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Six handball European Championshops were analysed with the aim of identifying the match statistics which best discriminated between winning, drawing and losing teams. Most interesting playing performance indicators were selected from six consecutive Men's European Championships held in the period from year 2002 to year 2012. Data were colected on 284 matches. The SPSS software package was used for statistical data processing. The results showed that the winning teams at the European Championships perform fast game with a large number of attacks. At the same time the players are very effective by executing the shots. Despite the rapid game winners do not make a large number of technical errors. The winning teams have statistically significant higher number of assists than their opponents. In defense they blocked significantly more shots and steal significantly more balls. The winning teams also have a very efficient goalkeepers who, on average, save significantly more shots than their opponents. Cilj preučevanja je bil analizirati razlike v nekaterih pokazateljih igralne učinkovitosti med zmagovalci, poraženci in ekipami, ki so igrale neodločeno na šestih zaporednih evropskih rokometnih prvenstvih za moške. Vzorec opazovanih igralcev so sestavljali igralci, ki so nastopali za ekipe na članskih evropskih rokometnih prvenstvih med letom 2002 in letom 2012. Podatki so bili zbrani na 284 tekmah, ki so bile odigrane na obravnavanih evropskih prvenstvih. Obdelali smo jih s pomočjo računalniškega programa SPSS 20.0. Rezultati so pokazali, da zmagovalna moštva na evropskih prvenstvih gojijo hitro igro z velikim številom napadov. Ob tem so igralci zelo učinkoviti pri strelih. Kljub hitri igri pa zmagovalci ne naredijo velikega števila tehničnih napak. Zmagovalna moštva imajo statistično značilno večje število asistenc kot njihovi nasprotniki. V obrambi blokirajo značilno več strelov in odvzamejo značilno več žog. Zmagovalna moštva imajo tudi zelo učinkovite vratarje, ki ubranijo v povprečju značilno več strelov kot njihovi nasprotniki.

We aimed to establish the main morphological characteristics of Slovenian junior and senior national handball team players. Morphological characteristics for various player subgroups (goalkeepers, wings, back players and pivots) were also determined so as to establish whether they had distinct profiles. The subjects were 78 handball players who were members of the Slovenian junior and senior national team in the period from 2000 to 2007. A standardised anthropometric protocol was used to assess the subjects’ morphological characteristics. The measurements included 23 different anthropometric measures. Data were processed with the SPSS computer programme. First, basic statistical characteristics of anthropometric measures were obtained for all subjects together and then for each group separately. Somatotypes were determined using Heath- Carter’s method. Endomorphic, mesomorphic and ectomorphic components were calculated by computer on the basis of formulas. In order to determine differences in the body composition and anthropometric data of the subjects playing in different positions, a one-way analysis of variance was employed. The results show that on average the wings differ the most from the other player groups in terms of their morphological body characteristics. The values of their body height, body mass and the quantity of subcutaneous fat are statistically significantly lower than those of players in the other groups. Goalkeepers are relatively tall, with high values of body mass and low values of transversal measures. Their skin folds are the most pronounced among all groups on average and their share of subcutaneous fat in total body mass is the highest. Consequently, their endomorphic component of the somatotype is pronounced. Pivots and back players are becoming increasingly similar in terms of their morphological body characteristics. Pivots maintain greater robustness, have a higher quantity of muscle mass as well as more pronounced transversal measures and a mesomorphic component of the somatotype. The results of our study confirm that groups of handball players occupying different positions differ amongst themselves in terms of many measurements. This is a result of specific requirements of handball play which are to be fulfilled by players.

Ta doktorska naloga je imela več ciljev. Primarno smo želeli eksperimentalno preveriti, kako razlika v trajanju intenzivnosti obremenitve pri terenskem testu 30–15 Intermitent Fittnes Test (30-15IFT) ter večstopenjskem laboratorijskem testu teka za oceno dolgotrajne vzdržljivosti (TR), vpliva na izmerjene in izračunane fiziološke pokazatelje napora na enaki stopnji intenzivnosti obremenitve. Poleg tega smo želeli preveriti, ali obstaja povezava med pridobljenimi vrednostmi na obeh testih in ugotoviti stopnjo povezanosti med obema testoma. Sekundarno smo želeli preveriti, ali izračunana maksimalna vrednost relativne porabe kisika po formuli približka enako loči merjence kot vrednosti maksimalne relativne porabe kisika, pridobljene s terenskim testom 30-15IFT ter večstopenjskim laboratorijskim testom teka za oceno dolgotrajne vzdržljivosti. Nazadnje smo želeli preveriti razliko v morfoloških značilnostih, telesnih zmogljivostih in fizioloških parametrih vrhunskih rokometašev glede na igralno mesto. Za primarni cilj (Študija I) smo vzorčili 24 vrhunskih rokometašev in s pomočjo presečno-navzkrižnega vzorčenja preverjali razlike med različnimi fiziološkimi parametri, doseženimi pri dveh različnih testih vzdržljivosti in to 30-15IFT ter TR. Rezultati so pokazali, da sta bili vrednosti za maksimalne hitrosti teka (V) in maksimalne dosežne porabe kisika (VO2peak) bistveno višji pri 30-15IFT kot pri TR testu. Poleg tega smo ugotovili zmerno in visoko korelacijo med vrednostmi 30-15IFT in TR ter vrednostmi 30-15IFT in 30-15IFT4K VO2max, medtem ko sta imeli vrednosti 30-15IFT4K in TR šibko, nepomembno korelacijo. V drugi študiji (Študija II) smo ugotovili, da med različnimi skupinami igralcev (krilni igralci, zunanji igralci in pivoti) obstaja razmeroma malo statistično značilnih razlik v različnih fizioloških parametrih, ki smo jih spremljali med testom 30-15IFT. Nazadnje smo na vzorcu 1066 vrhunskih rokometašev (Študija III) ugotovili, da se igralci med različnimi starostnimi kategorijami in igralnimi položaji razlikujejo po telesni višini, telesni teži, ITM (indeksu telesne mase) in odstotku kostne mase (KM%), skoku iz počepa (SJ), skoku z nasprotnim gibanjem (CMJ), končni hitrosti teka pri 30-15IFT (ERS) in VO2max. Odstotek puste mišične mase (MM%), razmerje med CMJ/SJ in HRmax so se razlikovali samo med različnimi starostnimi kategorijami, medtem ko sta se odstotek maščevja (FM%) in hitrost teka na 5m, 10m in 20m razlikovala samo med igralnimi položaji. Rezultati glavne raziskave (Študija I) podajajo znanstveno relevantne podatke o veljavnosti meritev specifične vzdržljivosti v rokometu s pomočjo terenskega testa 30-15IFT. Tako bo nadaljnja uporaba tega testa temeljila na bolj objektivnih oz. preverjenih podatkih. Ugotovitve študij II in III je pomembno upoštevati, ko gre za programe identifikacije talentov. Tako morfološke kot zmogljivostne značilnosti se očitno razlikujejo glede na igralna mesta in starostne kategorije, kar bi moralo biti dragocena referenca za trenerje, da razvijejo režime treninga, specifične za igralni položaj in naredijo svoje koncepte treninga učinkovitejše. This doctoral thesis had several purposes. We primarily aimed to experimentally investigate how the physiological indicators of effort at the same level of load intensity differ between the 30-15 intermittent field test (30-15IFT) and the multi-stage laboratory run test (TR) for the assessment of cardiorespiratory endurance. In addition, we aimed to investigate whether there is a relationship between the values obtained on the two tests and to determine the correlation between the two tests. Secondly, we aimed to investigate whether the maximal achievable oxygen consumption (VO2peak) values obtained by these two tests differ. Finally, we aimed to investigate the difference in the morphological characteristics, physical performance measures and physiological parameters of elite handball players according to playing position and players' age. For our primary purpose (Study I), we sampled 24 elite handball players. By using randomized cross-sectional design, we investigated the differences between different physiological parameters achieved in two different endurance tests, ie., 30-15IFT and TR. The results showed that the values for maximum running speed (V) and VO2peak were significantly higher in the 30-15IFT than in the TR test. In addition, we found a moderate to high correlation between 30-15IFT and TR values and 30-15IFT and 30-15IFT4K VO2max values, while 30-15IFT4K and TR values had a weak, non-significant correlation. In another study (Study II), we found that between different groups of players (wings, backs, pivots), there are relatively few statistically significant differences in the various physiological parameters that we monitored during the 30-15IFT test. And finally, on a sample of 1066 elite handball players (Study III), we found that players differ between different age categories and playing positions in terms of body height, body weight, body mass index (BMI) and bone mass percentage (BM%), squat jump (SJ) , counter-movement jump (CMJ), end-running speed achieved on 30-15IFT (ERS) and VO2max. Lean muscle mass percentage (MM%), CMJ/SJ ratio and HRmax differed only between different age categories, while fat mass percentage (FM%) and 5m, 10m and 20m running speed differentiated the athletes only between playing positions. The results of the main research paper (Study I) provide scientifically relevant data on the validity of cardiorespiratory endurance measurements, specific for handball using the 30-15IFT. Thus, latter can be used as a valid and reliable test for assessment of HRmax, aerobic speed and VO2max of elite handball players. Moreover, the results of cross-sectional studies (Study II and III) are important to consider when it comes to talent identification programs. Both morphological and physical performance characteristics clearly differ between playing positions and age categories, which should be a valuable reference for coaches to develop training regimens specific to playing positions and make their training concepts more effective.

Plazenje in lazenje pogosto povezujemo le z zgodnjim otrokovim razvojem in ju dojemamo kot nekakšen korak na poti do pokončne hoje ali kvečjemu kot ogrevalno in krepilno vajo. S to diplomsko nalogo smo ugotovili, da sta ti dve gibanji zelo uporabni gibalni obliki, ki ju prepogosto zanemarjamo. Z ustrezno modifikacijo in pripomočki, lahko ta naravna, na prvi pogled enostavna gibanja, spremenimo v intenzivne in energijsko zahtevne vaje. Opisali smo primere, kako plazenje in lazenje uporabiti v začetnem ali ogrevalnem delu, glavnem in zaključnem delu treninga rokometašev. Ker pa smo se osredotočili predvsem na mlajše generacije rokometašev, smo predstavili tudi primere, kako vaje vključiti v elementarne igre, s pomočjo katerih vaja postane bolj zabavna, lahko tudi tekmovalna, kar pripomore k hitrejšemu učenju in doseganju želenih ciljev vadbe. Na koncu diplomske naloge smo sestavili tudi tri primere treningov, kako bi lazenja in plazenja vključili v vadbeni proces. We often associate creeping and crawling with early childhood development, and only acknowledge it as a stage before upright walking, or at most as a warm-up or strengthening exercise. With this dissertation we have discovered that these two movements are very useful forms of movement which are neglected far too often. With the appropriate modification and aids, we can transform these natural and seemingly simple movements into intense and energy-demanding exercises. We have illustrated examples of how to use crawling and creeping in the initial or warm-up part, the main part, and the final part of handball training. However, because we have focused on younger generations of handball players, we have also included examples of how to integrate these exercises in elementary games, which makes exercises more fun or even competitive, and helps in learning and achieving the expected goals faster. At the end of this dissertation, we have added three examples of training of how to include creeping and crawling into the training process.

