstu odnosa sa lokalnom zajednicom i korisnicima. Posljednja kategorija koju smo analizom izdvojili odnosi se na način na koji sugovornici opisuju radne uvjete, (ne)zadovoljstvo na random mjestu, kvalitetu života te osjećaj ispunjenosti. Iz rezultata istraživanja može se zaključiti kako sugovornici/radnici u društvenim poduzećima daju prednost intrinzičnim motivacijama i intrinzičnim vrijednostima vezanim uz radno mjesto, pozitivno opisuju uvjete rada u društvenom poduzetništvu, te dijele percepciju porasta kvalitete života od kada rade u društvenom poduzeću.

This paper focused on position and situation of work integration social enterprises (WISEs) in Croatia especially on education for this kind of actors that are set up through Intereg CE INNO- WISEs project. Education will be based on specific massive open online course (MOOC) and the whole educational space will be organised as a practice oriented ICT platform for know-how and business training.

In this paper main focus is on research obtained in four EU countries on social and economic performance of WISEs (Work Integration Social Enterprises).

After three year of mapping, we gathered data about 112 social economy and entrepreneurship actors in Croatia: 58 association, 39 cooperatives and 15 companies. This research brings more recent data concerning the number of actors, their territorial distribution, type of activity, number of employees, total revenue, and share of revenue from entrepreneurial activities (selling goods and services) in comparison to total revenue. We will present shortly results of 19 focus groups with social economy actors and 21 semi- structured interviews with decission making/support stakeholders, which within iPRESENT project we analysed via qualitative data analysis software (Atlas ti.). One of the most interesting actor in our social economy database is company ITAS which is the bigest one regarding anual revenue and number of employees (+200 people). At the ICA2017 conference this will be the main part of our paper because of ITAS’s unique position in social economy sector in Croatia. On the outside they are regular company, inside they are run in highly democratic manner, main decisions were ruled by all together and they operate more like the usual cooperative and workers owned entity. In the past the survived highly suspected privatization processes in ‘90s during the Homeland war in Croatia, they were blockading the factory to stop sell-off equipment activities, and they went on hunger strike. They became famous as so called “Argentinian style” workers run factory. Now they are in the middle of transformation process regarding governance and organisational design, of which one decision might be cooperative legal structure. Being in that situation, they are of much interest for scientific research. We ran a survey on all employees in ITAS factory questioning their intrinsic values, job satisfaction, openness to new models of organisation between many other important questions. Base for survey was questionnaire from Organisational Psychology that has been tested for many years in Croatia and that measure opinion on 9 characteristics of work. We will present results of this survey at ICA2017 conference and answer on main question: is there an internal will and feasible policy framework for ITAS to become new workers cooperative in Croatia?

This paper explores the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and performance of social entrepreneurship (SE) organizations in Croatia. SE organizations are defined as nonprofits which accomplish or strive towards accomplishing their social mission(s) primarily by using the money made through trading products in the free market. In other words, they are social mission oriented entrepreneurs (Dees 2001). EO is a theoretical construct conceptualized through dimensions of proactivenes, risk taking, and innovativeness (Covin and Slevin 1989). In the context of for- profit entrepreneurs (i.e. “conventional” entrepreneurship), the above mentioned relationship represents an extensively investigated research topic (Rauch et al. 2009). On the other hand, it has not been the case with nonprofit entrepreneurs (i.e. SE) – regardless of the fact that a tremendous fraction of all SE organizations is, generally speaking, highly “vulnerable” in the sphere of the economic/commercial (and consequently social) performance. However, in spite of a relatively small number of research papers on SE organizations, they offer a wide range of findings. As an illustration, economic performance was found to be positively (Anderson and Helm 2012), non-significantly (Morris et al. 2007), and negatively and non- significantly related to EO (Miles et al. 2013) ; social performance was reported to be positively related to EO (Coombes et al. 2011) ; while the relationship between socio-economic performance and EO was found to be positive (Hu and Pang 2013), and inverted U-shaped (Chen and Hsu 2013). To the best of our knowledge, none of these aspects has been investigated within the emerging SE scene in Croatia. Therefore, the research aims are: 1) to explore (the level of) EO of SE organizations in Croatia ; 2) to explore their socio-economic performance ; 3) to investigate the relationship between (the level of) their EO and socio- economic performance. Taking into account the size and scope of the entire SE scene in Croatia the sample will try to include managerial staff (N≥100) from all organizations (associations, cooperatives, limited liability companies) (N≥50) that, according to the “requirements” set in the first paragraph, can be labeled as SE organizations. The questionnaire, administered via e-mail, contains: general information about SE organizations (size, number of employees/members, type of industry, organizational age) ; the instrument for measuring EO created based on Morris and Joyce’s (1998), Helm and Anderson’s (2010), and Hu and Pang’s (2013) questionnaire ; the instrument for measuring socio-economic performance i.e. respondents’ perception of it created based on questionnaires used by Caruana et al. (2002), Miles et al. (2013), and Hu and Pang (2013). Both of the instruments have 7- item Likert scale questions. The instruments’ reliability is ≥0, 7 (Cronbach's alpha). The research results intend to a) contribute to academic and professional debate (both internationally and in Croatia) on EO and socio-economic performance of SE organizations, and, preferably, b) encourage practical improvements in the field of SE performance.

