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INTRODUCTION: Unlike in running, in race walking there are no standard graded treadmill tests to assess aerobic capacity. The suitability of test protocols with linearly progressive load which are used for running is questionable for race walking, since in the high intensity zone there is an exponential growth of energy consumption, which significantly shortens duration of the test. The aim of the study was to compare two different test protocols and establish the influence of race walking treadmill test protocol on VO2peak. METHODS: Thirty four amateur race walkers (19 men and 15 women) preformed two different graded race walking tests to exhaustion (at 1% treadmill grade), in random order: 1. with speed increments of 0.5 km/h every 30 sec (standard protocol otherwise used for running, T05) and 2. with speed increments of 0.3 km/h every 30 sec (finely graded load increments, T03). Quark b2 (Cosmed) metabolic cart was used for breath-by-breath data collection and analysis. Data were averaged for each step, at 30 sec periods, and the maximal VO2 value for a single step was considered as VO2peak. Students t- test was used to determine differences in functional parameters between the tests at VO2peak and the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to determine the relationship between parameters of the two tests. RESULTS: In the finely graded test a significantly higher VO2peak was found compared to T05 (47.1±6.2 : 45.9±6.0 ml/kg/min, p = 0.037), as well as higher maximum heart frequency (183.5±13 : 186.5±13/min, p = 0.004) and maximum minute ventilation (117.1±32.1 : 111.2±29.5 L/min, p = 0.013). On the contrary, a significantly higher maximal (technically correct) race walking speed was achieved in T05 (10.94±0.88 : 11.21±0.98, p = 0.005). Significant, high relationships were found between parameters of the tests (r = 0.76-0.95, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In comparison to running (as a load modality), a more finely graded test protocol is recommended for race walking to determine parameters of aerobic capacity

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a novel incremental kettlebell test (IKT) by comparing the cardiorespiratory and metabolic response to those of a standard incremental running treadmill test (ITT). Eleven subjects (9 men and 2 women) volunteered to perform both tests. The kettlebell test was performed with the swing technique increasing the load every 30 seconds to exhaustion, without rest between stages. It starts with a 4 kg kettlebell load and with each successive stage the kettlebell weight is increased for 2 kg. A week later the subjects performed an ITT test, with speed increments of 0.5 km/h every 30 seconds (at a constant 1% incline) up to volitional exhaustion. Blood lactate concentration (BL), heart rate (HR) and gas exchange variables were monitored in both tests. There was a strong correlation between tests for peak oxygen uptake (r=0.92), and low to moderate for the other variables. However, the mean peak values differed significantly for VO2, HR, BL and ventilation, with lower values recorded in IKT than in ITT. The values of the remaining parameters were also lower in IKT, but the differences were not significant (p >0.05). The mean values of all IKT variables were in the range of 82% - 103% of ITT values (88% on average). In most subjects, muscle fatigue rather than cardio-respiratory factors caused exhaustion in the IKT test. In conclusion, the kettlebell test may be considered for athletes who train with external loads, as well as in subjects that are poor runners. However, several methodological issues need to be addressed in future research to obtain a valid and reliable kettlebell swinging test protocol.

We are exceptionally happy that we can greet you once more on this occasion. The Faculty of Kinesiology, as a proud member of the University of Zagreb and a higher education institution that is 57 years old, is organizing The International Scientific Conference on Kinesiology for the 8th time. Identically as three years ago, this is a good opportunity to remember some important anniversaries. First of all, this year we celebrate 160 years since Nicolas Dally published his work in 1857 under the title “Kinesiology – Science of Movement in Relation to Education, Hygiene and Therapy”. This was the first book that introduced Kinesiology as a science of movement. The second important anniversary is 20 years since the establishment of our Conference. In 1997 the first International Scientific Conference on Kinesiology was held in Dubrovnik. Until today a great number of leading experts in the field of contemporary kinesiology were keynote lectures and presenters of the most important scientific breakthroughs in the field. Once again, the Conference will be a great opportunity for broadening of scientific insights into this miraculous, beautiful phenomenon of physical activity and its effects – its perfection when performed by sport artists, as seen at the XXXI Olympic Games, its joyfulness when happy children enjoy being competent to be in motion, or when we see eager people who enjoy life and nature because they have enough energy and they are healthy thanks to an active lifestyle. We are especially proud of the 17th place on the medal list thanks to the ten Olympic medals won by Croatian athletes. All fundamental and applied fields of our science will be discussed within 10 tentative sessions and 3 Satellite symposiums. The ultimate purpose of papers or abstracts published in this Proceedings book is to know and understand human beings and to apply the findings in everyday practice of education, sports, health promotion, recreation, sports management and kinesitherapy. The Proceedings Book contains 249 contributions, which were submitted by the submission deadline, written by 557 authors from 30 countries from all over the world. We expect a number of graduate, doctoral and postdoctoral students from Croatia and abroad for whom the Conference School of Kinesiology for Postgraduate and Doctoral Students will be organised during the Conference. From the very beginning the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts has given its highly respected patronage to the Conference, thus underpinning the recognition of kinesiology in the structure of sciences. Special thanks go to our partner institutions: Beijing Sports University, China and the Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic, to our collaboration institutions: the Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences, Lithuania, the Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany and the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia. We wish to express much gratitude to all the authors, reviewers, participants, members of the Organisation and Program Committee, Section Editors, technical support staff, and sponsors for their contributions, time and effort inbuilt in the quality of the 8th International Conference on Kinesiology and its Proceedings. We wish success in the conference work to all the participants and a pleasant time in Opatija. Convinced that the Conference will give the expected impetus to further cooperation between scholars and institutions, we are looking forward in advance to meeting you again at the 9th International Conference on Kinesiology in 2020. Organising Committee

Persons with higher aerobic capacity were shown to have a greater increase in body core temperature than persons with low aerobic capacity during sustained submaximal exercise at similar relative intensities (Mora-Rodriguez et al, 2010). The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between some indicators of aerobic capacity (maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximum speed (Vmax), speed at the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VT2), as well as heart rate at VT2 (HRVT2)) and the rate of temperature rise (Tr, delta temp/delta t) in different intensity zones during a graded treadmill exercise test. The participants were 32 physically active males (age (mean±SD) 26.5±6.6 years ; height 179.2±5.0 cm ; body mass 76.8±8.1 kg). Graded treadmill exercise test with speed increments of 0.5 km/h each 30 sec was performed, in controlled thermoneutral conditions, until volitional exhaustion. Ventilatory parameters, heart rate and rectal temperature (measured at 8 cm from anal sphincter) were registered throughout the test. The first and the second ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2), delimiting three intensity zones (low, moderate, and high intensity), were determined by the V-slope method. Tr was calculated for each intensity zone (Tr1 below VT1, Tr2 between VT1 and VT2, Tr3 above VT2). Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationship between zone specific Trs and indicators of aerobic capacity (VO2max, Vmax, VT2, HRVT2). Tr1 was significantly related to HRVT2 (r=0.48, p

24 sprintera proveli su 3 testa s različitim protokolima progresivnog opterećenja na pokretnom sagu. Utvrđeno je da je kinetiku primitka kisika moguće indirektno procjenjivati primijenjenim testovima za cijeli uzorak. Pojedinačna procjena ovom metodom nije pouzdana, zbog velike greške mjerenja i individualne varijabilnosti uslijed ponovljenih mjerenja.