Osnovni namen magistrskega dela je bil predstaviti in analizirati vsebinske vidike malega rokometa (strukturo igre) skupaj z različnimi didaktičnimi pristopi pri poučevanju malega rokometa. Ob tem smo skušali zbrati tudi čim več informacij o drugih pedagoških (vzgojnih) vidikih malega rokometa. Delo je monografskega tipa, temelji na sistematičnem pregledu strokovne in znanstvene literature na področju malega rokometa in nekoliko širše na področju uvajanja najmlajših v rokomet. Pri pisanju smo si pomagali z zbiranjem gradiva, s pregledovanjem, povzemanjem in prevajanjem. Med uporabljenimi bazami podatkov, iz katerih smo črpali informacije, so Pub Med, CrossRef in Google Scholar. Ugotavljamo, da avtorji pri učenju malega rokometa zagovarjajo dolgoročnost in sistematičnost. Trenerji in učitelji ne bi smeli prehitevati in pretiravati pri podajanju novih informacij, prilagojene in primerne morajo biti starosti vadečih in njihovim gibalnim sposobnostim. Za mali rokomet je značilna vsestranska vadba, s čim večjim številom raznovrstnih gibalnih nalog, ki igralca celostno oblikujejo. Eden izmed priporočljivih pristopov za učinkovito učenje rokometa je pristop, ki temelji na igralni obliki. Metoda učenja s pomočjo igre je otrokom najbližja in najbolj naravna. Mali rokomet spoznavajo prek elementarnih iger in iger s prirejenimi pravili. Glede na strokovne usmeritve je ena temeljnih značilnosti malega rokometa zahteva, da se igra z osebno obrambo. Priporočilo je tudi, da se število igralcev v igri postopoma veča. Priporočajo se neuradna tekmovanja oziroma turnirji v prilagojeni obliki, kjer rezultat ni pomemben. Prilagojena pravila igre najmlajšim omogočajo uspešno igranje. Na osnovi zbranih informacij lahko zaključimo, da je v procesu vadbe malega rokometa za končni uspeh zelo pomembno, da trener ali športni pedagog poučuje na način, ki vključuje igrivost in sproščenost, veliko ustreznih metodičnih postopkov, manj tekmovalnosti. Voditi jih mora tako, da ustrezno doživljajo uspešnost v napredovanju igranja, z veliko veselja in užitka ob igranju, ki vključuje hkratno pridobivanje novih izkušenj. The thesis analyses the structure of mini-handball, its educational aspects and different didactic approaches for teaching it to children. A variety of sources in the field of mini-handball and the initiation of children into the game have been collected, researched, summarised and translated. A few of the databases used were Pub Med, CrossRef and Google Scholar. Analysis showed that long-term goals should be pursued when teaching mini-handball. It is therefore advisable to consider young players’ motor skills and age in order not to provide them with too much information too quickly. A wide range of activities, which are typical of mini-handball, develop the player as a whole. One of the most effective and natural methods for teaching children is the game-based approach, where young players acquaint themselves with mini-handball by playing basic games and games with modified rules. The most appropriate defensive system is individualised defence. The number of players in the game should increase with time. Unofficial competitions and adapted tournaments that do not focus on results are also recommended. Adapted rules stimulate children to play successfully In conclusion, it is very important for a mini-handball coach or PE teacher to employ methods that emphasize playfulness rather than competitiveness, which enables young players to enjoy playing mini-handball as they gain new experience.

Osnovni namen dela je bil obširna analiza blokad - tehnično taktičnega elementa rokometne igre, značilnega za mesto krožnega napadalca. Delo je monografskega tipa, pri čemer smo iz baz podatkov (DiKUL, PubMed in Google Scholar) s sistematičnim pregledovanjem, prevajanjem in povzemanjem domače in tuje literature podrobno preučili vlogo in naloge krožnega napadalca. Navedene so nekatere morfološke značilnosti in motorične sposobnosti igralcev na mestu krožnega napadalca. Predstavljeno je nekaj primerov treninga za izboljšanje fizičnih sposobnosti krožnega napadalca. V nadaljevanju smo podrobno opisali vse vrste blokad, značilnosti blokiranja in deblokiranja ter opisali metodične postopke. Prikazali smo tudi postopno vpeljevanje blokad od igre 1 : 0 do 6 : 6 in 7 : 6. Z analizo tekem svetovnih, evropskih in domačih tekmovanj smo s praktičnimi primeri prikazali nekatere možnosti sodelovanja s krožnim napadalcem v okviru skupinske taktike ter igralne kombinacije kolektivne taktike z uporabo blokad krožnih napadalcev na različne obrambne postavitve. Na podlagi ugotovitev lahko zaključimo, da blokade, ki jih izvajajo krožni napadalci, predstavljajo enega izmed ključnih sredstev skupinske taktike napada v rokometu. Oblikovano je priporočilo, da se s celotnim razvijanjem krožnega napadalca prične že v zgodnjem obdobju v mlajših kategorijah. Upoštevano pa je tudi načelo univerzalnosti, tako, da se priporoča, da se postavljanja blokad prav tako učijo igralci vseh drugih igralnih mest. The main purpose of this work was to analyse the blocking - a technical-tactical element of handball, typical for the position of the pivot. The work is of monographic type, and we have systematically reviewed, translated, and summarised the role and tasks of the pivot from databases (DiKUL, PubMed and Google Scholar), using both domestic and foreign literature. Some morphological characteristics and motor skills of the players at the position of circle forward are listed. There are also some examples of training to improve the physical abilities of the pivot. In the following, we describe in detail all types of blocking, the characteristics of blocking and unblocking, and the methodological procedures. We have also shown the gradual introduction of blocks from 1 : 0 to 6 : 6 play and 7 : 6 play. By analysing matches from world, European and national competitions, we have shown with practical examples some of the possibilities of working with the pivot in the context of group tactics and playing combinations of group tactics using pivot blocks in different defensive positions. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the pivot block is one of the key elements of team in the offence group tactic in handball. The recommendation is to start the full development of the pivot at an early age in the younger categories. The principle of universality is also considered, so that it is recommended that players from all other playing positions also learn how to set up blocks.

Namen magistrske naloge je ugotoviti razlike v pojavljanju strukturnih elementov med posameznimi časovnimi obdobji tekem in glede na izide tekem (zmaga, poraz, neodločeno). Vzorec tekem obsega 65 tekem Evropskega prvenstva 2020 za moške. Podatke smo pridobili iz uradnih statistik, objavljenih na uradni spletni strani Evropske rokometne zveze (EHF). Iz statistike smo izbrali 15 spremenljivk, ki smo jih razdelili na obrambne in napadalne parametre. Podatke smo statistično analizirali v programu IBM SPSS 23 (SPSS Inc., Armonk, New York, ZDA). Razlike v posameznih 10-minutnih odsekih tekem v izbrani spremenljivki igralne uspešnosti smo preverjali s Friedmanovim rang testom, primerjavo med izidi tekem v izbrani spremenljivki igralne uspešnosti pa s Kruskall-Wallisovim testom. V primeru, da so obstajale statistično pomembne razlike, smo s pomočjo Bonferonijevim popravkom za ponovljene meritve ugotavljali, med katerimi podskupinami prihaja do teh statistično pomembnih razlik.Ugotovljene so bile statistično pomembne razlike glede na izide tekem (med tistimi, ki so zmagali, in tistimi, ki so izgubili tekmo). Zmagovalci so dosegli statistično več golov, izvedli več strelov, dosegali več golov iz protinapada, dosegali več golov z linije šestih metrov iz sredine, imeli večje število asistenc, naredili manj tehničnih napak, odvzeli so več žog in vratarji so obranili več strelov. Ugotovili smo tudi, da do statističnih razlik prihaja tudi med poraženci in ekipami, ki so igrale neodločeno. Ekipe, ki so tekmo igrale neodločeno, so naredile manj tehničnih napak v primerjavi s poraženci. Do razlik v izbranih parametrih pa je prihajalo tudi v posameznih odsekih tekem. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da prihaja do razlik v številu napadov (0–10 min < 10–20 min, 20–30 min, 30–40 min, 40–50 min, 50–60 min in 20–30 min > 30–40 min, 40–50 min), številu strelov (0–10 min < 10–20 min, 20–30 min, 30–40 min, 50–60 min in 20–30 min > 40–50 min), številu golov z linije šestih metrov iz sredine (0–10 min < 30–40 min, 50–60 min) in številu dvominutnih izključitev (0–10 min < 30–40 min, 50–60 min). Magistrsko delo predstavlja pomembne značilnosti, ki ločijo uspešnejše ekipe od manj uspešnih, prav tako pa prispeva k razumevanju nastalih razlik igralne uspešnosti, ki so se pojavile v posameznih odsekih tekem. The purpose of the master's thesis is to identify the differences in the occurrence of structural elements between individual time periods of matches and according to the results of matches (win, defeat, and tie). The sample of matches comprises 65 matches of European Men’s Championship 2020. Data were obtained from official statistics from the official website of the European Handball Federation (EHF). We selected 15 variables from the statistics, which we divided into parameters related to activities attack and in defense. Data were statistically analyzed in program IBM SPSS 23 (SPSS Inc., Armonk, New York, ZDA). The differences between ten minutes periods of the matches in the selected variable of game efficiency were checked with Friedman rank test, and the comparison between results of the matches in selected variable with Kruskall-Wallis test. In the case, there were statistically significant differences we used Bonferoni’s correction for repeated measurements to identify between which subgroups there are statistically significant differences.It was found out that there are statistically significant differences according to the results of matches (between those who won the match and those who lost). Winners scored statistically more goals, attempted more shots, scored more goals from counterattack, scored more goals from the six-meter line from the middle, had more assists, made fewer technical fouls, took more balls and goalkeepers defended more shots. We also found out that statistical differences occur between losers and teams that played tie. Teams that played the match tie, made less technical fouls compared to losers. Differences in the selected parameters also occurred between individual sections of matches. It was found out that there were differences in the number of attacks (0–10 min < 10–20 min, 20–30 min, 30–40 min, 40–50 min, 50–60 min in 20–30 min > 30–40 min, 40–50 min), number of shots (0–10 min < 10–20 min, 20–30 min, 30–40 min, 50–60 min in 20–30 min > 40–50 min), number of goals from the six-meter line from the middle (0–10 min < 30–40 min, 50–60 min in 30–40 min > 10–20 min) and number of two minutes suspensions (0–10 min < 30–40 min, 50–60 min). The Master’s thesis presents the most important characteristics that differ more successful teams from less successful ones and it also contributes to the understanding of differences in playing performance which occurred in individual sections of matches.