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Regarding social economy (SE), Croatia is, on general level, considered as ex-communist country with good tradition, bad performance in second part of 20th Century because of political control in the business sector, which has in transition period (1990-1999) became a problem of ignorance in public administration (policy level). Today, social economy in Croatia is trying to catch up with other EU states on all important levels of SE sector: legislative and institutional framework, financial infrastructure, education and capacity building, and visibility. All four are integral parts of Strategy for the Development of Social Entrepreneurship in the Republic of Croatia for the period of 2015 – 2020. Within iPRESENT project, funded by Croatian Science Foundation, we have mapped social economy actors and after many years there is a clear and up to date social economy base. At the ICSE 2016 we will present main outcomes and results of this process. In the second year of the project we conducted a field research across Croatia carried out 19 focus groups with most influential, innovative and inspirational social economy actors. We divided interview questions in four themes: laws on social economy and public policies, definition/ideology of social economy and cooperation on SE scene, the level of democracy and working conditions, motivation and existence of intrinsic values. The data that are gathered through focus group interviews has been analysed via qualitative data analysis software (Atlas ti.). Major finding that will be presented in ICSA 2016 are: Social economy actors are mostly unsatisfied with legislative and institutional framework in Croatia and consider it as unsupportive and confusing. Social economy actors consider SE to be in the line with WISE model and as a tool for community development. The SE actors that are more active express satisfaction with cooperation amongst SE actors and other partners and stakeholders, but the ones that are in more isolated conditions (spatially) express need for more cooperation and networking. Social economy actors expressed their praise for democratic atmosphere in their organisations and fair working conditions. And finally, they expressed high motivation to continue to work in the social economy and are dedicated to the concept, including even those that were at the beginning interested just in getting a quick job. It means that we can detect intrinsic values for employees in social economy organisations. This research enabled us to describe for the first time in Croatia the view from the inside, attitudes and opinion of employees of social economy organisations.

Main purpose of the presentation is to explore social entrepreneurship as sustainable rural development supporting model that could bring development dimensions of Lika region in balance. Article consists of two thematic parts: in first part results of desk research are presented to describe social entrepreneurship scene in Croatia ; and in second part we present results of qualitative research in two segments. First segment of the qualitative research are semi-structured interviews with local social actors involved in Likas current socio-economic development (2013). Main topic of the research was the economic dimension of sustainable development. Second segment of the research was focus group with social entrepreneurship practitioners in Lika (2015) – civil society association. Main topic was state and development of social entrepreneurship. Research results are showing social actor’s awareness of opportunities for sustainable development in Lika (e.g. preserved natural resources) and also awareness of alternative and/or complementary economic models that could lead to enhanced quality of life. Key social actors (research participants) see social entrepreneurship as opportunity to develop alternative/complementary economic model in Lika, e.g. “to incorporate ideas of people in the economy and to adapt economy to people”. Additional “push” factor for development of social entrepreneurship is connected to the third sector actors (Association Prospero) as they are working on new project – eco-social farms and grouping of farms based on the inventiveness, communality and social capital. This could also lead to the possibility of neo-endogenous development, especially because Lika region still does not have development strategy.

According to four stages of development of social enterprise (Salvatori, 2013 ; Galera, 2015), in Croatia sector is on second stage – progressive emergence. One of the main actor in this progressiveness are social cooperatives – a new player in the field from 2011 when they were for the first time integrated in Law on Cooperatives. Besides long cooperative tradition in Croatia, after political transition period in ‘90s, basically whole sector had to initiate new paths of development and social cooperatives are last mark on these paths. The paper that we want to present at ICA 2016 Conference is based on research work within our project iPRESENT - Installation Project for REsearch about Social ENTrepreneurship which is funded by Croatian Science Foundation. First goal of project was to carry out mapping of social economy actors in Croatia after which in 2014 we came to 90 legal entities. From that number we derived 20 social cooperatives and we will present main data about their economic performances, human resources level of and institutional support. Likewise it is important to analyse position of social cooperatives in newly passed (April, 2015) Strategy for the Development of Social Entrepreneurship in the Republic of Croatia for the period of 2015 – 2020. Final part of presentation will be saved for recently obtained data about satisfaction with working conditions in Croatian social cooperatives and eventual presence of workers intrinsic values. The data is gathered through focus group interviews that will be analysed via qualitative data analysis software (Atlas ti.). This will enable us to describe the value orientation of social economy employees, and their job/work preferences, which in turn will shed some light on both past and future development paths.

Sociološka analiza je studija koja se bavi trenutnim praksama upravljanja zaštićenim i NATURA 2000 područjima u 7 županija koje se protežu uz hrvatske rijeke Kupu, Muru Dravu i Dunav. U studiji se daje pregled osnovnih socio-ekonomskih pokazatelja ovih područja te modeli upravljanja zaštićenim područjima. Također se nude preporuke za kvalitetniji, efikasniji i otvoreniji način upravljanja zaštićenim područjima.

U radu se tumače rezultati istraživanja stavova lokalnog stanovništva o različitim dimenzijama projekta HE Kosinj. Provedena su kvalitativna i kvantitatativna istraživanja na reperezentativnom uzorku stanovnika naselja obuhvaćenih razvojem projekta HE Kosinj.

Main purpose of the article is to present social entrepreneurship as sustainable rural development supporting model that could bring development dimensions of Lika region in balance. Article design is connected to the case study that uses desk method and statistic data analysis in the first part. Second part is created by using qualitative research in two segments. First segment of the research are semi-structural interviews (the participants were local social actors involved in Likas current socio-economical reality (2013). Main topic of the research was the economic dimension of sustainable development. Second segment of the research was focus group with participants of social entrepreneurship in Lika (2015) – civil society association. Main topic was social entrepreneurship. Research results are showing social actors awareness about sustainable development possibilities (e.g. preserved natural resources) and also awareness about alternative economy that could lead to enhanced total life conditions. Social entrepreneurship is economical model that social actors see as part of alternative economy opportunity (e.g. “to incorporate ideas of people in the economy and to adapt economy to people”). Additional push up factor in social entrepreneurship development possibilities is connected to the civil society (Association Prospero) as they are working on new project (eco-social farms and grouping of farms) connected to the inventiveness, social value and social capital that are foundation for social entrepreneurship further development. This also could lead to the neo- endogenous development possibilities revelation, especially because Lika region still does not have concrete development strategy. Originality of the paper is in its theme field (theoretical construct) which is talking about social entrepreneurships as sustainable rural development supporting model in particular rural area that is one of the most neglected in Croatia. This area is ideal platform for creating and implementing carefully planned developing models as sustainable rural and neo-endogenous development are. Thus, practical implications of the paper are connected to the dissemination of the social entrepreneurship idea as supporting model that could help in achieving initial stadium of sustainable rural and neo- endogenous development models in Croatian rural area in general. In addition, both mountain counties in Croatia (Lika-senj and Primorsko- goranska) have to bring new development strategy. This paper could be useful as background for strategies conceptualization.