Introduction The kinetics of oxygen uptake are determined by computation of the time constant, or ’τ’ (’tau’), from breath-by-breath VO2 data during square-wave work. In an incremental (ramp) test, presuming a linear increase of VO2 with increasing intensity (for the intensity range below the anerobic threshold), tau can be estimated from the time delay (τ=Δt) needed to reach the VO2 that corresponds to the steady-state VO2 (VO2ss) at the same intensity (Whipp et al., 1981). We hypothesized that in treadmill tests with graded increases of intensity (step tests, no steady-state stages with short duration) the same estimation of tau can be performed from: 1) a single step test, if VO2ss is known, or 2) two step tests with different speed increments. Methods 23 endurance runners completed 3 incremental treadmill tests to exhaustion with increase in running speed of: 1 km/h each min (T1), 1 km/h each ½ min (T05), and 2 km/h each 4 min (SS). Breathby- breath VO2 data were averaged to 30 s, and centered to the corresponding running speeds for T1 and T05. The VO2ss values at 8, 10 and 12 km/h were defined as the average VO2 values in the 4th minute of respective stages in the SS test, and were corrected to account for the VO2 difference between ramp and step protocols. The time constants (Δt) were determined from linear regression parameters derived from the VO2/running speed relationship in SS, T1 and T05. The analysis was performed within the aerobic speed range (8-12 km/h). The significance of differences between Δt were determined from 1) SS–T1, 2) SS–T05, and 3) T1–T05 test data (p0.05), and were consistent within the analyzed speed range. The increase of intensity in T05 (1kmh/30s) is exactly twice the increase in T1 (1kmh/60s). Therefore, for a certain VO2, the Δt between T1 and T05 tests should be equal to Δt between T1 and SS, enabling estimation of τ and VO2ss. Indeed, the average error of VO2ss and Δt estimated from the time delay between T1 and T05 was practically irrelevant (0.1-0.15 ml/min/kg, or 2-3 s). The Δt values of endurance runners in this study proved to be very variable (many of them outside of the physiological range for τ), reflecting accumulated effects of high biological variability and technical errors for repeated measurements. Also, Δt values were significantly higher compared to tau values measured directly from square-wave tests in previous studies. This difference may be explained by the delay time needed for transportation of blood from working muscles to the lungs (~ 10-20 s). An alternative explanation is that incremental exercise, unlike constant (square-wave) exercise, has more complex and slower VO2 kinetics.

Introduction Severe increase in body core temperature (BCT) can limit duration and/or intensity of a physical activity. It is well documented that individuals with higher aerobic capacity already show thermoregulatory features that are otherwise characteristic for heat acclimatization (Gleeson, 1998 ; Nielsen, 1998). The aims of this study were twofold: a) to analyze peak BCT (BCTpeak) during a graded treadmill exercise test ; b) to determine the relationship between BCTpeak and some indicators of aerobic capacity (maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximum speed (vmax), ventilatory anaerobic threshold (vAT), heart rate at vAT (HRAT)). Methods Thirty-two physically active males (age (mean±SD) 26.5±6.6 years ; height 179.2±5.0 cm ; body mass 76.8±8.1 kg) participated in the study. Graded treadmill exercise test with speed increments of 0.5 km/h each 30 seconds was performed until volitional exhaustion. The test was performed in controlled thermoneutral conditions. Ventilatory parameters, heart rate, and rectal temperature (at 8 cm from anal sphincter) were registered throughout the test. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationship between BCTpeak and indicators of aerobic capacity (VO2max, vmax, vAT, HRAT). Results BCTpeak measured during the test was (mean±SD ; range) 37.96±0.37°C ; 37.11–38.84°C, while the values for VO2max, vmax, vAT, HRAT were, respectively, (mean±SD) 60.4±6.6 mlO2/kg/min, 17.8±2.2 km/h, 13.1±2.1 km/h, 170.1±9.8 bpm. Moderate correlations were found between BCTpeak and vmax (r=0.36, p=0.043) and between BCTpeak and HRAT (r=0.48, p=0.006). No significant correlation was found between BCTpeak and VO2max (r=0.13, p=0.490) and between BCTpeak and vAT (r=0.29, p=0.106). Discussion No participant reached BCTpeak levels that would indicate hyperthermia, so increase in BCT was not a limiting factor in test performance. The positive correlations between BCTpeak and parameters of aerobic capacity could be the combined result of: a) participants with higher aerobic capacity being able to accommodate more heat (Mora- Rodriguez et al., 2010), b) longer test duration in these participants. The relationship between the rate of temperature increase and indicators of aerobic capacity should be investigated. References Gleeson M (1998). Int J Sports Med, 19:S96-9. Nielsen B (1998). Int J Sports Med ; 19:S154-6. Mora-Rodriguez R, Del Coso J, Hamouti N, Estevez E, Ortega JF (2010). Eur J Appl Physiol ; 109:973-81.

Cilj istraživanja bio je usporediti parametre aerobnog kapaciteta, izmjerene pomoću dva testa progresivnog opterećenja na pokretnom sagu različitog trajanja u trkačica. Deset trkačica različitih disciplina podvrgnute su dvama progresivnim testovima opterećenja do iscrpljenja na pokretnom sagu (ST: porast brzine saga 1 kmh /min ; KT: porast brzine saga 1 kmh /30 s). spiroergometrijski podaci usrednjeni su na vremenski period od 30 s, te je drugi ventilacijski (anaerobni) prag (P) određen metodom. Postignuta maksimalna brzina trčanja (v : 17, 1±1, 4 km/h ; v : 19, 4±1, 2 km/h) kao i brzina trčanja pri P(v: 12, 3±1, 5 km/h ; v: 13, 8±1, 5 km/h) značajno su se razlikovale između protokola (p0, 05). Maksimalni primitak kisika nije se razlikovao između testova (VO2: 52, 6±4, 9 ml/kg, VO2: 53, 9±6, 2 ml/kg ; p>0.05), dok pri P, iako mala, razlika u primitku kisika bila je statistički značajna (VO2: 45, 6±5, 2 ml/kg, VO : 47, 7±5, 2 ml/kg ; p=0.03). Korelacijskom analizom utvrđena je visoka povezanost između svih parametara dvaju primijenjenih protokola (r=0.77-0.96, p0.05). RQ nije se razlikovao između testova pri P (RQ: 0.98±0, 04, RQ: 0, 96±0, 08 ; p>0.05), niti pri maksimalnom opterećenju (RQ: 1.20±0, 09, RQ: 1, 25±0, 11 ; p>0.05). Nešto niže vrijednosti RQ u odnosu na vrijednosti opisane u trkača muškog spola mogu se objasniti većim udjelom lipolize u žena uslijed razlika u hormonalnom statusu. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju da je pri usporedbi rezultata progresivnih testova opterećenja potrebno voditi računa o značajkama primijenjenog protokola, odnosno duljini trajanja testa.

The purpose of the study was to compare two methods for determination anaerobic threshold from two different treadmill protocols. Forty-eight Croatian runners of national rank participated in the study (10 sprinters, 15 400m runners, 10 middle distance runners and 13 long distance runners) with a mean age of 21.7 ± 5.1 years performed two graded maximal exercise test on a treadmill, Standard ramp treadmill test protocol (TSR - speed increments of 1 km/h every 30 seconds) and Fast ramp treadmill test protocol (TFR - speed increments of 1 km/h every 60 seconds) to determine and compare parameters at peak values and at HRDP and VT. There were no significant differences between peak values at mean VO2 (4.48 vs 4.44 L/min), weight related VO2 (RVO2 - 62.52 vs 62.04 mL/kg/min), pulmonary ventilation (VE – 163.09 vs 161.29 L/min) and heart rate (192.35 vs 194.44 beats/min), that were measured in both protocol (TFR and TSR). Significant differences were found between running speed at anaerobic thresholds (vAnT) achieved in two different protocols, independent which methods for determination AnT were used (vAnT - 16.01 vs 14.94 km/h in VT methods and vAnT -16.46 vs 14.95 km/h in HRDP methods, respectively). Linear regression analysis revealed a correlation of 0.86 (p < 0.01) in TFR and 0.77 in TSR (p < 0.01) protocols between RVO2 measured at VT and RVO2 measured at HRDP, so the present study indicates that the point of deflection from linearity of heart rate (HRDP) may be an accurate predictor of VT for VO2 and HR in runners with predominantly aerobic or anaerobic energy contribution independently of used protocol. In the same time, we conclude that RQmax, achieved running speed and running speed at anaerobic thresholds are protocol dependent values