Namen magistrskega dela je analizirati kakovost zaključnih udarcev na vrata v zaključnih tekmah na svetovnem prvenstvu v Rusiji leta 2018 in ugotoviti njihove glavne značilnosti. V zaključnih udarcih na vrata ugotavljamo tudi pojav in vrsto napak: učinkovitost izvedenih udarcev, igralno mesto, vrsto udarca, noga, s katero je bil strel izveden, ali je bila izvedba udarca z dominantno ali nedominantno nogo posameznega reprezentanta. V zaključnih osmih tekmah je analiziranih 169 udarcev na vrata nasprotnika. Video posnetki udarcev na vrata so večkrat natančno ogledani, v predhodno pripravljene obrazce pa zabeležena pogostost posameznih spremenljivk. Pridobljeni podatki so obdelani s pomočjo programov Microsoft Excel in IBM SPSS 21 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, ZDA). Z opravljeno analizo poudarjamo naslednje ugotovitve: - Vrste udarcev so se statistično značilno različno pogosto pojavljale (p The purpose of the post-graduate thesis paper was to analyse the quality of shots on target in the playoffs of the World Cup in Russia in 2018, and to identify their main characteristics. In case of shots on target, we also analysed the occurrence and type of errors, the efficiency of shots, player positions, how the shot was made, and shooting foot (dominant or non-dominant) of individual national team members. We analysed 169 shots on target in the last 8 matches. We viewed video recordings of shots in detail several times and entered the frequency of individual variables into previously prepared forms. The data gathered was processed using the Microsoft Excel and the IBM SPSS 21 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) software. Based on the analysis, we would like to point out the following findings: - Types of shots occurred with statistically significantly different frequencies (p

V zaključnem delu je podrobno obravnavan in opisan sistem igre 1-3-5-2, pri čemer so natančno analizirane tehnično-taktične ter kondicijske zahteve in naloge igralcev po posameznih igralnih mestih. Na podlagi teh spoznanj so bile nato v nadaljevanju natančno predstavljene prednosti in pomanjkljivosti, ki jih prinaša sodobni sistem igre 1-3-5-2. Za bolj kakovostno izdelavo vsebin smo temeljito analizirali tekme dveh vrhunskih moštev Chelsea Football Club (ANG) in Football Club Internacionale Milano (ITA). S tem smo pridobili praktične natančnejše vsebine, na podlagi katerih so bile v preučevanem sistemu igre ugotovljene določene zakonitosti nogometne igre, tako v fazi obrambe kot tudi v fazi napada. Pridobljene vsebine so bile uporabne pri nastajanju metodičnega postopka za vpeljevanje moštva v organizirano delovanje v obravnavanem sistemu igre, obenem pa je naše zaključno delo pridobilo na verodostojnosti. Namen in cilj magistrskega dela je bil, da s pomočjo analize značilnosti igre vrhunskih moštev ter z uporabo sredstev za razvoj in učenje taktičnih znanj, predstavimo zaporedje korakov in vsebin delovanja trenerja pri vpeljevanju moštva v organizirano igranje v postavitvi vratar, trije branilci, pet veznih igralcev in dva napadalca (1-3-5-2). Celoten proces vpeljevanja moštva v izbrani sistem predstavlja kakovosten primer načrtovanega vadbenega procesa, ki se smiselno nadgrajuje in vsebuje osnovne ter bolj specifične vaje za učenje tehnično-taktičnih rešitev, ki so potrebne v omenjenem sistemu igre. Slednje omogoča nogometnemu trenerju možnost razvoja in oblikovanja smiselne igre lastnega moštva ter mu obenem nudi možnost reševanja igralnih situacij, ki se pojavljajo v igri. Master thesis in detail covers the game system 1-3-5-2. Technical and physical requirements of each playing position were analysed in depth. Based on these findings, in the next paragraphs we presented advantages and disadvantages that this modern playing system 1-3-5-2 has brought. In order to increase the quality and credibility of the content, we analysed football games of two world class teams, Chelsea Football Club (ANG) and Football Club Internacionale Milano (ITA). The analysis enabled us to acquire actual information, according to which we learned about certain rules of the football game in both attacking and defending phase. Gathered information showed as extremely helpful in the process of creating methodical steps, which would help to implement the chosen game system into the team. Main purpose and goal of master thesis was to present methodical steps of implementing a playing system 1-3-5-2 in to a team. This goal is going to be achieved with the help of analysis of playing styles of world class teams and acquired tactical knowledge. The whole process of implementation of playing system 1-3-5-2 in to a team, represents a strong case of well planned exercise process, which is then upgraded and includes both basic and more specific exercises for improving technical and tactical skills, both needed in the playing system 1-3-5-2. The exercise process enables football coach to create and develop playing system of his team and also give him an ability to solve gaming situations that occur during a match.

Rokomet je dinamična več-strukturna športna igra, ki vključuje pogoste menjave hitrosti, smeri, mnoga pospeševanja in zaviranja v gibanju ter predvsem mnoge tehnično taktične aktivnosti v fazi napada in obrambe. To vse skupaj predstavlja obremenitev igralca. Obremenitev se odraža v parametrih napora igralca. Osnovni namen magistrske naloge je bila ocena napora rokometašev na treningih in tekmah s pomočjo Borgove CR-10 lestvice. V vzorec preizkušancev so bili uvrščeni igralci (n-16) članskega moštva RK Sevnica, ki v sezoni 2020/21 nastopa v 1B državni slovenski rokometni ligi. Povprečna starost igralcev je bila 23,7 let, povprečna telesna višina 184,4 cm in povprečna telesna masa 84,6 kg. Za zbiranje podatkov je bila uporabljena Borgova CR-10 skala v pisni (na papirju) obliki. Pridobljene podatke smo obdelali s pomočjo računalniškega programa Microsoft Excel 2013 in SPSS, verzija 22.0. Uporabili smo izračune frekvenc, odstotkov, standardnih odklonov in povprečnih vrednosti. Za primerjavo povprečnih vrednosti vzorca glede na hipotetično vrednost smo uporabili enovzorčni t-test (p ≤ 0,05). Ugotovljeno je bilo, da statistično značilno povprečje rokometašev v posameznem mikro-ciklu (en teden) v povprečju presega 2000 enot, kar pomeni, da so bili treningi glede na posameznika zelo intenzivni. Ugotovili smo, da je statistično značilno povprečje za razmerje med akutno in kronično obremenitvijo v posameznih tednih (mikrociklih) enako, kar pove, da je to razmerje v območju med 0,8 in 1,3. Igralci so napor doživljali različno. Ugotovljeno je tudi, da ne prihaja do neskladij v priporočenih razmerjih med akutno in kronično obremenitvijo pri rokometaših med tedenskimi cikli v obdobju 6 tednov. Magistrsko delo predstavlja pomemben prispevek k poglobljenemu razumevanju obremenitev in napora med treningi in z njimi povezane tekmovalne uspešnosti v slovenskem rokometu Handball is a dynamic multi-structured sports game that includes frequent changes of speed, direction, many accelerations, and braking in movement, and, above all, many technical and tactical activities in the attack and defense phase. This all together puts a strain on the player. The load is reflected in the parameters of the player’s effort. The main purpose of my master´s thesis was to assess the effort of handball players in training and matches with the help of the Borg CR-10 scale. The sample of subjects included the players (n-16) of the RK Sevnica handball team, which in season 2020/2021 plays in the 1B national Slovenian handball leagues. The average age of the players was 23.7 years, average height of the players was 184,4 cm and the average weight of the players was 84.6 kg. Borg CR-10 scale in written form (on paper) was used to collect the data. The obtained data were processed using the computer program Microsoft Excel 2013 and SPSS, version 22.0. We used calculations of frequencies, percentages, standard deviations, and mean values. A one-sample t-test (p≤0.5) was used to compare the mean values of the sample concerning the hypothetical value. It was found that the statistically significant average of handball players in each micro-cycle (one week) exceeds 2000 units on average, which means that the training sessions were very intensive concerning the individual. We found that the statistically significant average for the ratio between acute and chronic load in individual weeks (micro-cycles) is the same, which indicates that this ratio is in the range between 0.8 and 1.3. The players experienced the effort differently. However, it was also found that there were no discrepancies in the recommended ratios between acute and chronic load in handball players during weekly cycles over six weeks. The master´s thesis represents an important contribution to an in-depth understanding of the workload and effort during training and the related competitive success in Slovenian handball.