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Knjiga objašnjava stanje i posljedice današnjeg ekonomskog sustava koji se temelji na gomilanju duga, neodrživom gospodarenju resursima i produbljivanju jaza između ljudi. Na inovativan način povezuje ekonomiju s permakulturom kao modelom dizajna ljudskih zajednica na održivi način i uz poštovanje načela djelovanja ekosustava.

In this paper we want to present up to date level of social economy development in Croatia. Situation is seminally for scientific research, because new rise of social economy in Croatia started in 2013 when the Ministry of Labour and Pension Fund initiated work on first Strategy on Social Entrepreneurship 2014 – 2020. We will try to reach an answer about connection in this advancement with practically parallel successful negotiation process with EU and entering in Union as 28th members’ state. We want to explore level and shape of influence through this process, especially when we consider the fact that social Economy in Croatia was imported in mid 2000s through the work and education of foundations or supporting institutions mostly USA based and style. All of that was happening without annotation by responsible departments and regulatory bodies, but now state is presenting itself as vital and notable actor in the field. Additionally, there are big expectations from investments through new rounds of EU funds and even some local actors were announcing financial supports. As a first goal of our paper we will analyse the scope, implications and real manifestation of this new wave of supporting. Second goal is to present actual size and capacity of social economy actors.

Peter Utting states that “social economy was more typically associated with forms of social enterprises, community associations and ‘the third sector’ organisations, but solidarity economy emphasized the importance of alternative to the conventional profit maximizing firms, production and consumption patterns, market-led strategies and power relations” (ILO, 2014:149). RIPESS – as a leading worldwide network for “building and promoting the social solidarity economy” – also stresses the importance of “democratization and transformation of society” (RIPESS, 2014). Solidarity economy wasn’t familiar model to social actors, activists or public in Croatia. Until recently it was presented only through activities of Community Supported Agriculture Initiatives, and occasionally through specific acts of helping citizens in need. But from 2015 for the first time one social actor will use this concept as an identity mark and this is anopportunity for scientific research of this process, and its impact on local community.Therefore this paper will be grounded in qualitative research and will present a case study of town Split from the viewpoint of solidarity economy. Association MoST (The Bridge) from Split, the second biggest city in Croatia, is one of the seven‘Centres of Knowledge’ for social development in Croatia. Every Centre of Knowledge has its own area of work and responsibility, and MoST’s is social inclusion. They are well known in Croatia and abroad as one of the most dedicated and experienced organization that helps homeless people and youth with behaviour problems, for promoting solidarity in community and for concrete actions on the field. According to Ethan Miller (2005) solidarity economy has in its core work on education, community, energy, shelter, food and water, and health, which are all (besides energy) integral part of MoSTs work. They started to promote model of Solidarity City Split where with other actors and stakeholders in field they want to initiate solidarity economy concept in their city. Having this in mind, they represent good case for scientific research in the field of alternative economy development in Croatia. What are inner potentials and strength, obstacles and disadvantages for solidarity economy in Split will be our first research question? As of this year, there is unique opportunity to conduct acase study – solidarity economy in Split, because Association MoST founded a social cooperative START through which homeless citizens and youth with behaviour problems will, as cooperative members, run a small selling point for local eco-food.In this paper we will use qualitative methodology and present results from 20 semi- structuredinterviews with most active members of Association MoST and cooperative START. Paul Israel Singer stated how “solidarity-based economy represent a model for inclusion in the labour market of people with socio-economic disadvantages, moving away from a welfarist logic and moving in the direction of social, economic and cultural integration. “ (ILO, 2014:36).We will test this statement on researching synergy between association MoST and cooperative START. Association MoST works in unfortunate circumstances: level of unemployment in Split is above 15% with devastated productive and industrial sector. There is also low level of trust in local society and local government. If Luis Razeta sees solidarity economy as a „civilizing project“ (ILO ; 2014), that our task is to analyse how MoST’s will “civilize” Split. All if this was followed by support from state level where National Foundation for Civil Society Development (NFCSD) opens tender “New models of supporting good/solidarity economy”. This is specific institutional framework from Croatia, because NFCSD opened call for applicant gathered in platforms that have at least 10 different legal bodies or institutions. This will give us an opportunity for scientific reflection regarding aims, goals and outcomes of this experimental relationship between government and grassroots initiatives, structures and processes.

This second policy brief of the Framework 7 Programme MYPLACE research project involving partners in 14 countries higlights the most policy-relevant findings and policy implications to date for Croatia.

In this report, we present and describe the typology of youth activism and their meaning in the Croatian context. The obtained typology results from statistical analyses of survey data (Podsljeme N=610 ; Peščenica N=607) from WP4 Measuring participation – Survey, as well as qualitative analyses of interview data (Podsljeme N=25, Peščenica N=36) from WP5 Interpreting participation of MyPlace project.

Svrha je studije „Socioekonomska analiza gospodarenja otpadom u gradovima Osijeku i Subotici“ odgovoriti na pitanje povećava li se spremnost građana i građanki Osijeka i Subotice na recikliranje ako im se osiguraju informacije i edukacija te infrastruktura potrebna za razdvajanje otpada.

This analytic report presents key findings from the analysis of semi-structured interviews in the frame of the My Place project (WP5). The report includes an analysis of 61 recorded and transcribed interviews, 25 at the Podsljeme location and 36 at the Pešćenica location and a summary of the findings for these two paired fieldwork sites – the two research locations in Croatia.