The respiratory exchange ratio registered at maximal exercise in graded exercise tests (RERmax) is used as a criterion for test interpretation, and confirmation that maximal oxygen uptake has been obtained. Several arbitrary ’cut-off’ values (i.e. 1.00, 1.10, 1.15) are used for acceptance or rejection of exercise tests. The steeper is the ramp slope (the work-rate increase per unit of time), the shorter is the duration of the incremental test, yielding greater rates of CO2 output and higher RERmax values. However, the relationship between RERmax and test duration has not been clearly defined. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between RERmax and duration of all-out incremental treadmill tests, in runners competing in different running events. The sample consisted of 48 male runners: 25 sprinters, and 23 middle/long distance runners. All subjects performed three incremental treadmill tests to the limit of tolerance in random order, with increases in running speed: a) 1 km/h each ½ minute (T0.5), b) 1 km/h each minute (T1), and c) 2 km/h every four minutes (T2). In all trials, the starting running speed was 8 km/h, with a constant inclination of 1.5%. Gas exchange data were recorded breath-by-breath and analyzed (Quark b2, Cosmed). Regression analysis of pooled data was used to model the relationship between RERmax and the duration of the tests. Two-way ANOVA was used to determine differences in the measured variables between the tests and the groups. The average test durations were 7.6±1.0 min (T0.5), 13.0±2.1 min (T1) and 22.8±4.1 min. The mean VO2max values did not differ between protocols (p>0.10). With increasing duration of the test, a progressive decrease of maximal respiratory exchange ratio was found. The RERmax mean values were as follows: 1.23±0.10 (T0.5), 1.18±0.08 (T1) and 1.12±0.07 (T2), and the differences between tests were statistically highly significant (p

The Faculty of Kinesiology University of Zagreb is organising the International Conference on Kinesiology for the sixth time. Everything began more than 15 years ago when the initiators – Prof. Milanović, still bursting with new ideas, and the late Prof. Mraković, started to advocate the idea of an international conference as a forum for kinesiologists or sport scientists, as a place where their research findings could be presented and discussed, as a meeting point of globally recognized scientists, or authorities in their field of research and research novices. In those days, in 1997, before the First Conference in Dubrovnik, it all seemed so surreal. However, this conference is alive; it grows and becomes ever more sophisticated. Therefore, it is feasible to expect that the forthcoming discussions, talks, dialogues, or whatever kind of idea exchange will result, as they have until now, with new research ideas, insights, research teams and projects the eventual outcome of which is further advances in kinesiology and the cognate and adjacent scientific areas. The motto of this year’s conference is the “Integrative Power of Kinesiology“. It indicates the close relationships among various scientific fields when they contribute to the promotion of physical exercise and various kinds of physical activities in the areas of kinesiological education, high performance sports, kinesiological recreation, health-enhanced kinesiology, kinesitherapy and rehabilitation, sport for physically and mentally challenged persons, school sports, military kinesiology, and many others. Simultaneously with the organisation of the 6th Conference, the Faculty of Kinesiology is celebrating the 40th anniversary of the publication of the scientific journal KINESIOLOGY. Nowadays it is a recognized international scientific journal with an IF of 0.525 for the year 2010. The Conference and the journal KINESIOLOGY have contributed considerably to the affirmation of the name “kinesiology” in the neighbouring European areas. Although both are focused on science, the Conference and the accompanying regular KINESIOLOGY International Editorial Board meetings have also been opportunities for scholars and institution delegates from all over the world to establish close personal contacts, thus opening doors for joint research projects. The basic scientific concept of the Conference, with the working sections that cover the fundamental and applicative disciplines of kinesiology, has been kept from the beginning. This year’s conference will have 12 oral and poster sections in the framework of which the delegates will present 220 full text contributions and abstracts written by 300 authors from 32 countries. Each presented and published paper or abstract has been subjected to a review process performed by at least two prominent referees. For the first time the Conference is hosting a satellite symposium HEPA (Health Enhanced Physical Activity). The purpose of the symposium is to inform delegates from the neighbouring countries, which have not yet become HEPA association member countries, with the basic principles and directives of the movement and to encourage them to become promoters of the idea of health-oriented physical activity in their communities. The World Health Organization has stimulated the design of the Croatian National Action Plan for the implementation and improvement of HEPA in the Republic of Croatia. A presentation of the Action Plan and the planned round table should also be stimulating to colleagues to undertake similar steps in their communities. From the very beginning the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Fine Arts has given its highly respected patronage to the Conference, thus underpinning the recognition of kinesiology in the structure of sciences. The organisation of such conferences would not be viable without the powerful support from the Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport and the University of Zagreb. The patronage and support are indicators of a notable position the Conference and its organiser, the Faculty of Kinesiology University of Zagreb (established in 1959), have in the Croatian academic and research community. We wish to express much gratitude to all the authors of the papers, reviewers, conference participants, members of the Organisation Committee, Section Leaders, Section Secretaries, technical support staff, and sponsors for their contributions, time and effort inbuilt in the quality of the 6th Conference on Kinesiology and its Proceedings. Our special gratitude goes to the Croatian Office of the World Health Organization. We wish success in the conference work to all the participants and enjoyable time in Opatija. We are convinced the Conference will give the expected impetus to further cooperation between scholars and institutions. Looking forward in advance to meeting you again at the 7th International Conference on Kinesiology in 2014.

INTRODUCTION Recently, it has been shown that the preferred transition speed between walking and running (PTS) in men does not differ from the aerobic (‘lactate’, or ‘first ventilatory’) thresholds for both, walking (ATw) and running (ATr) gaits. The PTS in men was also found to be related to the aerobic threshold for running, but not for walking. No study has, to our best knowledge, examined those relationships in female subjects. Men and women show no significant gender differences in the PTS, although women, on average, have a lower aerobic capacity (and possibly a lower aerobic threshold) then men. Therefore, the aim of the study was to explore the relationship between ATw, ATr and the PTS in young, healthy women. METHODS Eleven female PE students (19.5+/-0.5y, 169.4+/-5.7cm), performed two incremental treadmill tests to volitional exhaustion, walking in one and running in the other. Gas exchange data (Quark b2, COSMED) were analyzed (V-slope method) in order to determine the first ventilatory (aerobic) threshold for each gait modality. A third treadmill test was also performed in all subjects, in order to determine their individual PTS. RESULTS The ATr had a similar average value (7.34+/-0.5 km/h) as PTS (7.21+/-0.3 km/h, p>.05), while ATw was significantly lower (6.64+/-0.5 km/h, p.05). In comparison to their results, several findings in our study suggest significant gender differences in the PTS/AT relationship: 1) the ATw in our sample of female subjects was found to be significantly lower than both the ATr and PTS, suggesting that the speed at the aerobic threshold in women depends on the modality of gait, and 2) the ATw was significantly correlated to both, PTS and ATr suggesting that the ATw could also be an important predictor of the PTS in young, untrained women. In summary, our results indicate that the gait transition speed corresponds to, and is highly related with the aerobic threshold for running and, to a lesser degree, with the aerobic threshold for walking in young women. Gender differences should be taken into consideration for proper interpretation of the coupling between the metabolic changes during locomotion, and leg muscle activation changes that supposedly determine, and are perceived at the PTS. REFERENCES 1. Šentija D, MarkoviC G (2009). The relationship between gait transition speed and the aerobic thresholds for walking and running. Int J Sports Med 30:795-801

Brzinska barijera označava pojavu održanja istog dinamičko-motoričkog stereotipa gibanja, unatoč povećanju trenažnog opterećenja. Opisan je fenomen i trenažne preporuke za prevenciju i prevladavanje

Opisana je aktivnost mišića zdjelice i donjih ekstremiteta pri trčanju različitim intenzitetom, te preporuke vezane uz programiranje trenažnih opterećenja

The preferred transition speed (PTS) is the velocity at which humans change gait from walking to running, or vice versa. It is a complex phenomenon, brought about by a number of different factors. Besides the commonly explored anthropometric, metabolic and biomechanical factors, the perception of exertion can influence the onset of gait transition. As the perception of exertion arguably represents the externalization of different physiological factors, the aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the oxygen consumption and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during continuous tests of walking and running at the PTS. The sample consisted of 22 male PE students (21.4±2.4 yrs ; 182.2±6.9 cm ; 78.1±8.2 kg). After the determination of their PTS (7.15±0.44 km/h), the participants completed two square-wave 30-minute walking (W30) and running (R30) treadmill tests at the intensity of their PTS. During the tests, VO2 was measured breath-by-breath (Quark b2, COSMED), and the Borg scale was used to rate the perceived exertion. Ratings were made at the end of the following minutes of the tests: 1-6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, and 30. ANOVA was used to determine whether there were significant differences in RPE and VO2 values between W30 and R30. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between mean VO2 and RPE. Results RPE values increased progressively throughout both tests. Starting with the 2nd min, RPE was significantly higher for walking compared to running (p

Članak je uglavnom usmjeren na promjene koje su posljedica relativno kratkotrajnih djelovanja trenažnih i netrenažnih stresova, a mogu predstavljati zdravstveni rizik, prvenstveno kod treninga kardiorespiracijske izdržljivosti. Treningom uzrokovana fiziološka odstupanja ukratko su prikazana prema najizloženijim organskim sustavima. Obuhvaćeni su: mišićno-koštani i srčano-žilni sustav, promjene u krvi, te promjene u neuroendokrinom i imunološkom sustavu.