Načrtovanje in programiranje pripravljalnega obdobja mladih nogometašev je kompleksen proces, v katerega moramo integrirati številne vidike nogometne igre. Postopen razvoj kondicijske priprave se mora za doseganje najvišjih rezultatov povezovati s tehnično-taktičnimi zakonitostmi igre, obenem pa upoštevati razvojne značilnosti mladostnikov. Glavni namen magistrskega dela je predstaviti celostno načrtovanje in programiranje pripravljalnega obdobja ekipe mladih nogometašev starostne skupine U-19, ki nastopa v prvi slovenski nogometni ligi. Med podrobnejše cilje spada predstavitev periodizacije in ciklizacije gibalnih ter funkcionalnih sposobnosti nogometašev skozi osemtedensko pripravljalno obdobje. Predstavljen je tudi vidik tehnično-taktične priprave, ki temelji na sodobnem modelu nogometne igre v igralnem sistemu 1-4-2-3-1. V zaključku magistrskega dela sta prikazana natančen načrt in vsebinski program osemtedenskega pripravljalnega obdobja ekipe U-19, ki nastopa v prvi slovenski nogometni ligi. Magistrsko delo predstavlja poglobljen in celosten pristop k oblikovanju pripravljalnega obdobja mladih nogometašev ter bo služilo kot didaktično gradivo in kot pomoč pri razumevanju načrtovanja pripravljalnega obdobja za trenerje, igralce in starše. Planning and programming the preparation period of young footballers is a complex process in which numerous aspects of football play have to be incorporated. To achieve the highest results, gradual development of physical preparation needs to be connected with technical-tactical laws of the play and at the same time consider the developmental characteristics of adolescents. The main purpose of the master’s paper is to present a comprehensive planning and programming of the preparation period for the team of young footballers, age group U-19, playing in the first Slovene football league. Among detailed goals is the presentation of the periodization and cyclization of motor and functional skills of footballers during the 8-week preparation period. Also presented is the aspect of the technical-tactical preparation, based on a modern model of football play in the playing system 1-4-2-3-1. In the conclusion of the master’s paper, a detailed plan and programme of the 8-week preparation period of the team U-19, playing in the first Slovene league, are shown. The master’s paper presents an in-depth and comprehensive approach to the formation of the preparation period of young footballers and it will serve as a didactic material and help in understanding the planning of the preparation period for coaches, players and parents.

Namen magistrske naloge je bil na podlagi eksperimenta, ki je bil v našem primeru opazovanje poteka igre devetih tekem evropskega prvenstva v rokometu na mivki 2019 za ţenske, ugotoviti, kateri elementi igre, taktične postavitve ter pogostost in učinkovitost izvajanja določenih tehnično taktičnih elementov najbolj vplivajo na potek tekme in uspešnost ekipe. Ker v rokometu na mivki izenačen izid ne obstaja, saj se ob izenačenem rezultatu v polčasih izvedejo zaključni streli, smo razlike opazovali med zmagovalci in poraţenci v posameznem polčasu. Vzorec predstavljajo igralke desetih reprezentanc, ki so igrale na Evropskem prvenstvu v rokometu na mivki 2019. Podatke, ki smo jih uporabili v magistrskem delu, smo pridobili s pomočjo analize video posnetkov, objavljenih na spletni strani EHF TV (http://www.ehftv.com/competitions). Podatke smo v vsakem polčasu spremljali ločeno za obe ekipi in ločeno glede na fazo obrambe oziroma fazo napada. Za nekatere spremenljivke smo rezultate razbrali iz uradnih zapisnikov, objavljenih na spletni strani Evropske rokometne zveze. Vse izbrane spremenljivke smo s pomočjo programa Microsoft Excel uredili v tabeli, ki je zajemala 20 spremenljivk v osemnajstih odigranih polčasih. Na podlagi teh smo izoblikovali hipoteze, ki smo jih v nadaljevanju poskušali potrditi oziroma ovreči. Sledila je statistična obdelava podatkov v programu IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Za vse obravnavane spremenljivke smo glede na pripadnost proučevani skupini izračunali osnovne statistične značilnosti in testno statistiko. Glede na rezultate testa normalnosti porazdelitve in homogenosti varianc smo za testiranje razlik med zmagovalci in poraţenci uporabili T-test za neodvisne vzorce, Brown-Forsytheov test in Mann-Whitneyev test. Vse podatke smo obdelali in kasneje interpretirali pri 5 % stopnji tveganja. Statistično značilne razlike med zmagovalci in poraţenci so se pojavile pri štirih spremenljivkah, to so: skupno število podaj (SŠP), skupno število golov (SŠG), skupno število strelov (SŠS), število strelov za eno točko (ŠS1). V povprečju so pri naštetih spremenljivkah zmagovalci dosegali višje vrednosti od poraţencev. Iz dobljenih rezultatov smo zaključili, da so si zmagovalci z večjim številom podaj uspeli priboriti več priloţnosti za strel in boljši poloţaj strela v igrišču, kar je prispevalo k višjemu odstotku zadetih strelov. The goal of this Master’s Thesis was to determine which game elements and tactics, as well as frequency and efficiency of certain technical-tactical elements, affect the course of the game and the team success the most. To find this out, nine different games of the European Beach Handball Championship 2019 for women were analyzed. The game of beach handball can never finish with a tie, as there are shootouts at the end of each half-time to determine the winner. For this reason, we decided to observe the differences between winners and losers during individual half-times. The sample in this analysis were the players of ten women national teams that played at the European Beach Handball Championship 2019. The data used in this thesis were acquired through an analysis of the videos published at the EHF TV website (http://www.ehftv.com/competitions). The analysis was done separately for both teams and separately for the defense and the attack. The results for some of the variables were found in the official records published at the website of the European Handball Federation. 20 chosen variables, observed in 18 half-times, were put in a Microsoft Excel table. Based on these variables, we formed different hypotheses and tried to confirm or disconfirm them. The data were then statistically processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Based on the group of observation they belong to, basic statistical characteristics and test statistics were calculated for all the variables. Based on the results of the normality test and the homogeneity of variance test, the independent T-Test, the Brown-Forsythe test and the Mann-Whitney U test were used to test the differences between winners and losers. The data were processed and interpreted using a risk level of 5 percent. Statistically significant differences between winners and losers were observed in the following four variables: Total number of passes (SŠP), total number of goals (SŠG), total number of shots (SŠS), number of one-point shots (ŠS1). In these variables, winners in general achieved higher values than losers. Following the results, we determined that by passing the ball more often, the winners managed to get more shot opportunities and a better shooting position on the field, which contributed to a higher percentage of the scored shots.

Osnovni namen magistrskega monografskega dela je bil primerjati vlogo rokometnega vratarja z vlogo vratarja v nekaterih drugih športnih igrah z vrati. Delo je temeljilo na sistematičnem pregledu strokovne in znanstvene literature s področja morfoloških telesnih značilnosti vratarjev, njihovih psiholoških lastnosti, obremenitev in njihovega napora, tehničnih značilnosti branjenja ter tekmovalne uspešnosti. Pri pisanju smo si pomagali z zbiranjem gradiva, s pregledovanjem, povzemanjem in prevajanjem. Med uporabljenimi bazami podatkov, iz katerih smo črpali informacije so Pub Med, CrossRef in Google Scholar. Na osnovi analize smo ugotovili, da imajo vratarji v vseh preučevanih športnih igrah večjo telesno maso in višino v primerjavi z igralci na ostalih položajih ter da sta za vse vratarje najpomembnejši psihološki lastnosti agresija in sposobnost predvidevanja. Rokometni vratarji so izpostavljeni najmanjšim obremenitvam, medtem ko so vratarji hokeja na ledu in vaterpola največjim. Na področju sposobnosti premagovanja napora smo ugotovili, da so vratarji v preučevanih športnih igrah med seboj precej enakovredni in slabši od ostalih igralcev, med seboj pa so precej enakovredni. V tehničnih značilnostih branjenja so največje podobnosti med vratarji, ki branijo približno enako velik gol in med vratarji, ki branijo na enak način izveden strel. Vratar hokeja na ledu ubrani največ strelov na tekmo in je pri tem tudi najbolj učinkovit. Na drugi strani pa je za rokomet značilno največje število prejetih zadetkov na tekmo, čeprav je število strelov na tekmi precej primerljivo s številom strelov hokeja na ledu. Na osnovi zbranih informacij lahko zaključimo, da bi bilo smiselno pri treningu rokometnih vratarjev in izboru igralcev za mesto vratarja upoštevati široko paleto značilnosti in sposobnosti, ki vplivajo na vlogo vratarja. The main purpose of this thesis is to compare the handball goalkeepers’ role with the goalkeepers’ role in some other sports. The thesis is based on a systematic review of expert and scientific literature from different perspectives. These include morphological characteristics of goalkeepers, their psychological attributes, physical load and exertion, technical characteristics and match performance. Data was collected, analysed, summarised and translated. PubMed, CrossRef and Google Scholar were the primary used data sources. The sports whose goalkeepers’ data was analysed were handball, football, futsal, ice hockey, field hockey and water polo. Based on the review, it was concluded that all goalkeepers have greater body height and mass compared to players from other playing positions. Their most important psychological attributes are aggression and foresight. Handball goalkeepers were found to be exposed to the least amount of load from activity, while ice hockey and water polo goalkeepers were found to be exposed to the greatest load. However goalkeepers from all sports had lower physiological capacities compared to outfield players. Technical characteristics were similar among goalkeepers from sports with the similarly sized goals. Some equal technical characteristics were also found in goalkeepers from sports with similar shot execution styles. The ice hockey goalkeepers save the most shots per game and are the most efficient. Handball goalkeepers receive the most goals per match, even though they receive the similar amount of shots as the ice hockey goalkeepers. Based on the gathered information we conclude that it is sensible to include a broad spectre of abilities and characteristics in the goalkeeper training and selection.