The aim of work package 4 (WP4) of MYPLACE project was to measure young people’s political participation in a broad sense, and also to measure knowledge of, attitudes towards and experiences of extreme politics as well as democratic participation and representation. Survey was conducted on representative samples of youth aged between 16-25 in two contrasting locations (Podsljeme and Peščenica) using a common questionnaire. Young people in both locations had relatively low interest in politics, express negative attitudes toward politicians and politics and had low level of trust in different political and societal institutions. They believe that legitimate ways of political participation (e.g. voting or signing petitions) are the most effective way of influencing politics. Youth in both locations reported low involvement in both cause and campaign oriented activism and generally low level of civic engagement. They are very or quite proud to have Croatian citizenship, show moderate level of religiosity and have negative attitudes towards religious influence in politics, and on average have a neutral general attitude towards national minorities.

U ovom PRVOM 'policy briefu', iz veljače 2013. godine, predstavljamo projekt 7. okvirnog istraživačkog programa MYPLACE u kojem sudjeluju partneri iz 14 država, a koji koordinira Sveučilište u Manchesteru. U dva iduća 'briefa' - u siječnju i srpnju 2014. godine - bit će naglašeni rezultati i preporuke za javne politike.

Rad analizira trenutno stanje i perspektive obnovljivih izvora energije uslijed trenutne ekonomske krize, rasta nezaposlenosti, globalne nesigurnosti i ratova za resurse, klimatskih promjena i drugih prisutnih fenomena i procesa. Pored općeg pregleda u svijetu i EU, predstavljene su i države koje nude mogući smjer održivijeg odnosa prema energiji. Posebna pažnja posvećena je stanju u Hrvatskoj pri čemu je najviše pažnje posvećeno analizi Strategije energetskog razvoja kao glavnog državnog dokumenta koji određuje razvoj energije, a samim time i obnovljivih izvora energije. Neovisno krećemo li se na razini svijeta, EU ili Hrvatske rad istražuje na koje sve načine država obavlja svoju ulogu u odnosu na razvoj obnovljivih izvora energije.

Glavni cilj rada je analizirati prepreke za održivi razvoj i kako se njihovo djelovanje ogleda na dva indikatora održivog razvoja: ekološki otisak i indeks ljudskog razvoja. Također, knjiga zagovara rješenje kroz praksu brojnih alata i tehnologija koje smanjuju ekološki otisak i prije svega kroz ekološko opismenjavanje. Nakon globalnog pregleda, cijela analiza se ponavlja i za Hrvatsku.

Klimatske promjene jedan su od najvećih izazova s kojima se danas suočava svijet. Globalno izvješće UNDP-a o društvenom razvoju za 2007./2008. godinu (Global Human Development Report, HDR) pokazalo je da se klima neupitno mijenja i da je potrebno poduzeti značajne korake kako bi se smanjile posljedice i opseg promjena. Očekuje se da će klimatske promjene, uzrokovane povišenim razinama stakleničkih plinova greenhouse gases, GHG) u atmosferi, dovesti do niza problema koji će imati utjecaja na razvoj društva. Negativni utjecaji mogu uključivati štete prouzrokovane sve češćim prirodnim katastrofama i porastom razine mora, pritisak na proizvodnju hrane, negativne posljedice na zdravlje ljudi te mnoge druge probleme. Ukoliko im se ne obrati pozornost, klimatske promjene u Republici Hrvatskoj mogu ograničiti mogućnosti izbora, usporiti i negativno se odraziti na pozitivne aspekte razvoja te imati negativan utjecaj na razvoj društva općenito. Koja je uloga Republike Hrvatske u bavljenju klimatskim promjenama? Trenutačno je Republika Hrvatska na putu prema članstvu u Europskoj uniji koje će joj donijeti mnoge mogućnosti, ali i izazove za razvoj društva. Prema Indeksu razvoja društva Republika Hrvatska se nalazi na 45. mjestu u svijetu što je smješta u gornji dio zemalja sa srednjim dohotkom. Mnogi gospodarski sektori mogli bi biti vrlo ranjivi na klimatske promjene. Hrvatski poljoprivredni sektor već je iskazao značajnu ranjivost na klimatsku varijabilnost, uključujući velike štete od suša, poplava i tuča. Nadalje, sektori poput ribarstva i marikulture, proizvodnje električne energije putem hidroelektrana te obalnog turizma izravno su povezani s klimom. Kakav bi učinak promjena klime imala na razvoj društva u Republici Hrvatskoj? Možemo li očekivati neke pozitivne učinke? Pored bavljenja učincima klimatskih promjena, Republika Hrvatska će morati smanjiti svoje emisije u sklopu globalnih napora u sprečavanju katastrofalnih klimatskih promjena. Republika Hrvatska, s prosječnih 6, 94 tone po stanovniku iz 2006. godine, nije jedan od velikih proizvođača stakleničkih plinova (ne ubrajajući promjene u ko- rištenju zemljišta u usporedbi s prosječnih 11, 5 tona po stanovniku iz 2004. u zemljama članicama Ogranizacije za ekonomsku suradnju i razvoj (OECD). Međutim, razina emisija u Republici Hrvatskoj raste, te prema obvezama preuzetim Sporazumom iz Kyota i onima koje će tek preuzeti ulaskom u Europsku uniju može predstavljati ograničavajući faktor razvoja u budućnosti. Hrvatska Vlada morat će odabrati način smanjenja emisija. Može li/treba li Republika Hrvatska biti dio nastojanja da se emi- sije smanje za najmanje 20% do 2020. godine? Koliki će to trošak biti za njezine građane? Ovo Nacionalno izvješće o društvenom razvoju (NHDR)globalnu raspravu o klimatskim promjenama svodi na lokalnu razinu. Rasprava se sastoji od tri dijela i daje cjelokupnu sliku problema klimatskih promjena u Republici Hrvatskoj: 1. Koje su naše spoznaje o klimatskim promjenama? - određivanje prioriteta kroz evaluaciju javne percepcije klimatskih promjena i razine interesa javnosti za uključivanje u rješavanje ovog problema. Ovaj dio također istražuje očekivane klimatske promjene u Republici Hrvatskoj obzirom na promjene u temperaturi, količini padalina i druge čimbenike. 2. Kakve će biti posljedice klimatskih promjena u Republici Hrvatskoj? – procjena trenutačne i poten cijalne buduće ranjivosti ključnih hrvatskih gos- podarskih sektora. Raspravlja se i o otencijalnim pozitivnim učincima klimatskih promjena. U ovom se dijelu također analiziraju trenutačne sposobnosti prilagodbe na posljedice klimatskih promjena u odnosu na razvoj društva. Na kraju se donose preporuke za uvođenje mjera prilagodbe koje imaju druge ključne pozitivne posljedice neovisno o klimatskim promjenama – tzv. neupitne mjere (eng. no regrets measures). 3. Što Republika Hrvatska može učiniti kako bi utjecala na klimatske promjene? – procjena troškova smanjenja emisija i institucionalnih kapaciteta Republike Hrvatske da ublaži vlastiti učinak na klimatske promjene – prema kojoj stopi smanjenja ona može/treba krenuti do 2020. godine obzirom na trenutnu razinu emisija i obzirom na trenutnu gospodarsku i institucionalnu stvarnost u zemlji? Općenito gledajući, ovo Izvješće želi proširiti raspravu o klimatskim promjenama u Republici Hrvatskoj. Izvješće donosi konkretnu analizu te nudi preporuke za donošenje odluka koje bi mogle pomoći u ublažavanju klimatskih promjena smanjivanjem emisija te u zaštiti Republike Hrvatske od posljedica klimatskih promjena uvođenjem mjera prilagodbe. Izvješće je napisano sa ciljem skretanja pozornosti na često zanemarivanu činjenicu o povezanosti klimatskih promjena i društenog razvoja te sa ciljem poticanja dijaloga na nacionalnoj razini o načinima na koje Republika Hrvatska najbolje može odgovoriti na izazov klimatskih promjena.