The studies exploring the influence of resistance training on endurance in men have produced inconsistent results. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of an Olympic weight lifting training programme on parameters of aerobic and anaerobic endurance in moderately physically active men. Eleven physical education students (age: 24.1 +/- 1.8 yr, height: 1.77 +/- 0.04 m, body mass: 76.1 +/- 6.4 kg; X +/- SD) underwent a 12-week, 3 times/wk training programme of Olympic weight lifting. Specific exercises to master the lifting technique, and basic exercises for maximal strength and power development were applied, with load intensity and volume defined in relation to individual maximal load (repetitio maximalis, RM). Parameters of both, aerobic and anaerobic endurance were estimated from gas exchange data measured during a single incremental treadmill test to exhaustion, which was performed before, and after completion of the 12-wk programme. After training, there was a small, but significant increase in body mass (75.8 +/- 6.4 vs. 76.6 +/- 6.4, p0.05) and peak VO2 (54.9 +/- 5.4 vs. 56.4 +/- 5.3 mL O2/min/kg, p0.05), with no significant change of the running speed at the anaerobic threshold (V(AT)) and at exhaustion (V(max)) (both p0.05). However, there was a significant increase of anaerobic endurance, estimated from the distance run above V(AT), from V(AT) to V(max), (285 +/- 98 m vs 212 +/- 104 m, p0.01). The results of this study indicate that changes in both, anaerobic and aerobic endurance due to a 12-wk period of strength training in untrained persons can be determined from a single incremental treadmill test to exhaustion. The possible causes of those training effects include several possible mechanisms, linked primarily to peripheral adaptation.

Razina funkcionalnih sposobnosti aerobnog i anaerobnog tipa, jedan je od najvažnijih pokazatelja treniranosti nogometaša. Analizom dobivenih podataka vidljivo je kako se nogometaši svih igračkih pozicija i usmjerenja međusobno ne razlikuju ni u jednoj varijabli za procjenu energetskih kapaciteta što je i u skladu s energetskim zahtjevima suvremenog nogometa, posebno vodećih europskih ekipa kod kojih prema nekim istraživanjima svaki igrač pretrči u prosjeku od 9-12 km po utakmici. Od svih igrača zahtijeva se visoka razina svih oblika kondicijske pripremljenosti, kako bi mogli pratiti spomenute zahtjeve. Iz rezultata vidljivo je kako su nogometaši po energetskim parametrima sličniji trkačima anaerobnog usmjerenja (400m, sprint), što je i u skladu s razvojem nogometne igre koja uvjetuje sve veći udio dionica sa srednjim i visokim intezitetom trčanja. Intezitet igre postaje sve veći i zahtjevniji a faze oporavka postaju sve kraće. Od svih igrača zahtijeva se visoka razina svih oblika kondicijske pripremljenosti, a posebno visoka razina specifične anaerobne izdržljivosti.

Introduction Which type of endurance is crucial in modern football - aerobic or anaerobic? Over the last 20 years football has evolved, especially in terms of athletic preparation of the players, to answer demands of higher intensity of the game and longer field distances covered by players. All those changes require specific training methods and corresponding physiological adaptations of the players. Trained runners, competing in different running events, may serve as role models through the whole range of endurance capacities, from purely anaerobic to ultra-distance aerobic endurance. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to compare football players with runners, in parameters of an all-out incremental treadmill test with gas exchange measurements: peak oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal heart rate (HRmax), maximal running speed achieved in the test (vmax), and speed (vAT) and heart rate (HRAT) at the anaerobic threshold. Methods Forty-eight national level male runners, competing in running events with predominantly aerobic (AE: 23 middle and long distance runners, 179.6± ; 6.2 cm, 69.1± ; 6.5 kg) or anaerobic (AN: 25 sprinters and 400m runners, 182.5± ; 4.8 cm, 74.5± ; 5.8 kg) metabolic demands, and 45 national/international level football players: 15 defenders (D, 184.4± ; 5.7 cm, 77.2± ; 17.7 kg) ; 15 midfielders (M, 179.7± ; 7.0 cm, 76.1± ; 6.8 kg) and 15 forwards (F, 180.9± ; 6.0 cm, 77.7± ; 8.3 kg) participated in the study. All subjects performed an incremental treadmill test to exhaustion (speed increase 0.5 km/h every 30 s, 1.5% grade). ANOVA was used to determine differences in observed variables between the groups. Results As expected, VO2max was significantly higher in AE runners (66.4± ; 4.4 ml/kg/min) than AN runners (58.0± ; 4.1 ml/kg/min, p0.05), and hence also significantly lower than in AE runners. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that, when comparing physiological parameters from an all-out incremental treadmill test between football players and trained runners, the values of football players approximate most closely those of the 400 m runners. This singles out the possible importance of the anaerobic capacity and a high level of sprint endurance in football players.

Peak blood lactate concentration (Lpeak) after exhausting exercise is often considered as a measure of the anaerobic glycolitic capacity. The aim of this study was to compare peak and recovery blood lactate parameters, measured in runners of diverse running disciplines, after performing two all-out treadmill ramp tests of different duration. The sample consisted of 48 male runners: 10 sprinters (S, 20.5± ; 3.0 yrs, 184.9± ; 4.8 cm, 76.6± ; 4.4 kg), 15 400m runners (400R, 20.0± ; 3.5 yrs, 180.9± ; 4.2 cm, 73.0± ; 6.3 kg), 10 middle distance runners (MD, 18.7± ; 2.3 yrs, 180.4± ; 5.7 cm, 68.6± ; 6.2 kg), and 13 long distance runners (LD, 27.0± ; 5.8 yrs, 179.1± ; 6.7 cm, 69.5± ; 7.0 kg). All subjects performed two incremental treadmill tests to exhaustion, with the starting running speed of 7 km/h, at a constant inclination of 1.5%.The increase in speed of locomotion was: a) 1 km/h each ½ ; minute (F05-test), b) 1 km/h each minute (F1-test). Finger-tip capillary blood lactate concentration was measured at the end of the 1st, 3rd, and 5th minute of recovery (L1, L3, L5). The highest of the three readings was considered as Lpeak. Two-way ANOVA was used to determine differences in the measured variables between the two tests in each subject group. The average test duration was 7.6± ; 1.0 min (F05) and 13.0± ; 2.1 min (F1). The following peak blood lactate concentrations (mmol/L) were measured after the F05-test: 15.1± ; 1.4 (S) ; 14.3+/-1.4 (400R) ; 13.5± ; 3.3 (MD) ; and 10.4± ; 2.0 (LD). After the F1-test Lpeak values were: 15.1± ; 2.7 (S) ; 14.0± ; 1.4 (400R) ; 13.7± ; 2.9 (MD) ; and 10.9± ; 2.4 (LD). No significant differences between the Lpeak measured after the two tests within each subject group were found. The measured time to reach peak lactate concentration (tLpeak(min)) was as follows: F05-test (2.4± ; 1.4 (S) 3.1± ; 1.4 (400R) ; 2.0± ; 1.1 (MD) ; and 2.4± ; 1.3 (LD)) ; F1-test (1.2± ; 0.6 (S) ; 1.9± ; 1.5 (400R) ; 1.8± ; 1.4 (MD) ; and 1.5± ; 0.9 (LD)). A significant difference in tLpeak measured after the two tests was found only in the 400R group. The tLpeak was significantly longer after the F05 test (p=0.039). Similar peak blood lactate values were achieved in the recovery period of both test protocols used in this study, regardless of the running discipline. On the other hand, the time to reach peak blood lactate concentration was longer after the short (F05) test in all the subject groups, reaching the statistically significant level only in 400R runners. For practical implications, the duration of an all-out incremental treadmill test does not significantly influence the Lpeak value, if volitional exhaustion is reached within 5 to 15 minutes, approximately. Nonetheless, the timing of recovery blood sampling should be chosen with caution, and taking two or more samples may assure the acquirement of true peak lactate values. References. Bentley D.J. et al (2007). Sports Med, 37(7):575-86. Vucetic V. (2007). Unpublished doctoral thesis.University of Zagreb. Smith P.M. et al (2006).