Namen magistrskega dela je bil analizirati in primerjati vloge veznih igralcev v nogometni igri na svetovnem prvenstvu v Rusiji 2018. Uporabili smo metodo »študija primera«, s katero smo posamično analizirali in opisali igro treh igralcev. Igralce smo nato med sabo primerjali ter določili razlike v njihovem načinu igre. Na 20 tekmah smo analizirali N'golo Kanteja, Luko Modrića in Kevina De Bruyna, ki so na začetku prvenstva igrali na položaju zadnjega oz. srednjega veznega igralca. Ugotovili smo, da obstajajo razlike v načinu igranja in stilu igre med tremi veznimi igralci, ne glede na enak izhodiščni igralni položaj. Modrić je odigral največ minut (694), imel največ dotikov z žogo (1315) ter odigral največ podaj (505). Kante je bil najbolj natančen pri podajah, saj je 91,8 % svojih podaj odigral natančno. Vsi trije so največ podaj odigrali na kratki razdalji po tleh in v smeri naprej. Pojavile so se razlike pri podajah z obrambne in napadalne polovice ter pri podajah v kazenski prostor pri podajah po tleh in po zraku ter pri kratkih, srednjih in dolgih zgrešenih podajah. Ugotovili smo največ napak pri podajah naprej na napadalni polovici. Modrić in De Bruyne sta največ podaj sprejela od veznih igralcev, Kante pa od obrambnih. Vsi trije so dobili zelo malo podaj od vratarja in napadalcev. Modrić in De Bruyne sta največ žog podala svojim vezistom, Kante pa obrambnim soigralcem. Vsi trije so največ žog pridobili po napačni in prestreženi podaji, De Bruyne je izstopal pri pridobitvi žoge po dvobojih. Največ žog so izgubili po napačni in prestreženi podaji. Nasprotnikov napad so vsi največkrat prekinili z odvzemom žoge, razlike smo opazili pri prekinitvi napada s prekrškom in izbijanjem (blokiranjem). Analizirali smo tudi kakovost udarcev proti vratom in opazili, da imajo tudi znani poklicni nogometaši pomanjkljivosti v tehniki udarca. Na osnovi opazovanja in analize aktivnosti treh vrhunskih nogometnih veznih igralcev na zadnjem svetovnem prvenstvu v Rusiji, leta 2018, smo ugotovili, da sodobni vezni igralec pomaga svoji obrambi večji del igre, v napadu so njegove podaje natančne, velikokrat tudi tvegane, z njimi poskuša ustvariti priložnosti svoji ekipi, prevzema odgovornost v ključnih trenutkih tekme in je vodja ekipe. The aim of this dissertation is the analysis and comparison of the midfielders’ roles in a soccer match during the 2018 World Championship in Russia. The method used is “case study”, with which we analysed and described the game of three players separately. Afterwards, we compared the player with each other and determined the differences in their way of playing. In 20 matches, we analysed N’golo Kante, Luka Modrić, and Kevin De Bruyn, who, in the beginning of the championship, played in the position of central midfielder or defensive midfielder. The analysis showed that there are big differences in the style and the way each of the three midfielders plays, regardless of being in the same position. Between all three players, Modrić played the most minutes (694), had the most contact with the ball (1315), and had the most passes (505). Kante’s accuracy with regard to passes was 91.8%, making him the most accurate in this regard. The short pass, directed forwards, was the most frequent one for all three players. Differences became apparent when analysing passes made from the defensive and offensive half, and passes made into the penalty box. When analysing missed passes, it became clear that midfielders most when they were passing forward in the offensive half. Differences were noted with ground passes, air passes, and in the length of the missed passes. While Kante received the most passes from defensive player, Modrić and De Bruyne received most of them from midfielders. Modrič and De Bruyne passed the most to their midfielders. Kante, however, made most passes to the defenders. The three mentioned players gained the possession of the ball most frequently by intercepting a pass or via the opposing team’s missed passes. De Bruyne stands out with regard to gaining possession of the ball via 1v1s. Most frequently, they lost the possession of the ball by having a pass intercepted and missed passes. Most of the time, they stopped the opponents attack by taking possession of the ball. Differences were noticed when looking at attacks which were stopped with a foul and with clearing the ball. Upon analysing the quality of shots on target, it became clear that even professional soccer players have shortcomings in their shooting technique. The modern midfielder helps his team’s defence, his passes are accurate (often even risky) and there to create opportunities for his team. The modern midfielder takes on the responsibility in key moment and is the leader of the team.

V magistrskem delu je predstavljen letni program vadbe za otroke, v starosti do osem let. Vadba in treniranje najmlajših nogometašev velja za zahtevno in odgovorno delo. Trener naj bi, poleg osnovnih značilnosti nogometnega treninga, dobro poznal tudi razvojne značilnosti otrok. Poznavanje biološkega, psihosocialnega in gibalnega razvoja ter razvoja živčevja v kombinaciji z natančnim poznavanjem nogometne tehnike, taktike in kondicije trenerju omogoča ustreznejši izbor vsebin. Z ustreznim metodičnim postopkom, ob upoštevanju načela postopnosti in raznovrstnosti, bo trener izbrane vsebine na primeren način vpeljal v vadbo in ustrezno sooblikoval otrokov vsestranski gibalni razvoj. Pri razvoju in vzgoji otrok je pomembna tudi trenerjeva osebnost in s tem povezane veščine vodenja, ki jih uporablja. Namen in želja je, da trener s svojim ravnanjem in obnašanjem prenaša na otroke, ne le nogometno znanje, ampak tudi pozitivne vrednote. Pričakuje se, da bo trener otrokom v oporo in jim bo z napotki ter usmeritvami znal pravilno usmerjati v športnem in osebnostnem razvoju. Za izvedbo kakovostnega vadbenega procesa je pomembno skrbno in natančno predhodno načrtovanje - z jasno postavljenimi cilji. Poznamo letno, mesečno, tedensko in posamično načrtovanje. S sprotno analizo in spremljanjem napredka vadečih, lahko trener načrte ustrezno sprotno prilagaja. S pravim nastopom in načinom vodenja, bo poskrbel še za uspešno realizacijo načrta. V magistrskem delu smo predstavili različna področja, pomembna za kakovostno treniranje. Opisane so nekatere razvojne značilnosti otrok, gibalne in funkcionalne sposobnosti, področje nogometne tehnike in taktike ter gibalna vsestranskost. Predstavljen je model sodobnega nogometaša, metodika učenja tehničnih in taktičnih elementov, načini vodenja ter opis trenerjevih lastnosti in nalog. Podrobno je opisan primer celoletnega procesa dela z 8-letniki v nogometu, ki vsebuje izbor primernih vsebin za navedeno starostno kategorijo (U-8) in letni delovni načrt. Prikazani so letni, mesečni in tedenski načrti dela in podroben opis treningov v celotni sezoni, ki zajema grafični prikaz in opis vaj ter organizacije. The paper contains a description of a yearly training program designed for 8-year olds. Quality training of the youngest footballers has a reputation for being demanding. It can be only carried out by skilled football coaches who are also well-acquainted with children’s developmental specifics. Knowing of their biological, psychological and social development as well as that of motor skills and the nervous system combined with a deepened understanding of football techniques, tactics, and physical condition helps to determine appropriate content to be presented to the young sportsmen. Optimal methodology and employment of the principles of gradation and versatility allow for the content to be successfully intertwined with the training. Only by taking all of the above into account can children’s full motor development be achieved. The second key factor in children's upbringing and progression is the coach's personality and his preferred leadership methods. A coach needs to be aware that it is not only about football knowledge transmission, but also about positive values and attitudes that a child acquires during training. If the coach’s actions are to set a positive example, he is expected to provide all the necessary support to children in their sport and personality development. Any quality training process requires careful planning and straightforward objectives. Planning may be yearly, monthly, weekly, or for individual training sessions. Regular analysis and monitoring the players’ progress help the coach make the necessary appropriations to the set plan. A healthy pedagogical stance and appropriate leadership ensure successful plan realization. In the research paper, we attempt to present fields of expertise any qualified coach should be well-versed in, listed are descriptions of some children’s developmental specifics, their motor and functional skills, football techniques and tactics, motor versatility. A model of a modern-day football player is provided together with the methodology of attaining technical and tactical elements, leadership styles and an elaborate list of the coach’s tasks and responsibilities. There is also an elaborate description of the yearly training process designed for 8-year olds, which encompasses a list of topics targeted at the U-8 age group and a corresponding curriculum. There are annual, monthly and weekly work plans as well as a detailed account of all training sessions in one season together with charts, exercise descriptions and the organisational outline.

Glavni namen dela je predstaviti načrt uigravanja nogometne ekipe v sistemu 1-3-4-1-2 v kontekstu sistemov igre evropskih tekmovanj. Med cilje tako spada tudi analiza najmočnejših evropskih tekmovanj, s tem smo ugotovili kateri sistemi so tisti, ki so danes najbolj pogosti. Predstavljene so značilnosti vseh sistemov s tremi branilci, najbolj podrobno pa sistem igre 1-3-4-1-2, ki je osrednja točka našega magistrskega dela. V zaključku magistrskega dela je prikazan vsebinsko podroben načrt uigravanja nogometne ekipe v sistemu igre 1-3-4-1-2 v enem pripravljalnem obdobju. Magistrsko delo je strokovno-monografskega tipa. Temelji na metodi sistematičnega zbiranja podatkov iz domačih in tujih strokovnih ter drugih monografskih publikacij. Ostali viri so še gradiva na svetovnem spletu in lastno znanje pridobljeno z osebnimi izkušnjami pri delu kot trener nogometa. Za analizo uporabljenih sistemov igre v najmočnejših evropskih tekmovanjih smo zbrali podatke s spletne strani whoscored.com. Slikovne ponazoritve sistemov igre, ki so predstavljali razvoj nogometne igre, slike predstavljenih primerov ekipne taktike v obrambi in napadu ter slike načrta uigravanja nogometne ekipe smo izdelali sami in prikazali s programom Tactics manager 3.0. Magistrsko delo nudi poglobljen in podroben vpogled v taktiko nogometa in lahko služi v izobraževalne namene strokovnih delavcev v nogometu. Nogometne vsebine, predvsem pri vsebinskem načrtu uigravanja nogometne ekipe, lahko pomagajo nogometnim trenerjem in profesorjem športne vzgoje pri lažjem načrtovanju in organizaciji njihovega dela. The main purpose of the thesis is to draw up a training process plan to coordinate a football team in the 1-3-4-1-2 formation in the context of the european competition game scheme. One of the goals is the analysis of the strongest european competitions, to find out which formations are the most common today. The features of all formations with three defensive players are also presented, the most detailed being the 1-3-4-1-2 formation, which is the focal point of master's thesis. The conclusion of the master's thesis shows the training process plan for a football team in the 1-3-4-1-2 formation during one preparatory period. The master's thesis is of a professional-monographic type. It is based on the method of systematic collection of data from domestic and foreign professional and other monographs. Other resources include material on the Internet and knowledge gained by personal experience as a football coach. We collected data from whoscored.com to analyse the formations used in the strongest european competitions. We developed the pictures of the formations that represent the development of the football game, the pictures of the presented examples of team tactics in defence and attack and the pictures of the training process plan. All of those pictures were developed with Tactics manager 3.0. The master's thesis offers an in-depth insight into football tactics and serves the educational purposes of sports professionals. Football content, especially when it comes to the football team's game plan, can help football coaches and physical education teachers to plan and organize their work more easily.