A Good Climate for Change – Findings and Recommendations 14.1. General findings While this report is not meant to be a comprehensive overview of all aspects of climate change, it does reflect the breadth and depth of research that has been done in many sectors to date, and it provides a link between a global phenomenon and the everyday human development issues facing Croatia. The research and analysis in this Human Development Report indicates that while climate change will likely pose serious threats to human development in Croatia, the country still has a “ good climate for change” that will allow it to rise to the challenge. Why? • Croatians are concerned about climate change and supportive of the changes that may be necessary to address it. The public opinion survey of 1000 Croatians indicated a high degree of concern about climate change and a willingness to act. 96% of Croatians surveyed believe that climate change is either a “ very serious” problem or a “ serious” problem. Over two thirds of respondents indicated they would be willing to pay more money for heat and electricity every month to ensure that their energy sources were renewable. Further, a solid majority of Croatians are already taking actions – such as reducing energy use – that will reduce their carbon footprint. • Climate variability already results in significant damages in Croatia. Agricultural production, human health, the energy supply, and livelihoods – all key components of human development – are already vulnerable to climate variability which may be a result of existing climate change. The August 2003 heat wave caused an estimated 4% increase in mortality. The same year, hydro-electricity production decreased by almost 20% due to the drought. Between 2000 and 2007, extreme weather events have resulted in average annual costs to agriculture of EUR 176 million – a figure greater than direct payments made to farmers by government during that period. Invasive species of fish that are likely due to changes in the Adriatic temperature have already created opportunities and threats within the fishing and mariculture industries. Climate events such as heat waves, droughts, and floods provide an opportunity to assess Croatia’ s readiness for some of the impacts of future climate change, and the ability of the government to respond to these impacts. • Future climate change will likely have an impact on a broad range of sectors, though it is not currently possible to say how with the level of current knowledge. It is likely that future climate change – changes in the precipitation, temperature, soil moisture, and the frequency of extreme events – will have an impact on some of the most important economic systems in Croatia. This includes: o Agricultural production is likely to experience a drop in the yields of various crops, though maize is the only one which has been modeled. o Hydro-power production may decrease due to reduced river flow, and wetlands benefits may be endangered due to less precipitation. o The tourism sector – particularly where foreign tourists come to the coast during a peak time of the year – may face challenges due to uncomfortably hot summers and opportunities due to better weather during the spring and autumn. Additional threats may result due to damage to particularly important tourist destinations and/or increases in severe weather related events such as heat waves and forest fires. o Many parts of the coastline may be vulnerable to sea-level rise, including the Neretva Delta, some urban areas such as the island of Krapanj, some parts of Split, and natural areas such as Vrana Lake near Biograd and the River Krka. o The fisheries and mariculture industries are likely to benefit in some ways from increased production of certain types of fish and shellfish, although there are risks from invasive species and sea temperatures that may reduce the number of other species. o Human health – especially among older people – will experience increased risks due to heat waves during the summer. However, mild winter temperatures are likely to reduce health problems caused by cold weather. Additionally, changes in allergen patterns may also cause problems for certain groups. • Climate change will not affect all Croatians equally. Certain groups in society face a greater risk from future climate change. These include residents of certain regions that face the double burden of low incomes and employment in/ reliance on weather-sensitive industries. They also include the elderly, who face added health risks due to heat waves. Additionally, poorer segments of society may find it difficult to cope with rising commodity prices (including energy and food) because of limited income. For both of these groups, climate change may be a threat multiplier ; i.e., it may make existing difficulties more severe. Groups at greater risk will require special attention. • Looking towards the year 2020, there is a large potential for reduction of emissions that can put Croatia on track towards reducing emissions. Preliminary analysis shows that Croatia should be able to reduce its emissions beyond that of 1990 levels – perhaps as much as 18% through measures that would have either a small net economic benefit or cost less than 1% of current GDP for the year 2020. They include energy efficiency measures, sustainable transportation policies, renewable energy policies, and measures to encourage fugitive methane utilization, introduction of more renewable energy, and changes in industrial production processes. Further, the potential for GHG “ sinks” in Croatia is quite large, though it may not all count in international negotiations. Forest cover and carbon content increases in soils could have a huge impact on emissions reductions, though the cost and benefits need to be further explored. In order to carry out these measures, massive involvement of the public, the private sector, and various government actors will be necessary. There are also potential measures that are more controversial, such as the development of nuclear power and the incineration of waste products for energy, which have been identified as potentially cost-effective but may not be feasible for reasons of environmental sustainability and public resistance. • The fundamental elements of a framework to mitigate climate change are being put into place. The government is already moving to address climate change mitigation through instruments such as the carbon fee and the European emission trading system that is currently being established. Additionally, many companies and NGOs are working to include emissions reductions as part of their programs. However, there is a need for increased coordination at the national level – including involvement of sectors such as agriculture and transportation in efforts to reduce emissions. There are also policy decisions being considered by the government, such as sectoral development strategies that do not take climate change issues into consideration. 14.2. Recommendations With the findings listed above, Croatia needs to continue national dialogue about the net effects of climate change and about opportunities to strengthen the Croatian economy and Croatia’ s society. The recommendations throughout this report about next steps fall into two general groups: recommendations related to research needs and recommendations related to policies and institutions. 