The post exercise elevation in resting metabolism has been labeled as the excess post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). Different approaches, and a number of exercise manipulations have been employed in order to determine the EPOC response. Variations in exercise duration and intensity received the most attention, and effects of exercise mode, body core temperature, and nutritional status have also been examined. Aerobic and anaerobic fitness status may also influence EPOC, since the physiological adaptations of trained individuals alter many aspects of exercise metabolism. The aim of this study was to examine the differences in EPOC during the first five minutes of recovery (EPOC5) between runners competing in running events with different aerobic and anaerobic metabolic demands. Forty-eight national level male runners, competing in running events with predominantly aerobic (AERO) or anaerobic (ANAERO) metabolic demands: 25 ANAERO (10 sprinters (S) (184.9 +/- 4.8 cm, 76.6 +/- 4.8 kg) and fifteen 400m runners (S4) (180.9 +/- 4.2 cm, 73.0 +/- 6.3 kg)), and 23 AERO (10 middle distance (MD) (180.4 +/- 5.7 cm, 68.6 +/- 6.2 kg) and 13 long distance (LD) (n=13 ; 179.1 +/- 6.7 cm, 69.5 +/- 7.0 kg)) runners participated in the study. All subjects performed an incremental treadmill test (1 km/h speed increase per minute, 1.5% grade) to volitional exhaustion, and walked at 5 km/h-1 during the first five minutes of recovery. The EPOC of the first two minutes, and from the third to fifth minute of recovery were termed as the fast and slow EPOC components (EPOCF, EPOCS), respectively. The analysis of variance was used to determine differences in observed variables between the groups. With increasing track length covered by the runner for a given running event, a progressive increase of aerobic capacity parameters (VO2max and anaerobic threshold, AnT) was also determined. The groups differed significantly regarding both VO2max and AnT (p

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the heart rate deflection point (HRDP) and the gas exchange anaerobic threshold (AnT) and to determine whether changes in heart rate to workload linearity can be used to accurately estimate anaerobic threshold in runners. Forty-eight male runners competing in different running disciplines performed a graded maximal exercise test on a motor-driven treadmill. The anaerobic threshold was assessed by a nonlinear increase in carbon dioxide output to oxygen consumption ratio (V-slope method). The HRDP was determined using the method of deflection of linearity by visual inspection. There was no statistically significant difference between the heart rate at the AnT (176.5± ; 9.9 bpm) and HRDP (177.5± ; 9.9 bpm, p>0.05), as well as between running speed (v) at the AnT (15.0± ; 2.2 km/h) and HRDP (15.0± ; 2.0 km/h). We conclude that the intensity at the HRDP, based on HR response during graded exercise in runners, can be recommended as a valid tool for non-invasive detection of the intensity at the AnT.

When increasing or decreasing the speed of locomotion, spontaneous transition occurs (walk-to-run, or run-to-walk) at approximately the same speed for both genders (2 m/s), and this intensity is commonly referred to as the preferred transition speed (PTS) (Hreljac, 1993). There are no data in the literature regarding the relative energy expenditure at the PTS, i.e. expressed in relation to the aerobic capacity, and eventual gender differences. The aim of this study was to relate the energy expenditure for walking and for running at the PTS to the aerobic capacity, and to determine gender differences. Twenty-two male (21.4 +/-2.4y, 182 +/- 7cm), and eleven female (19.4 +/- 0.5y, 169 +/- 6cm) physical education students performed two incremental treadmill tests with 4-min stages, walking in one and running in the other, in order to determine steady-state VO2 at speeds below and above PTS (5-9 km/h). A treadmill test to volitional exhaustion was performed for VO2max determination, and a fourth treadmill test was also performed at all subjects, in order to determine their individual PTS. The preferred gait transition speed did not differ between male (7.13 +/- 0.4 km/h) and female (7.21 +/- 0.3 km/h) subjects, as did not the corresponding energy expenditures for walking (24.3 +/- 3.6 and 26.6 +/- 3.7 ml O2/min/kg, p>0.05), and for running (29.5 +/- 2.6 and 31.3 +/- 2.9 ml O2/min/kg, p>0.05). Men had a significantly higher VO2max than women (50.8 +/- 4.7 vs. 44.9 +/- 4.0 ml O2/min/kg, p

Approaching the time of the 50th anniversary of the successful work in the mission of high education and research of the Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, we are exceptionally happy and satisfi ed that all the organisational and programme tasks and goals of the 5th International Scientifi c Conference on Kinesiology have been accomplished. Although our University is a large and among the oldest in the area, our Faculty is a relatively young, small institution of academic education from a small country in transition, which is facing and struggling with typical problems of the era and specifi c social processes. However, all previous efforts of our predecessors, even as far back as the 19th century, but especially of dear doyennes an doyens of kinesiology, as well as the establishing and organisation of the Conference, no matter how inexperienced it might have seemed in the beginning, back in the year 1997 in Dubrovnik, enables us nowadays to be peer members of the circle of internationally recognized and well-known institutions and organizations of sport/exercise science, or kinesiology. With no false modesty, it is a considerable achievement of our scholars, researchers, associates, other employees and last, but by no means the least important, our partners - students. A great contribution of our foreign colleagues should be recognized and accentuated here – nothing of the previously mentioned would have been possible without their good will, open minds and enormous interest in our work and advances. We cannot exclude a contribution of our famous athletes and their sport achievements. This is the right place to express our deepest appreciation and gratitude to them all and our wishes for continuation and expansion of the cooperation in many fi elds. The science fi eld we are interested in is so diverse, broad, complex; it investigates the very essence of life – the movement and everything needed for its realisation – its purpose, its origins, conditions, its means - from the molecular level to the level of anatomy, synergy of hundreds processes within a being, even to social proportions and effects of moving or not moving. All the previous conferences were exceptional opportunities for broadening of scientifi c insights into this miraculous, beautiful phenomenon of physical activity and its effects – its perfection when performed by sport artists, as seen at the XXIX Olympic Games, its joyfulness when happy children enjoy being competent to be in motion, or when we see eager people who enjoy life and nature because they have enough energy and they are healthy thanks to an active lifestyle. Ever better positioning of our science worldwide is obvious – the last example is from Croatia – in any sense, from the legislative to fi nancial, in the Croatian structure of sciences, kinesiology has become equal to physics, economics, medicine, biology, law, sociology and many others. Such a position facilitates inter- and crossdisciplinarity and mobility of scientists and students within Croatia and abroad. The rationale of the 5th meeting on kinesiology is “Kinesiology research trends and applications“ ascends from the very heart of kinesiology, which embraces numerous theoretical, developmental and applicative research issues. Namely, the ultimate purposes of that research is to know and understand human beings and to apply the fi ndings in everyday practice of education, sports, health promotion, recreation, tourism, and kinesitherapy. The Conference will work in usual plenary and parallel sessions addressing fourteen comprehensive kinesiological topics: adapted physical activity and sport for the disabled; biology and medicine of sport and exercise; biomechanics and motor control; history of sport and the Olympic movement; management of sport; tourism and sport; members of the armed forces kinesiology; physical conditioning and fi tness; physical education; psychology of sport; research methodology; sociology of sport; philosophy of sport; Sport for all and health-related activities; and top-level sport. Certain areas will be addressed at the Conference for the fi rst time, like philosophy of sport, Olympic movement and kinesiology applied to armed forces. In these Proceedings all the positively reviewed contributions are published: communications and poster presentations. We are very happy and proud because of the response of the invited 42 lecturers, worldwide famous experts in their areas of scientifi c interests who will undoubtedly throw new light on only seemingly already investigated issues, on the one hand, an on the other, bring the latest advances in research and theory, thus inspiring, especially young, researchers to learn and go ever further. After all, who knows where the frontier is? Proceedings Book contains 239 contributions, which were submitted by the submission deadline, written by 421 authors from 40 countries from all the continents. Besides the presenters, we also expect participants without contributions, among them a lot of graduate, doctoral and postdoctoral students from Croatia and abroad for whom the Pre-Conference School of Kinesiology for Postgraduate and Doctoral Students has been also organised prior to the Conference. Many thanks go to the members of the Organising and Programme Committees who did not spare their effort to prepare and realize the Conference and the Proceedings. Deep gratitude also goes to the team of reviewers, fi fty fi ve of them who carefully evaluated the contributions. The Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts is for the fourth time the patron of the Conference that is quite in line with the respectable position kinesiology/sport science has earned in the very meticulous scientifi c community The Faculty wishes to express gratitude to the cooperative institutions: the Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, the Faculty of PE and Sport, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Faculty of PE and Sport, University of Comenius, Bratislava, Slovakia. Several government institutions supported the organisation of the Conference. We are grateful to: the Ministry of Science, Education and Sport of the Republic of Croatia, the Croatian Olympic Committee and the Croatian University Sport Association. After Dubrovnik and Opatija, dear participants, you have the opportunity to get acquainted with the Croatian capital – Zagreb, and our institution of higher education – with its facilities, its surroundings, other people working in it, our students, our laboratories, lecture rooms, library, etc. This opportunity to really know us will probably increase exchange rates among scholars and students. We wish you feel welcome and come back many times!