Namen in cilji: Namen magistrskega dela je ugotoviti, ali obstajajo razlike v pojavljanju acikličnih gibanj med igralnimi mesti v fazi napada in obrambe na moškem svetovnem prvenstvu v rokometu 2019. Cilji so analizirati izbrane tekme na prvenstvu in zbrati podatke o acikličnih gibanjih za fazo obrambe in fazo napada ter jih statistično obdelati. Z rezultati testne statistike smo ugotovili, med katerimi igralnimi mesti prihaja do razlik. Metodologija: Vzorec tekem obsega 9 tekem Svetovnega prvenstva 2019 v Nemčiji in na Danskem. Podatke smo pridobili z gledanjem posnetkov tekem in jih preverili z uradno statistiko iz tekem. Tako smo dobili iz devetih tekem 18 napadov in 18 obramb, ki so jih igrali na omenjenih tekmah. Podatke smo statistično obdelali v programu IBM SPSS 21 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, ZDA) in tabelarično uredili v programu Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington). Spremenljivke igralne uspešnosti smo prikazali s povprečji, standardnimi odkloni in standardnimi napakami povprečij. Slednjim spremenljivkam smo preverili predpostavko o normalnosti porazdelitve s Shapiro-Wilkovim testom in homogenost varianc z Levenovim testom. Na podlagi v večini kršenih normalnosti porazdelitve smo razlike med igralnimi pozicijami v napadu ali obrambi glede na igralno uspešnost testirali s Kruskall-Wallisovim testom. V primeru ugotovljenih značilnih razlik smo izvedli parno primerjavo (pairwise comparison) posameznih parov igralnih položajev. Ugotovitve dela: testna statistika je pokazala, da obstajajo statistično značilne razlike med igralnimi mesti v fazi napada in obrambe v naslednjih spremenljivkah: število strelov iz skoka, število strelov s tal, število strelov z varanjem, število strelov iz prodora, število strelov iz sedemmetrovke, število strelov iz padca, število podaj za gol, število zaletov na gol, število izgubljenih žog, število preigravanj, število pridobljenih sedemmetrovk, število podaj s tal, število podaj iz skoka, število vseh acikličnih gibanj v napadu, število prekrškov, število izrivanj, število blokov, število prestreženih žog, število povzročenih sedemmetrovk, število prekrškov za dvominutno kazen, število vseh acikličnih gibanj v obrambi. Purpose and goals: The purpose of the thesis is to find out if there are differences in the occurrence of alicyclic movements between the playing positions in the phases of the attack and defence at Men’s Handball World Championship 2019. The goals are to analyse the chosen matches at the championship, to collect the data about alicyclic movements when there is defence and when there is attack and to statistically analyse them. With the results of the test statistics that we had analysed, we found out what differences regarding the playing positions occur. Methodology: The sample of the matches includes nine Men’s Handball World Championship 2019 matches happening in Germany and Denmark. We collected the data by watching the footages of the matches and checked them with the official statistics of the matches. That way we got 18 defences and 18 attacks out of 9 matches. We statistically analysed the data with IBM SPSS 21 program (SPSS Inc. Chicago, Illinois, USA) and tabularly organised them in Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington). The variables of the performance were presented by averages, standard deviations and by the standard mistakes of the averages. The assumption of the distribution’s normality of the latter variables was checked with Shapiro-Wilko test and the homogeneity of the variants with Leven test. On the basis of the mainly violated normality assumption of the distribution, we tested the differences between the playing positions in the attack or defence according to the playing performance with Kruskall-Wallis test. In case of finding out the characteristic differences, we executed pairwise comparison of the individual pairs of playing positions. The findings of the thesis: The test statistics showed that there are statistically characteristic differences between the playing positions in the phase of the attack and defence in the following variables: the number of jump shootings, the number of standing shootings, the number of shootings from tricks, the number of shootings from breakthroughs, the number of shooting from 7-metre throws, the number of shootings while falling, the number of passes for a goal shot, the number of run-ups for a goal shot, the number of lost balls, the number of dribbles, the number of gained 7-metre throws, the number of standing passes, the number of jump passes, the number of alicyclic movements in the attack, the number of penalties, the number of ousts, the number of blockings, the number of stolen balls, the number of caused 7-metre penalties, the number of 2-minute penalties, the number of alicyclic movements performed in defence.

V diplomski nalogi je opisano ogrevanje v rokometu. S pomočjo deskriptivne metode oz. s pomočjo zbiranja in analize informacij iz različnih odgovarjajočih virov smo v diplomskem delu predstavili nekatere pomembne informacije, povezane s teorijo in prakso ogrevanja v rokometu. V ta namen smo predstavili tudi obremenitve, ki jim je rokometaš podvržen med tekmo. Najpomembnejši cilji ogrevanja pri rokometu so: dvig temperature telesa, pospešena izmenjava različnih snovi v telesu, izboljšanje usklajenosti delovanja mišično-tetivnega in nevralnega sistema ter izboljšanje psihične stabilnosti pred tekmo ali treningom. Ogrevanje rokometašev smo razdelili na več segmentov in vsak segment ustrezno tekstovno ter grafično predstavili. Tako je v diplomskem delu opisano ogrevanje s pomočjo elastičnih trakov, tekaške vaje, gimnastične vaje, ogrevanje z rokometno žogo in ogrevanje rokometnih vratarjev s pomočjo strelov v serijah. In this diploma we discuss the problem of warming up in handball. With the help of the descriptive method and of collecting and analysing information from different sources we present important information linked with the theory and practice of warming up in handball. Ad hoc we present the strains that a handball player is subjected to during a game. The main goals of warming up are: to raise body temperature to stimulate the exchange of different substances in the body to improve coordination of the muscle-tendon system and neural system, and to improve physical stability before a game or training. We divide the warming up of a handball player into segments and adequately present every segment, graphically and textually. We describe warming up with resistance bands, track and gymnastic workouts, warming up with a handball, and goalkeeper workouts with the help of shots in series.

Liga Prvakov je najprepoznavnejše in medijsko odmevno klubsko nogometno tekmovanje v Evropi. V diplomskem delu smo se odločili podrobno analizirati tekme skupinskega dela Lige Prvakov, kjer je igral angleški prvoligaš Manchester City. Značilnosti njihove igre v napadu smo primerjali z igrami treh ostalih klubov, ki so igrali v skupini F (TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, Lyon in Shakhtar). Za analizo igre v napadu smo si večkrat podrobno ogledali tekme. V naprej pripravljene obrazce smo ročno zapisovali posamezne spremenljivke v fazi napada. Ti obrazci so prikazani v predlogi 2 in 3. Podatke smo zbirali ločeno za vsako ekipo posebej in to prikazali v prilogi. V vzorec spremenljivk smo vključili pet glavne in številne podrejenih spremenljivk, na podlagih katerih smo dobili kazalce značilnosti modela v fazi napada. Najprej smo analizirali vsako tekmo posebej, nato pa smo opazovane spremenljivke moštva Manchester City in nasprotnih moštev (NAM) sešteli in primerjali med seboj, rezultate in razprave se izbere s poglavja 4. Analiza dobljenih rezultatov je pokazala, da je moštvo Manchester Citya poizkušalo največ z kontinuiranimi napadi. Velika posest žoge v korist igralcev Manchester Citya na vseh tekmah kaže na kontinuirano napadanje. Nasprotna moštva so se v večji meri posluževala protinapadov, saj so bili obrambni igralci Manchester Citya postavljeno visoko na nasprotnikovi polovici, to je je omogočalo prostor za globino v napadu gostujočemu moštvu. Vratar Manchester Citya je večino svojih podaj izvedel s kratko podajo z nogo do najbližjega igralca. Kontinuirano napadanje in zgoščena obramba nasprotnega moštva je ekipo Manchester Citya prisililo, da so največ napadali preko krilnih položajev, kjer so potem zaključevali napad znotraj kazenskega prostora. Izredna tehnična podkovanost igralcev Manchester Citya je omogočala, da so večkrat poizkusili tudi z individualnimi prodori prek krilnih položajev in iskali podajo nazaj oziroma Zavrnjeno podajo na napadalce in sprednje vezne igralce, ki so vtekali v kazenski prostor in si tako ustvarjali priložnosti za dosego zadetka. Pridobljeni rezultati so lahko v pomoč vsem trenerjem pri tako slovenskim kot tujim pri oblikovanju taktike napada svojim ekipam. Champions league is the most recognizable, high media profile club football competiton in Europe. In this thesis, we decided to analyze in detail, matches of Manchester City football club of group stages. They were part of group F, alongside Hoffenheim, Lyon and Shakhtar. The purpose of this thesis is to find out game features of attacking phase of Manchester City game. The analysis includes every group stage match. We have watched matches several times and we wrote data down manually. In samples, which were prepared in advance, we wrote down variables in attack phase. We collected data for each team individually. The sample includes main and many subordinates variables, from which we obtained indicators of model significance in attack phase. Firstly we analyzed each match individually and after we did this, we put together observed variables from Manchester City and from other teams (NAM) and we compared variables obtained from Manchester City and from other teams. The results of each variable are shown in the attachment. Based on the obtained results, we verified the data according to our hypotheses. Obtained results analysis showed, that Manchester City team tried the most with continuous attacks. High ball possesion in every match proved that statement. Because Manchester City defence was standing high on opponents part of the pitch, opponents were trying with counter attack most of the time, because they had a lot of space for playing deep balls in oppositions half. Most of the passes from Manchester City goalkeeper, were short passes to the closest teammate. Continuous attack and concentrated defence of opponents, forced Manchester City to attack more from the wings, from where they finished attacks within penalty area. Extreme technical skills from Mancheter City players allowed them to try numerous times with individual attempts through wing areas and try to pass the ball backwards to free players, who were running into the penalty area and try to create opportunity to score a goal.