14.2.1. Research Needs • Data needs for the present: In order to address current climate variability – regardless of future climate change, there are data needs that would make a difference in the management of specific sectors. In agriculture, better data on yields of crops and the economics of individual farms would help decision-makers to decide how to spend resources. Additional economic data about the actual gross margins and the impact of various economic factors such as the price of fertilizers, water inputs, labour, market prices, etc. on agriculture would also be helpful. In addition, continued and improved cooperation among the authorities in Croatia as well as among the hydrometeorological services in various countries in the region could help in responding to natural disasters in order to limit human development damages. This is true in the case of storms, heat waves, forest fires, and other major events. Within all sectors, a more open data sharing structure would benefit the research community and actors either within the government or outside of the government whose plans may depend upon data from another institution. Research that is funded by public money must be available for use by other public institutions and the general public. • Modelling needs: To address current needs – especially in agriculture, crop models that respond to changes in existing climate or inputs would aid governmental decision-making about subsidies and rescue packages. Further, a macro-economic model of the agriculture sector and the entire Croatian economy would help the government to better understand the impacts of current changes in prices on the economy, employment, and poverty levels. In looking at future climate change, efforts to downscale global climate models into regional climate models will be helpful in a variety of sectors. Models will then be able to project changes in agriculture, precipitation patterns that may lead to changes in river flow (and thus a drop in hydro-electric power or other problems), and physical impacts on popular and lucrative tourist destinations such as Plitvice Lakes National Park, wetlands, and fisheries. Physical impact studies coupled with economic analysis could then provide the basis for developing adaptation measures to avoid damages from climate change. Finally, additional analysis related to mitigation is necessary and more stakeholders beyond the energy and industrial sector should be engaged in efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change to ensure that emissions reduction measures support the human development process. • Understanding causal relationships: In addition to having the modelling ability to project the impact of climate change on Croatia and then understanding the economics behind potential adaptation measures, a direct linkage needs to be made between climate and human development in Croatia. The sectors analyzed in this report have and will continue to have a dramatic impact on poverty alleviation, livelihoods, and economic development. Climate-related risks – though not necessarily attributable to climate change – have been demonstrated already within the agricultural sector and to some extent within the health, fisheries, power, and even tourism sectors (because of forest fires and droughts). Policy-makers and planners who must necessarily think in the long term need to incorporate current climate variability and future climate change into their planning processes. • Applied policy analysis: For particular areas of the coast that may be vulnerable to sea level rise, more detailed analysis would be advisable if planning any major infrastructure investments. For the agricultural sector, a detailed cost-benefit analysis should be carried out to address current problems related to soil moisture. For the water sector, more analysis would be helpful regarding high water losses due to leakage and a cost-benefit analysis of measures to reduce leaks. 14.2.2. Policies and Institutions • To address both vulnerability and mitigation effectively, Croatia must improve its coordination among different actors. This report recommends establishing a high– level, inter-ministerial committee on climate change that could facilitate discussions within the government and then reach out to important stakeholders, such as businesses, civil society, and the general public. There are tremendous opportunities to improve human development in Croatia through energy efficiency measures, which save public money, and by reducing risks from climate-related disasters. More high-level support will be needed to integrate climate issues into decision-making. • Integration: Because climate change is such a broad-based and multi-sectoral issue, many government agencies/ ministries as well as private entities/ firms will need to be engaged in the discussion on what Croatia does about it. The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Rural Development will need to be involved in decisions related to adaptation measures as well as mitigation measures. Croatian Waters, which is developing plans for 20-30 years in the future, should be taking climate change into account. HEP will need to think about what impact river flows may have on electricity production in addition to the potential increased energy needs for cooling in the summer months – especially due to tourists. The tourism sector is already beginning to address reducing emissions from tourism activities, but more work is necessary to understand the potential impacts of climate change on coastal and inland tourism in Croatia. The Ministry of the Sea, Transport and Infrastructure should be incorporating issues related to mitigation of emissions from transport into decisions along with spatial planners. While climate change mitigation is already listed in many strategic documents, massive effort will be required for Croatia to reduce its emissions. While many of the steps to reduce emissions can actually save money, they require forward thinking and strategic effort. • A national position for post-2012 mitigation issues: This report is not in a position to say what level of emissions the Republic of Croatia should be willing to commit to under any post-2012 climate change regime. However, emissions reductions from Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) – seem to have massive potential for carbon removal in Croatia. This includes sequestration in forests as well sequestration in soils, which may also improve soil moisture. It seems that Croatia can move towards a lower carbon economy moving beyond 2020, but it will take significant political will and organizational capacity in addition to bankable energy efficiency projects, public action, and continued signals from the government that Croatia needs to be a part of the global solution to climate change. • An inclusive position: Because of the broad-based nature of mitigation and adaptation, it is critical that lines of communication with stakeholders are open, including opportunities for stakeholder involvement at various stages of planning processes. There may be great opportunities to forward human development while either reducing emissions or by making a sector less vulnerable to climate variability and/or climate change. Future adaptation or mitigation measures must also take into account the needs of stakeholders and the technological and economic capacity for change. • A proactive position towards public involvement: Though the public often doesn’ t see themselves as responsible for climate change, public involvement and understanding of climate change is absolutely critical in reducing emissions in a cost-effective way and in addressing current and future climate risks. More education and fact-based public discussion is needed to educate Croatians of all ages on the effects of climate change and the steps the government is taking now and in the future. The mass media is the best avenue for this, though the education system should include topics related to climate change, particularly mitigation levels at the individual level. As a country that has emerged from the turbulent decade of the 1990s with very bright economic and social prospects and with a strong concern for environment, Croatia is ready to accept the challenge of moving forward as a regional leader in addressing future climate change by reducing emissions and minimizing climate-related risks to human development. The Croatian public is both concerned and willing to act. Croatian institutions have the political will to avoid the worst damages from climate change by taking on responsibility for reducing emissions. The Croatian scientific and research community has the potential to be a regional leader in understanding and addressing climate risks. While the next several decades are critical to avoiding the dire impacts of serious climate change globally and protecting Croatia from climate-related damages, Croatia stands ready to take on this challenge.