In this sudy we present the morphological characteristics of 54 Croatian national level track-and-field athletes. 21 anthropometric body measures were taken on a sample of 15 sprinters (S), 16 endurance sprinters (S4), 10 middle-distance runners (MD) and 13 long- distance runners (LD). Body fat percentage, body mass index and somatotype were also calculated. Canonical discriminative analysis showed significant difference between the athletes of various running events, in the measures of body volume and body fat, while no significant difference was found in the variables of longitudinal and transversal dimensions of the skeleton. ANOVA and Student t-test for independent samples showed statistically significantly higher thigh and lower leg circumference in sprinters, as well as greater upper arm skinfold in middle- distance runners. The mesomorphic component is a dominant characteristic of somatotype of the runners in all events, whereas the ectomorphic component is the least marked.

Walking and running, as two distinctive patterns of locomotion, may be considered the most natural forms of physical activity in humans. It is surprising, therefore, that no attempts have been made, to our knowledge, to compare the VO2 kinetics in walking and running.The aim of this study was to examine VO2 kinetics during walking and running at the preferred gait transition speed (PTS). Twenty-two physical education students (21.4± ; 2.4y, 182± ; 7cm), performed treadmill tests for determination of the aerobic gas exchange thresholds (for walking, ATw, and running, ATr), VO2max and PTS. Thereafter, they completed two square-wave 30-minute walking (W30) and running (R30) tests at the PTS ; VO2 was determined breath-by-breath, and computorised non-linear regression techniques were used to describe either a mono-, bi- exponential or exponential+linear VO2 response. ANOVA for repeated measurements was used to test for differences between walking and running parameters. The PTS had the same average value as ATw and ATr (7.1± ; 0.4 km/h). The time constant for the fast VO2 component ("tau") in the 30- minute tests was significantly smaller for running than for walking (29.1± ; 8.4 s vs 33.0± ; 8.2 s, p0.05). The mean time to achieve stable state (tss) and the aerobic energy cost (Css) were significantly lower for walking (tss = 316± ; 306 s and 588± ; 419 s ; Css = 157± ; 20 ml O2/kg/km and 218± ; 20 ml O2/kg/km, for W30 and R30, respectively). In W30, the aerobic energy cost centered at the 3rd minute of exercise (C3=153± ; 18 ml O2/kg/km) and Css did not differ significantly (p> 0.05), while in the R30 test, C3 was significantly lower than Css (C3=197± ; 21 ml O2/kg/km, p

Vrhunske sportske rezultate danas postižu samo pravovremeno selekcionirani, iznimno daroviti i optimalno praćeni i pripremljeni sportaši. U sustavu sportske pripreme trening mladih sportaša se značajno razlikuje od načina na koji treniraju odrasli vrhunski sportaši u istom sportu, ali i od načina na koji se provodi tjelesno vježbanje djece izvan sustava natjecateljskog sporta. Da bi natjecateljski rezultat djeteta sportaša bio odraz njegovih stvarnih potencijala potrebno je tijekom višegodišnjeg procesa sportske pripreme na svakom stupnju njegove sportske specijalizacije planski utjecati na razvoj njegovih sposobnosti i osobina te ga poučavati specifičnim motoričkim znanjima. Dijagnostika sposobnosti, osobina i znanja, uz planski provođenu sportsku pripremu i kontrolu efekata trenažnog rada, smanjuje mogućnost ozljeda i preduvjet je optimalnog sportskog razvoja djeteta sportaša.

Forty-eight national level male runners: ten sprinters (S) (184.9 4.8 cm, 76.6 4.8 kg), personal best (PB) on 100m sprint = 10.87 0.41s ; fifteen 400m (S4)( 180.9 4.2 cm, 73.0 6.3 kg), PB on 400m 49.5 1.9s ; ten middle distance (MD) (180.4 5.7 cm, 68.6 6.2 kg) and thirteen long distance (LD) (n=13 ; 179.1 6.7 cm, 69.5 7.0 kg ) runners participated in the study. All subjects performed two incremental treadmill tests: the first (1 km/h speed increase per minute, 1.5% grade), for determination of VO2max and the anaerobic ventilatory threshold (AnT, respiratory compensation point according to Wasserman), and a second one (2 km/h speed increase every 4 minutes, 1.5% grade) to determine running economy for the speeed range below the ventilatory anaerobic threshold. With increasing length of track covered for a given running event, a progressive increase of aerobic capacity as well as increase of running economy was found. The groups differed significantly regarding both VO2max (55.4 ± ; 3.4 ; 59.6 ± ; 4.6 ; 64.4 ± ; 4.4 and 66.4 ± ; 4.7 ml/kg• min-1, p C10 > C12, p

Istraživanje je provedeno s ciljem utvrđivanja normativnih vrijednosti varijabli za procjenu funkcionalnih sposobnosti tenisača u kategoriji 12– 14 godina. Izvršeno je mjerenje 55 tenisača progresivnim kontinuiranim testom opterećenja na pokretnom sagu, s direktnim određivanjem maksimalnog primitka kisika (VO2max), anaerobnog ventilacijskog praga (VAP) i pokazatelja anaerobnog kapaciteta (ANm). Vrijednosti varijabli izračunate su posebno za ulaznu (12-13 godina) i posebno za izlaznu (13-14 godina) dobnu skupinu. Rezultati mjerenja pokazuju da djeca uključena u program sportskog treninga i takmičenja u tenisu, u dobi od 12 do 14 godina, posjeduju značajno više vrijednosti antopometrijskih karakteristika i funkcionalnih sposobnosti u odnosu na školsku djecu iste dobi koja nisu uključena u trenažni proces. Tenisači izlazne godine imaju više vrijednosti nekih pokazatelja aerobnog kapaciteta u odnosu na tenisače ulazne godine (VAP=11.2± ; 1.2 i 11.7± ; 1.3 km/h ; Vmax=14.3± ; 1.2 i 14.6± ; 1.2 km/h, no, ta razlika između dobnih skupina nije statistički značajna (p>.05). Relativni VO2max (56.5± ; 5.3 i 56.3± ; 5.1 mlO2/kg) kao i parametar anaerobnog kapaciteta, ANm (688± ; 153 i 696± ; 165 m) gotovo su identični u mlađoj i starijoj dobnoj skupini. Prikazane tablice normativnih vrijednosti omogućiti će utvrđivanje položaja ispitanika u odnosu na zahtijevane funkcionalne sposobnosti za datu dobnu kategoriju, i olakšati selekciju i kontrolu trenažnog procesa mladih tenisača u dobi od 12 do 14 godina.