Ogrevanje ima tako v športni vadbi kot tudi v rokometu velik pomen. Glavna naloga pripravljalnega dela vadbene enote je pripraviti športnika na povečan napor, ki bo sledil v nadaljevanju. V procesu športne vadbe uporabljamo aktivno ogrevanje, saj želimo z dvigom temperature v aktivnem mišičju in dvigom rektalne temperature izboljšati mehanske lastnosti tkiv in s tem dvigniti učinkovitost igralcev. Za rokometno igro so značilna specifična gibanja in specifične zahteve igre (tehnično – taktične, metabolične, psihološke in živčno – mišične), ki jih moramo upoštevati pri načrtovanju ogrevanja na rokometnih treningih in tekmah. Magistrska naloga, ki je monografskega tipa, temelji na pregledu strokovne in znanstvene literature dostopnih virov iz področja ogrevanja v rokometu. Pri pisanju smo si pomagali z uporabo dostopnih domačih in tujih virov literature iz obravnavanega področja. S sistematičnim zbiranjem, pregledovanjem, prevajanjem in povzemanjem strokovnih in znanstvenih virov smo želeli prikazati smernice ogrevanja v rokometu. Namen magistrskega dela je sistematična opredelitev ogrevanja v rokometu in predstavitev različnih protokolov ogrevanja na rokometnih treningih in tekmah glede na vsebinske zahteve vadbenih enot in glede na specifične lastnosti posameznih igralnih mest, ki bi bili v pomoč trenerjem pri njihovem načrtovanju. Analiza raziskav kaže, da s krajšimi ogrevanji, progresivnim vključevanjem višjih intenzivnosti ogrevalnih nalog in izvajanjem specifičnih gibanj, optimalno učinkujemo na maksimalno pripravljenost igralcev in hkrati sočasno vplivamo na ohranjanje njihove gibalne učinkovitosti ter na zmanjševanje možnosti poškodb. Warm-up is of great importance both in sports exercise and handball. The main goal of the preparatory stage of the training unit is to prepare the athlete for the increased exertion that will follow. In the process of sports exercise, we employ active warm-up, because we want to improve the mechanical properties of tissues by raising the muscle and rectal temperatures, and thus increasing the efficiency of the players. Handball is characterized by specific movements and specific demands (technical-tactical, metabolic, psychological and neuromuscular), which must be considered when planning the warm-up of a handball practice and match. The master’s thesis, which is a monograph, is based on an overview of professional and scientific literature from available sources in the field of handball warm-up. We made use of accessible local and foreign sources of literature from the field covered during our writing. We wanted to show the guidelines of warm-up in handball by systematically collecting, reviewing, translating and summarizing professional and scientific sources. The aim of the master’s thesis is to systematically define handball warm-up and to explain different handball warm-up protocols during practice or matches. This is based on the content requirements of the training units and according to the specific characteristics of the individual playing positions, which would aid the coaches in their planning. Research analysis shows that shorter warm-ups combined with progressive integration of higher intensity warm-ups and specific movements, optimally affect the player’s peak readiness. At the same time, it also has the effect of maintaining the players’ movement efficiency and reducing the risk of injury.

Namen diplomskega dela je bil, da ugotovimo značilnosti modela igre portugalske reprezentance v fazi napada na evropskem prvenstvu 2016 na osnovi opazovanja izbranih spremenljivk. Omenjene spremenljivke smo primerjali z drugimi moštvi in skozi celoten proces skušali ugotoviti kateri parametri nogometne igre v fazi napada so tisti, ki bistveno vplivajo na potek in uspešnost igre Portugalcev. Opazovali in opisali smo tudi situacije in značilnosti doseženih zadetkov portugalske reprezentance. Da bi ugotovili značilnosti modela igre portugalske reprezentance v napadu na evropskem prvenstvu 2016, smo pridobili posnetke vseh sedmih tekem, ki smo jih nato natančno analizirali. Nasprotniki portugalske reprezentance na evropskem prvenstvu so bile reprezentance Islandije, Avstrije, Madžarske, Hrvaške, Poljske, Walesa in Francije. Portugalska reprezentanca je na evropskem prvenstvu 2016 zmagala in tako postala evropski prvak. Z analizo smo prišli do sledečih ugotovitev. Portugalska reprezentanca je samo na prvih treh tekmah imela večjo posest žoge kot nasprotniki, v povprečju vseh sedmih tekem pa so imeli žogo več časa v svoji posesti. V primerjavi z nasprotniki so si na celotnem prvenstvu skupno ustvarili večje število napadov. Njihova igra v napadu je temeljila predvsem na kontinuiranih napadih, veliko manj so napadali s preostalimi vrstami napada. Do največ priložnosti za zadetek so prišli po sredini igrišča, največ zadetkov pa so dosegli po predložku v kazenski prostor iz leve oziroma desne strani igrišča. V primerjavi z nasprotniki so Portugalci večkrat streljali proti vratom nasprotnika, prav tako pa so bili pri strelih bolj natančni. Na prvenstvu so imeli tudi večje število kotov in storili manj prekrškov od nasprotnikov. Neuspešni so bili pri izvajanju enajstmetrovke dosojene v rednem igralnem času, pri izvajanju enajstmetrovk po izteku dodatnega igralnega časa pa uspešni. The purpose of this undergraduate thesis was to determine the characteristics of the play of the Portuguese national football team in the attack phase at the 2016 European Championship, based on observation of selected variables. Those variables were compared with other teams and throughout the process it was determined which parameters in the attack phase of the football games are the ones that significantly influence the course and performance of the Portuguese game. We also observed and described situations and characteristics of the Portuguese national team's scored goals. In order to find out the characteristics of the Portuguese national football team in the attack phase at the 2016 European Championship we obtained the recordings of all seven matches, and carefully analyzed every attacking play. The opponents of the Portuguese national football team at the 2016 European Championship were national teams of: Iceland, Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Poland, Wales, and France. The Portuguese national football team won the 2016 European Championship and became the European champion. After the analysis of the characteristics we came to certain conclusions. The Portuguese national team only had a larger possession of the ball than its opponent in the first three matches, but on average for all seven matches, they had higher ball possession. Compared with opponents, they created a greater total number of attacks overall in championship. Their game in the attack phase was based primarily on continuous attack, and less on the other types of attack. The Portuguese national team created most of their chances through the middle of the pitch, and scored the most goals off of a cross into the penalty area from both wings. Compared to the other teams in the championship the Portuguese national team had more shots on goal and those were more precise. They had more corner kicks and committed fewer fouls than their opponents. They missed one penalty in regular time, but were more successful at penalty shootouts after extra time.

Namen in cilji: namen magistrskega dela je ugotoviti, katere so glavne razlike in podobnosti v nekaterih pokazateljih igralnih dogajanj na tekmah moškega in ženskega evropskega rokometnega prvenstva, igranega leta 2018. Cilji so analizirati vse tekme prvenstev in zbrati podatke o najpomembnejših igralnih parametrih, ki so značilni za posamezno fazo rokometne igre in jih statistično obdelati. Z rezultati testne statistike smo ugotovili, pri katerih igralnih parametrih pride do razlik med spoloma. Metodologija: vzorec tekem obsega 47 tekem moškega evropskega prvenstva 2018 na Hrvaškem in 47 tekem ženskega evropskega prvenstva 2018 v Franciji. Podatke smo pridobili iz uradnih statistik, pridobljenih na uradni spletni strani Evropske rokometne zveze (EHF). Iz teh statistik smo izbrali 29 igralnih dogajanj, ki smo jih razdelili v dve skupini. Parametre igralnih dogajanj v fazi napada in parametre igralnih dogajanj v fazi obrambe. Podatke smo statistično analizirali v programu IBM SPSS 22 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, ZDA). Za vsak parameter smo naredili primerjavo med ženskami in moškimi. Najprej smo izračunali osnovne statistične vrednosti. Razlike v pokazateljih igralnih dogajanj med moškimi in ženskami smo preverjali s t-testom za neodvisne vzorce, s katerim smo skušali ugotoviti ali so razlike statistično značilne. Za uporabo t-testa za neodvisne vzorce moramo upoštevati dve predpostavki, to sta normalna porazdelitev in homogenost varianc. Če je bila ena od teh dveh predpostavk kršena, smo uporabili test Mann-Whitney. Ugotovitve dela: testna statistika je pokazala, da obstajajo statistično značilne razlike med spoloma v naslednjih parametrih: število golov iz linije devetih metrov, odstotek realizacije napada, odstotek realizacije golov na postavljeno obrambo, število golov iz sedemmetrovke, število golov iz krilnega položaja, število golov, doseženih s prodorom, število golov iz hitrega centra, število rumenih kartonov, število asistenc, število izgubljenih žog, število tehničnih napak, število prestreženih žog, število blokov, število napadov. Purpose and goals: the purpose of master's thesis is to find out what are the main differences and similarities in some indicators of playing events on matches of European Men's and Women's Handball Championship 2018. The goals are to analyze all matches of both championships and gather data about the most important playing parameters that are characteristic for the individual phase of a handball match and to process them statistically. With test statistics results we came to conclusions that show what playing parameters lead to gender differences. Methodology: the pattern of matches consists of 47 matches of Men's European Handball Championship in Croatia and 47 matches of Women's European Handball Championship 2018 in France. Data were obtained from official statistics published on the European Handball Federation official website. 29 variables were chosen from these statistics and divided into two groups: parameters of playing events in the phase of attack and parameters in playing events in the phase of defence. All data were statistically analyzed by using the computer programme IBM SPSS 22 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, ZDA). We made a comparison between women and men for each parameter. We first calculated basic statistical values. We checked differences in indicators of playing events between men and women with a t – test for independent samples with which we tried to determine whether the differences were statistically significant. When using a t – test for independent samples we have to consider two assumptions: standard distribution and homogeneity variance. If one of these two assumptions was violated, we used a Mann – Whitney test. Findings: test statistics showed that there are statistically significant differences between genders in the following parameters: the number of goals scored from a nine-metre line, the percentage of attack realization, the percentage of goals of the set defence, the number of goals from a seven-metre line, the number of goals from wing position, the number of goals with breakthrough, the number of goals from a fast throw off, the number of yellow cards, the number of assists, the number of lost balls, the number of technical faults, the number of intercepted balls, the number of blocks, the number of attacks.

Futsal je šport, ki ga igra več milijonov ljudi po vsem svetu. Moštvena igra je podprta s strani Mednarodne nogometne zveze (FIFA – International Federation of Association Football) in Združenja evropskih nogometnih zvez (UEFA – Union od European Football Associations) s svetovnimi in evropskimi prvenstvi (Plaznik, 2009). Cilja magistrske naloge sta bila analiza modela igre reprezentanc polfinalistk, na podlagi izbranih spremenljivk ter ugotavljanje značilnosti v fazi obrambe in napada, v primerjavi z nasprotnimi reprezentancami na EURO 2018, na osnovi izbranih spremenljivk. V magistrskem delu smo se osredotočili na igro reprezentanc polfinalistk in njihovih nasprotnikov na evropskem prvenstvu v futsalu 2018, ki je potekalo v Sloveniji. Na podlagi video posnetkov smo analizirali 10 tekem. Opazovali smo v naprej določene spremenljivke, ki smo jih sproti beležili. Skupno smo opazovali 7 spremenljivk v napadu (vrsta napada, analiza ustvarjenih priložnosti, analiza udarcev proti vratom, analiza doseženih zadetkov, analiza prekinitev, analiza izgubljenih žog in analiza izgubljenih žog glede na prostor) in 4 spremenljivke v obrambi (vrsta branjenja, postavitev obrambe glede na prostor, način pridobitve posesti žoge in analiza prekrškov). Glede na cilje raziskave smo postavili 5 hipotez, od katerih smo eno hipotezo potrdili in 4 hipoteze ovrgli. Statistično značilne razlike med reprezentancami, ki so se uvrstile v polfinale in njihovimi nasprotnicami, se pojavljajo le pri številu ustvarjenih priložnosti. Futsal is a sport played by millions of people around the world. The game is supported by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) and European Football Associations (UEFA - Union of European Football Associations) with world and European championships (Plaznik, 2009). The goal of the master's thesis was model analysis of the semi-finalists’ game based on the selected variables and identification of their characteristics in the defense and the attack in comparison with their opponents on the EURO 2018 based on the selected variables. In the master's thesis, we focused on the semi-finalists’ game and their opponents at the European Championship in futsal 2018, held in Slovenia. Based on the video, we analysed 10 matches. We observed and recorded predetermined variables. In total, we observed 7 variables in the attack (type of attack, analysis of created opportunities, analysis of shots on goal, analysis of scored goals, analysis of interruptions, analysis of lost balls and analysis of lost balls depending on space) and 4 variables in defense (type of defense, setting up defense depending on the space, analysis of taking the ball from opponent and the analysis of fouls committed). Based on the research objectives, we formed 5 hypotheses, of which one was confirmed and 4 disproved. Statistically significant differences between the teams that qualify for the semi-finals and their opponents appear only at the number of opportunities created.