Studija ostvarljivosti propituje koliko je moguće povećanje korištenja OIE u Hrvatskoj, te tko su akteri koji to mogu provesti, kao i koje odluke i rješenja trebaju pri tome donesti.

Rad daje osvrt na provedeno istraživanje javnog mnijenja u Hrvatskoj o klimatskim promjenama. Osvrt je pisan kao recenzija provedenog istraživanja te su iznesene sugestije i prijedlozi na osnovu rezultata istraživanja.

Knjiga je zbirka kolumni koje običnim jezikom i slobodnim stilom kreće u istraživanje kako se koja regija ili država odnosi prema najvažnijim resursima našeg doba. Posebno poglavlje je posvećeno Hrvatskoj.

Rad se bavi analizom indikatora održivog razvoja - ekološkog otiska i indeksom ljudskog razvoja s posebnim naglaskom na stanje u Hrvatskoj. Pri tome se nudi pregled prepreka i mogućnosti za održivi razvoj. Analizirani podaci i rezultati pokazuju kako Hrvatska, unatoč svom bogatom biokapacitetu i ostvarenim visokim indeksom ljudskog razvoja, po sadašnjim trendovima ide u suprotnom smjeru od praktične primejne održivog razvoja.

Priručnik je pisan kao "uradi sam" preglednik najvažnijih znanja i vještina koje se primjenjuju u regiji, a tiču se područja proizvodnje hrane, energije, graditeljstva, otpada, vode, dizajniranja, gradskih projekata i drugo vezano za održivi razvoj.

Rad propituje važnošću zelenih površina u gradovima 21. stoljeća. S obzirom na gomilanje ekoloških i socijalnih problema u sve napućenijim gradovima, zelene gradske zone zaista postaju ključna mjesta urbanih prostora. Na početku se daje kratki pregled povijesti parkovne arhitekture i opisuje odnos različitih kultura prema važnosti zelenih prostora. Također se daje pregled razvoja parkovne kulture u Hrvatskoj, te odnos prema zelenim prostorima u našem društvu. U radu se problematiziraju i sveprisutni fenomeni koji se javljaju u području uređenja javnog prostora, koji se očituju u smanjenju javnog prostora i zelenih površina, te utjecaju profita na kreativni proces uređenja nekog prostora, parka i njegovog dizajna. Želja je također iznijeti mogućnosti stvaranja i koristi zelenih prostora u gradovima, koje otvara svjesniji pristup uređenju javnog i privatnog prostora, a koji razvoj našeg društva u budućnosti čini uistinu održivim.