Lactate metabolism and kinetics in running depend on the length of track covered in a given running event, and have been shown to be related to performance. The aim of this study was to compare peak and recovery blood lactate parameters, measured after an all-out treadmill ramp test, between runners competing in different running events. The sample consisted of 48 male runners: 10 sprinters (S, 20.5+/-3.0 yrs, 184.9+/-4.8 cm, 76.6+/-4.4 kg), 15 400m runners (400R, 20.0+/-3.5 yrs, 180.9+/-4.2 cm, 73.0+/-6.3 kg), 10 middle distance runners (MD, 18.7+/- 2.3 yrs, 180.4+/-5.7 cm, 68.6+/-6.2 kg), and 13 long distance runners (LD, 27.0+/-5.8 yrs, 179.1+/-6.7 cm, 69.5+/- 7.0 kg). All subjects performed an all-out incremental running test on a treadmill (starting speed 8 km/h with 1km/h increments every minute, at a constant inclination of 1.5%). Finger-tip capillary blood lactate concentration was measured at the end of the 1st, 3rd, and 5th minute of recovery (La1, La3, La5). The highest of the three readings was considered as the peak blood lactate concentration (Lapeak). One-way ANOVA was used to determine differences in the measured variables between the groups. Maximal speeds achieved in the test were as follows: 17.2+/-1.4 km/h (S), 19.5+/-0.8 km/h (400R), 21.4+/-1.1 km/h (MD) and 21.7+/-1.4 km/h (LD). S showed the highest values of Lapeak (15.1+/-2.7 mmol/L), followed by 400R (14.0+/-1.4 mmol/L) and MD (13.7+/-2.9 mmol/L). The Lapeak in LD was significantly lower than in all other groups (10.9+/-2.4 mmol/L, p0.05). The lactate mean values showed the same trend (La1>La3>La5) in all 4 groups: S (15.0+/- 2.9, 13.6+/-2.3, and 12.7+/-2.5 mmol/L), 400R (13.8+/-1.5, 13.1+/-1.7, 12.5+/-1.9 mmol/L), MD (12.8+/-3.5, 12.2+/-2.4, 11.4+/-3.13 mmol/L), and LD (10.6+/-2.5, 10.1+/-2.7, 9.0+/- 2.3 mmol/L). In an all-out ramp treadmill test of 10-15 minutes duration, runners show a trend towards higher Lapeak values, the shorter the track length covered in their specific event is. However, only long-distance runners show statistically significantly lower Lapeak values. With the test protocol used in this study, the time to reach peak blood lactate concentration during recovery is similar for all runners, independently of track specialty. The results add to the knowledge pool to be taken into account when testing and interpreting abilities of runners of different running disciplines. Bret C, et al (2003). Int. J. Sports Med. 24:108-113. Usaj A, et al (1996). Int. J. Sports Med. 17(1):34-40.

No direct evidence exists to show that the preferred transition speed between walking and running in humans is functionally linked to the aerobic threshold (the first increase in blood lactate concentration above resting value, ’ lactate’ or ’ anaerobic’ threshold according to Wasserman). Few studies dealing with this issue have serious methodological flaws. We hypotesize that the ventilatory aerobic thresholds for the two basic modalities of human locomotion, walking and running, are related to the preferred transition speed between walking and running (PTS). Purpose The aim of this study is to determine whether the speed at the ventilatory aerobic thresholds for walking (ATw) and for running (ATr) differ from PTS, and to explore the relationship between them. Methods Twenty-two physical education students (21.4+/-2.4y, 182+/-7cm), performed two incremental treadmill tests to volitional exhaustion, walking in one and running in the other. Gas exchange data were analyzed (V-slope method) in order to determine the ventilatory AT for each gait modality. A third treadmill test was also performed in all subjects, in order to determine their individual PTS. Results The preferred gait transition speed had the same average value (7.1+/-0.4 km/h) as ATw (7.1+/-0.6 km/h) and ATr (7.1+/-1.3 km/h). The PTS was significantly correlated with ATr (r = 0.82), but not with ATw (r = 0.11). Discussion and conclusions Turvey et al (1999) defined the Q factor (the ratio of kinetic energy change to metabolic energy expended at a certain speed) for walking (Qw) and for running (Qr). According to their experimental data, Qw asymptotes on a value of approx. 1, changing little in the range of walking speed close to the PTS. For running, Qr increases linearly with speed, and is greater than 1 above the PTS. The relationships between ATw, ATr and the PTS found in this study suggest that a) mechanical and metabolic measures of locomotion are linked, and b) humans do not use running as a gait pattern at velocities below the aerobic threshold, as they normally do not use walking at velocities above the anaerobic threshold. This implies that the natural speed range of locomotion includes only one physiological threshold for a particular gait – the aerobic for walking, and the anaerobic for running. The controversy in the literature regarding the terminology and structural description of the two metabolic thresholds leads to the question: have they evolved for the two basic human gaits – walking and running, were the lower, aerobic threshold, represents the speed where the gait change occurs, and the higher, the anaerobic threshold (maximal lactate steady state), represents the speed above which the speed of running gets priority over metabolic balance between aerobic and anaerobic processes. References 1. Turvey MT, et al (1999). Can the transitions to and from running and the metabolic cost of running be determined from the kinetic energy of running? J. Motor. Behav. 31(3):265-78.

Da bi se postigli dobri sportski rezultati na natjecanjima neophodan je programirani i kontrolirani sportski trening, kao postupak za razvoj i održavanje brojnih osobina, sposobnosti i znanja. Kako bi se unaprijedila kvaliteta trenažnog rada provode se dijagnostički postupci s ciljem utvrđivanja početnog stanja sportaša, kontrole kvalitete trenažnog rada te vrednovanja postignutih efekata u pojedinim ciklusima sportske pripreme. S obzirom da je dostizanje visoke razine treniranosti funkcionalnih sposobnosti izuzetno kompleksan postupak provedeno je istraživanje razine funkcionalnih sposobnosti na 8 triatlonaca hrvatskog nacionalnog ranga u dvije vremenske točke, kako bi se utvrdila kvaliteta trenažnog rada hrvatskih trialonaca s ciljem edukacije i unapređenja daljnje izrade planova i programa treninga.

Estimation of anaerobic running capacity from a single ramp test

It has been shown that ventilatory parameters during incremental exercise differ between athletes and sedentary individuals (1), and even between elite amateur and professional athletes (2). Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine if those differences exist in athletes with different metabolic demands. A group of 10 male sprinters (S), representing anaerobic, and 10 male long distance runners (LD), representing aerobic athletes, participated in the study. Groups differed significantly regarding age (mean + SD): years 27, 4 ± ; 7, 4 vs. 20, 5 ± ; 3, 0 years , height: 177, 6 ± ; 6, 6 cm vs. 184, 9 ± ; 4, 8 cm and weight: 67, 6 ± ; 6, 4 kg vs. 76, 6 ± ; 4, 3 kg, for LD and S respectively. Before exercise all subjects performed spirometry in the up-right position. Groups were not statistically different regarding forced vital capacity (FVC): 6, 1 ± ; 0, 8 L and 6, 2 ± ; 0, 6 L, LD and S, respectively. Both groups then completed an all effort minute incremental step protocol test on treadmill. Ventilatory parameters were observed at maximum exercise intensity (MaxPO) and at anaerobic ventilatory treshold (AnT). As expected, groups differed regarding both VO2max (4, 8 ± ; 0, 5 vs. 4, 4 ± ; 0, 3 l/min, ) and AnT (4, 0 ± ; 0, 4 vs. 3, 7 ± ; 0, 3 ml/min, ), for LD and S, respectively. No significant differences were observed for minute ventilation, tidal volume or breathing frequency at MaxPO or at AnT. Ventilatory equivalents for O2 (VE/VO2) and CO2 (VE/VCO2), as well as end tidal pressures (PetO2 and PetCO2), also were not significantly different at AnT. However, those parameters did differ between groups at MaxPO. Long distance runners exhibited lower VE/VO2 - 33, 0 ± ; 2, 4 and VE/VCO2 - 28, 6 ± ; 3, 1 than sprinters - 36, 2 ± ; 3, 5 and 32, 1 ± ; 3, 9, respectively. Regarding end tidal pressures at MaxPO, long distance runners exhibited lower PetO2 (109, 8 ± ; 2, 7 vs. 112, 8 ± ; 3, 3 mmHg) and higher PetCO2 (40, 2 ± ; 4, 5 vs. 36, 1 ± ; 4, 1 mmHg), than sprinters. In conclusion, we observed no differences in ventilatory parameters between long distance runners and sprinters during exercise below anaerobic threshold. After this point, also called respiratory compensation point, LD exhibited lower ventilation for given O2 uptake and CO2 output. This relative hypoventilation in LD is probably due to lower acidemia. Although we did not measure arterial gases, lactate levels at the end of exercise were, indeed, significantly lower in long distance runners (10, 1 ± ; 2, 4 mmol/L) than in sprinters (15, 0 ± ; 2, 9 mmol/L). 1. Folinsbee LJ. et al. (1983) Exercise respiratory pattern in elite cyclists and sedentary subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc ; 15:503-509 2. Lucı a A. et al. (1999) Breathing pattern in highly competitive cyclists during incremental exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol ; 79:512– 21.