Osnovni namen raziskave je bil preveriti specifičnost prokismalno-distalnega principa strela iz skoka pri rokometu. Fenomen smo opazovali s treh različnih perspektiv. Gre za (1) sosledje maksimalnih linearnih hitrosti sklepov in žoge, (2) sosledje začetkov gibanj v posameznih sklepih in (3) sosledje maksimalnih kotnih hitrosti v posameznih sklepih. Slednja metoda je v aktualni literaturi tudi najpogosteje uporabljena pri preverjanju proksimalno-distalnega principa. Merjenci so bili elitni levi zunanji igralci slovenske rokometne reprezentance (199 cm, 194 cm, 204 cm). Sistematični pregled literature je bil opravljen preko naslednjih baz podatkov: SPORTDISCUS in MEDLINE. Po predhodnem ogrevanju so merjenci opravili več metov, mi pa smo izbrali po en strel iz skoka z 9 m pri vsakem. Podatke smo zajeli z dvema visoko frekvenčnima kamerama (100 Hz), določili 18 referenčnih točk in jih ročno obdelali za vsak zajem slike posebej. Pri linearnih hitrostih smo v obdelavo vzeli desni kolk, ramo, komolec, zapestje in žogo. Pri kotih in kotnih hitrostih pa rotacijo medenice, rotacijo trupa, horizontalni primik rame, notranjo rotacijo rame in izteg komolca. Pri interpretaciji rezultatov smo ugotovili, da merjenci niti pri enem vidiku niso meta izvedli po klasičnem proksimalno-distalnem principu, ampak se je ta večinoma prekinil na nivoju rama-komolec. Maksimalna linearna hitrost iztega komolca se je pojavila pred maksimalno linearno hitrostjo rame ali pa vsaj istočasno, kar pomeni, da ne moremo potrditi proksimalno-distalnega principa. Podobno se je v smislu sosledja začetkov gibanj v posameznih sklepih proksimalno-distalni princip prekinil na prehodu iz notranje rotacije rame v izteg komolca. Enako velja tudi za sosledje maksimalnih kotnih hitrosti. Smo pa v skladu z rezultati ostalih raziskav zaključili, da proksimalno-distalni princip pri rokometnem strelu iz skoka obstaja, vendar je ta na nivoju rame in komolca specifičen. Poleg tega smo potrdili izjemno pomembnost maksimalne kotne hitrosti notranje rotacije rame(vrednosti naših merjencev: 6419,2°/s, 4263,7°/s in 4146,1°/s) za doseganje visokih izmetnih hitrosti. Vsi naši merjenci so to dosegli v trenutku izmeta, kar je lastnost elitnih igralcev. Podobno smo ugotovili za kot iztega komolca v trenutku izmeta, saj večji kot iztega komolca v trenutku izmeta pomeni višjo izmetno hitrost žoge. The basic purpose of the research was to verify the specificity of the proximal-distal principle of the jump throw in team-handball. The phenomenon was observed from three different perspectives. It is (1) the connection of the maximum linear velocity of the joints and the balls, (2) the connection of the initiation of the movements in the individual joints, and (3) the connection of the maximum angular velocities in the individual joints. The latter method is also most often used in current literature in the verification of the proximal-distal principle. The participants were the elite left backcourt players of the Slovenian handball team (199 cm, 194 cm, 204 cm). A systematic review of the literature was carried out through the following databases: SPORTDISCUS and MEDLINE. After the preliminary warm-ups, all subjects had to perform several jump throws from 9 m and we chose one for each. We collected data with two high-frequency cameras (100 Hz). We set 18 reference points and manually processed them for each captured image separately. At linear velocities, we processed the right hip, the shoulder, the elbow, the wrist and the ball. With angles and angular velocities, we processed the rotation of the pelvis, the rotation of the trunk, the horizontal abduction of the shoulder, the internal rotation of the shoulder and the elbow extension. While interpreting the results we discovered that the subjects did not carry out a jump throw according to the classical proximal-distal principle. In most cases, it ended at the shoulder-elbow level. The maximum linear velocity of the elbow extension appeared before the maximum linear velocity of the shoulder, or at least at the same time, which means that we cannot confirm the proximal-distal principle. Similarly, in the sense of connecting the initiation of the movements in the individual joints, the proximal-distal principle collapsed at the transition from the internal rotation of the shoulder into the elbow extension. The same applies to the connection of the maximum angular velocities. According to the results of other studies, we concluded that the proximal-distal principle in the team-handball jump throw exists, but it is very specific at the shoulder and the elbow level. We also confirmed the exceptional importance of the maximum angular velocity of the internal rotation of the shoulder (the values of our subjects: 6419.2°/s, 4263.7°/s and 4146.1°/s) to achieve high throwing velocities. All of our subjects achieved this at the time of the throw, which is the characteristic of the elite players. We discovered the same feature for the angle of the elbow extension at the time of the throw. The bigger the angle of the elbow extension at the time of the throw the higher the throw velocity of the ball.

Namen: Namen magistrskega dela je ugotoviti, ali poučevanje tehnike dvigovanja uteži vpliva na razvoj gibalnih sposobnosti rokometašic mlajših starostnih kategorij. Metode: V eksperiment je bilo vključenih 20 rokometašic ženskega rokometnega kluba Olimpija kategoriji kadetinje in mladinke. Naključno so bile razdeljene v kontrolno (starost 18,4 ± 1,6 let telesna višina 169,4 ± 2,7 cm in telesna masa 67,5 ± 7,2 kg) in eksperimentalno skupino (starost 17,1 ± 1,2 let, telesna višina 165,9 ± 6,3 cm in telesna masa 58,4 ± 4,9 kg). Eksperimentalna skupina je dodatno poleg običajnega treninga z rokometno vsebino trikrat tedensko po 30 minut izvajala šesttedenski program uvajanja tehnike dvigovanja uteži. Kontrolna skupina pa je izvedla samo običajni trening z rokometno vsebino. Pred začetkom in na koncu eksperimentalnega obdobja smo pri obeh skupinah opravili 8 gibalnih testov in 2 antropometrični meritvi. Podatke smo statistično analizirali v programu IBM SPSS 21 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, ZDA) in grafično uredili v programu Microsoft Excel 2009 (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, ZDA). Antropometričnima merama in vsem motoričnim testom smo izračunali povprečne vrednosti in standardne odklone. Vsem motoričnim testom smo izračunali interakcije časa meritev (začetne s končnimi) in skupine (eksperimentalne s kontrolno) z dvofaktorsko analizo variance za ponovljene meritve. Podatke smo analizirali pri stopnji tveganja 5 % in tabelarično predstavili. Rezultati: Rezultati statistične obdelave podatkov so pokazali, da so rokometašice eksperimentalne skupine v primerjavi z začetnimi in končnimi meritvami statistično napredovale v 4 gibalnih testih (pri 5-% tveganju – p < 0,05), in sicer v globokem čepu, maksimalnem številu sklec, metu težke žoge iznad glave in vzvratnem metu težke žoge. Kontrolna skupina v primerjavi z začetnimi in končnimi meritvami ni statistično napredovala pri nobenem testu. V primerjavi končnega stanja eksperimentalne skupine s kontrolno je eksperimentalna skupina statistično napredovala v 2 testih. Testa, pri katerih se je pokazal napredek sta: globoki čep in vzvratni met težke žoge preko glave. Zaključek: Rezultati kažejo na to, da učenje tehnik dvigovanja uteži lahko uporabimo na treningih mlajših starostnih kategorij kot sredstvo za razvoj gibalnih sposobnosti. Zaradi raznovrstnosti vaje lahko umestimo v katerikoli del treninga ter, s pravilnim načrtovanjem obremenitev, v katerokoli obdobje v sezoni. Vključevanje tehnike v rokometni trening bi lahko pomenil pozitivni učinek na rokometno igro, saj je zanjo potrebna vsestranska gibalna razvitost. Purpose/Aim: The aim of this master’s thesis is to determine whether the teaching of weight lifting techniques affects the development of motor skills of handball players in junior age categories. Methods: The experiment included 20 women handball players in the cadet and youth categories from the handball club Olimpija. They were randomly divided into a control group (age 18.4 ± 1.6 years height 169.4 ± 2.7 cm and body weight 67.5 ± 7.2 kg) and the experimental group (age 17.1 ± 1, 2 years, height 165.9 ± 6.3 cm and body weight 58.4 ± 4.9 kg). In addition to the standard handball practice, the experimental group carried out a six-week program of introducing weight lifting techniques, three times a week for 30 minutes. The control group carried out only the standard handball training. Prior to the start of the experimental period, eight motion tests and two anthropometric measurements were performed for both groups. The tests were repeated after the end of the experimental period. The data was analysed statistically in IBM SPSS 21 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA) and graphically edited in Microsoft Excel 2009 (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, USA). Mean values and standard deviations have been calculated for all anthropometric measurements and all motor skills tests. All motor skills tests were appropriated with the interaction time of measurements (initial with the endpoints) and the groups (experimental with the control group) with a dual factor analysis of the variance for repeated measurements. The data was analysed at a risk level of 5% and tabulated. Results: The results of the statistical data processing showed that the experimental group of women handball players statistically advanced in four motor skills tests compared to the initial and final measurements (at 5% risk - p