Utvrđivanje stanja u školama oslikalo je uvjete koji su vladali u školama u vrijeme provođenja vrednovanja eksperimentalne primjene HNOS-a. Kao glavne odrednice stanja u kojem se provodi eksperimentalna implementacija HNOS-a, mogu se istaknuti zadovoljstvo činjenicom da u školama rade intrinzično motivirani i dobri učitelji, da učenici - unatoč svim problemima - postižu dobre rezultate u učenju, dobra postignuća učenika, te da u školama vladaju dobri međuljudski odnosi u kojima je ugodno raditi. Osim istaknutih prednosti, postoji relativno veliki broj okolnosti koje remete uspješan radi i veća postignuća. To su u prvom redu niske plaće i ugroženi status profesije u društvu, nezadovoljavajuća opremljenost škola, rad u prevelikim razrednim odjelima te rad u smjenama, negativna selekcija kadrova u obrazovanju, nedovoljno i neorganizirano stručno usavršavanje učitelja te, prema mišljenju učitelja, prevelike ovlasti ravnatelja. Uz to su ključni akteri u obrazovnom procesu uočili da su djeca preopterećena gradivom, a udžbenici neprikladni, te da su djeca - umjesto stjecanjem znanja - “ opsjednuta” ocjenama. Nadalje je ukazano na sve veće probleme s disciplinom djece te njihovim odnosom prema školi i znanju, što je – uz nepovoljan odnos društva prema obrazovanju - dodatno potencirano premalim brojem stručnih suradnika, posebno psihologa i defektologa. Također je ocijenjeno da su roditelji nedovoljno uključeni u rad škola, a da je odnos medija prema školstvu uglavnom senzacionalistički i usmjeren na povremene negativnosti. Zbog svih navedenih negativnosti i općeg položaja školstva i obrazovanja u društvu, očekivanja od promjena su vrlo velika i prelaze okvire uske intervencije u nastavnu djelatnost. Od HNOS-a se očekuju promjene u sadržaju i načinu rada u podučavanju, unapređenje rada s darovitima i djecom s posebnim potrebama, bolja kvaliteta podučavanja ali i veća odgovornost učitelja, bolja pripremljenost učenika za daljnje školovanje, poboljšanje opremljenosti škola suvremenim nastavnim pomagalima, ali i promjene u odnosu prema znanju i postignuću u obrazovanju. Navedene su promjene, prema mišljenju ključnih aktera u obrazovanju, početak promjena odnosa cijeloga društva prema ovoj djelatnosti i poboljšanja materijalnog položaja djelatnosti te profesionalnog, društvenog i materijalnog statusa zaposlenika u školstvu. S promjenom odnosa društva prema obrazovanju očekuju se i poboljšanja u komunikaciji i veća suradnja sa svim akterima iz školskog okruženja, a posebno s roditeljima. Provjera kognitivnih sposobnosti učenika, poduzeta u prvom redu radi kontrole eksperimentalnih uvjeta, pokazala je da se mogu ukloniti mogući prigovori da je ishod vrednovanja posljedica - po intelektualnim kapacitetima - neujednačenih skupina. Također se može zaključiti da je optimizam, iskazan u procjeni dobrih aspekata stanja u školstvu, utemeljen u vidljivom intelektualnom napretku učenika kroz sve faze osnovnog školovanja. To vodi zaključku da - unatoč negativnostima - nije narušena temeljna uloga škole kao organizirane djelatnosti kojom se potiče spoznajni razvoj i razvoj kognitivnih potencijala. No, kako navedene negativnosti imaju kumulativno djelovanje, aktivnosti na poboljšanju uvjeta i načina rada ne mogu izostati u svijetu koji je dominantno zasnovan na kompetitivnosti upravo u sektoru znanja. Velika očekivanja od reformi u školstvu proizvela su pokretanjem eksperimentalne primjene HNOS-a pozitivne efekte već na osnovi procjene da se pokreću aktivnosti koje pokušavaju promijeniti stanje na bolje. Stoga su na nizu socijalnih i emocionalnih pokazatelja eksperimentalne škole pokazivale obilježja bolje socijalne klime u školi. Utvrđeno je da su učenici zadovoljniji školom i školskom klimom, odnosom učitelja prema njima, ocjenjivanje doživljavaju pravednijim, a učenje kao izazov i samostalan rad koji se izvodi suvremenim metodama i daje znanja koja su relevantna za život. Za razliku od tih učinaka, učenici iz kontrolnih škola u većoj su mjeri iskazivali negativne osjećaje prema školi, bili skloniji blažim oblicima nediscipline i češće se žalili na strogost nastavnika pri ocjenjivanju. Navedeni efekti izmjereni u inicijalnom mjerenju uglavnom su posljedica povećanih očekivanja i pozitivnog odnosa učenika prema promjenama uvedenim HNOS-om. U tijeku školske godine postoje jednaki obrasci promjena, opadanja pozitivnog odnosa prema školi i rasta negativnih aspekata. Po brzini promjena, stari program i HNOS ne bilježe znatnije razlike. Stoga su razlike između eksperimentalnih i kontrolnih škola uočene u inicijalnom mjerenju, gdje HNOS škole imaju pozitivnije ozračje i afirmativnije stavove učenika prema školi, u velikoj mjeri ostale prisutne do kraja promatranog razdoblja. Provjera uspjeha redovitog i eksperimentalnog pristupa u nastavi provedena je u - za obrazovne prilike - vrlo kratkom razdoblju od jedne školske godine. Većina znanstvenika iz ovog područja dijeli mišljenje da je to prekratko razdoblje da bi se u njemu mogle iskazati sve prednosti ili nedostatci nekog programa. Razlozi za takvo mišljenje su višestruki: učenici će napredovati i u vrlo nepovoljnim uvjetima i nepoticajnim programima zbog spontanog učenja, zadovoljavanja vlastitih interesa ili biološkog, psihičkog i socijalnog sazrijevanja, što umanjuje iskazivanje većih razlika između dobrih i loših programa. Početna implementacija novih programa uglavnom ne može postići učinkovitost kakvu imaju programi koji se primjenjuju duže vrijeme te, na kraju, duža primjena novog programa može računati na kumulativne efekte, koji u kraćem razdoblju ne postoje ili su maskirani negativnim transferom iz prethodnog programa. Postupci analize su bili usmjereni na veličinu napretka učenika u odnosu na inicijalno stanje, kako bi se u prvom redu testirala efikasnost programa u podučavanju, jer je osnovni cilj bio provjeriti koji program dovodi do bržeg napretka učenika. U takvim okolnostima, od 44 primijenjene mjere znanja proizašle iz testova objektivnog tipa, koji su konstruirani tako da ne favoriziraju niti jedan od programa, utvrđena je razlika u 11 mjera. Od toga je u osam testova veći napredak pokazala skupina učenika iz HNOS-škola, a u tri učenici iz redovnog programa primjenjivanog u kontrolnim školama. Stoga se može zaključiti da je HNOS, u promatranu razdoblju, pokazao da je podjednako dobar ili bolji od dosadašnjeg programa. Takav zaključak vrijedi za niže i više kognitivne razine znanja. Stoga se, s pravom, može očekivati da će dorade i otklanjanje nedostataka, dulja implementacija i izrada većeg broja nastavnih pomagala realizirati naznačene potencijale HNOS-a.