Poznavanje individualnih zona opterećenja omogućuje precizno doziranje i distribuciju intenziteta pri izradi plana i programa treninga. Koristeći se ventilacijskim parametrima mogu se definirati i/ili odrediti ciljane tri, četiri ili više zona intenziteta opterećenja koje tijekom treninga mogu biti kontrolirane praćenjem frekvencije srca, subjektivne procjene opterećenja, tempa izvedbe, razine laktata ili kombinacije navedenih parametara. S obizom na navedeno u ovom radu su prikazne i opisane 5 zone opterećenja intenziteta kao i njihove glavne karakteristike.

In paper measurement and evaluation of fitness characteristics of Croatian handball players are presented.

Dijagnostika funkcionalnih sposobnosti u sportu, u uvjetima precizno kontroliranih opterećenja, daje informacije o trenutnom stanju srčano-žilnog, dišnog i mišićnog sustava u njihovoj osnovnoj zajedničkoj zadaći - izmjeni plinova. Općeprihvaćeni parametri za procjenu aerobnoga kapaciteta, tj. dugotrajne izdržljivosti, jesu maksimalni primitak kisika te aerobni i anaerobni prag. Aerobni i anaerobni prag određuju se temeljem laboratorijskog ili terenskog mjerenja ventilacijskih i metaboličkih parametara (ventilacijski anaerobni prag) ili mjerenjem koncentracije laktata u krvi (laktatni anaerobni prag). Standardni protokol za procjenu funkcionalnih sposobnosti, koji se provodi u Sportskom dijagnostičkom centru Kineziološkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, jest progresivni test opterećenja na pokretnom sagu (porast brzine trčanja od 1km/h svake minute uz konstantan nagib od 1, 5%). Moderni mjerni instrumentarij ('breath by breath' spiroergometar, pokretni sag i telemetrijski monitor srčane frekvencije - pulsmetar) osiguravaju izravno ('on-line') praćenje i naknadnu analizu ventilacijskih i metaboličkih parametara. Visoku pouzdanost mjernih podataka povećavaju konstantni mikroklimatski uvjeti u laboratoriju. Temeljem testa provedenoga na pokretnom sagu dobiva se čitav niz izmjerenih i izvedenih ventilacijskih i metaboličkih parametara pomoću kojih se utvrđuje razina funkcionalnih sposobnosti te individualne pulsne zone opterećenja. Daljnja analiza praćenih parametara olakšava izradu, korekciju i kontrolu plana i programa treninga te optimizaciju doziranja i distribucije trenažnih opterećenja.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the heart rate deflection point (HRDP) and the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (AT) and to determine whether changes in heart rate to workload linearity can be used to accurately estimate AT in elite basketball players. Forty-three professional male basketball players performed a graded maximal exercise test on a motor-driven treadmill. The anaerobic threshold was assessed by a nonlinear increase in carbon dioxide output to oxygen consumption ratio (V-slope method). The HRDP was determined using the method of deflection of linearity by visual inspection There was no statistically significant difference between the. the running speed (RS) at the AT (12.9± ; 1.0 km*h-1) and HRDP (13.0± ; 1.2km*h-1) (p>.05). However, a small but significant difference between the heart rate (HR) at the AT (163.3± ; 7.8 b*min-1) and HRDP (166.3± ; 8.6 b*min-1) was found (p

In this sudy we present the anthropometric and morphological characteristics of 46 national level track-and-field athletes. 20 morphological body measures were taken on a sample of 15 sprinters (S), 13 endurance sprinters (S4), 9 middle-distance runners (MD) and 9 long-distance runners (LD). Body fat percentage, body mass index and body constitution type were also calculated. Canonical discriminative analysis showed significant difference between the athletes of various running events, for the measures of body volume and body fat, and no significant difference in the variables of longitudinal and transversal dimensions of the skeleton. ANOVA and Student t-test for independent samples showed statistically significantly higher thigh and lower leg circumference in sprinters, as well as greater upper arm skinfold in middle-distance runners. The mesomorphic component is a dominant characteristic of body constitution of the runners in all events, whereas the ectomorphic component is the least marked.

Diagnostic procedures in sports enable the insight into the condition of morphological characteristics, as well as in motor and functional components of the level of training of athletes. Morphological characteristics, motor and functional abilities, as well as sports results of an elite young tennis-player have been surveyed longitudinally from the age of 12.9 to 16.1 years. The results of the tested subject indicate the dynamics of the development and the significance of particular general and specific fitness components in junior tennis.

naknadno

Nogomet kao motorička aktivnost postavlja specifične zahtjeve igračima, a posebno fiziološkoj komponenti njihova organskog sustava. Karakteriziraju ga po intenzitetu visoka opterećenja, ali također i velika po opsegu. Najveći ukupni volumen opterećenja iziskuju ciklična gibanja igrača – trčanja, a uspjeh u nogometnoj igri najvećim dijelom zavisi o kvaliteti i kvantiteti trčanja Razina funkcionalnih sposobnosti aerobnog i anaerobnog tipa, koje su u osnovi kvantitete i kvalitete trčanja nogometaša, jedan je od najvažnijih pokazatelja kvalitete treniranosti nogometaša s aspekta opće i specijalne pripreme. Intenzitet pretrčanih metara u modernom nogometu na nekoj utakmici sve više nosi obilježje trčanja srednim i visokim intenzitetom. U takvom trčanju veliku ulogu igra sposobnost nazvana brzinska izdržljivost. Brzinska izdržljivost5 je sposobnost da se specijalna brzina i brzinska snaga, koje su nerazdvojno povezane u toku cijele utakmice, održe na maksimalnom nivou tj. to je sposobnost organizma da dugotrajno vrši neki rad određenog opterećenja, odnosno da se opire zamoru. Ona se određuje sposobnošću svih organa i organskih sustava, a ispred svih središnjim živčanim sustavom, srčano-žilnim i dišnim sustavom, ali isto tako zavisi od savršenstva tehnike određenog nogometaša, kao i od stupnja ekonomičnosti njegova kretanja.

U radu su prezentirani korisnost i karakteristike svake od pojedinih trenažnih zona. Prikazane su pozitvne strane treninga u pojedinoj zoni, te neki primjeri treninga za razvoj funkcionalnih sposobnosti u pojedinoj zoni.

Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi povezanost maksimalnog primitka kisika i laktatnog anaerobnog praga, dvaju najčešće korištenih parametara za procjenu aerobnog kapaciteta u dijagnostici, programiranju i kontroli trenažnog procesa u veslanju. Uzorak ispitanika činilo je 29 hrvatskih veslača internacionalnog i nacionalnog ranga što se natjeću u seniorskoj i juniorskoj konkurenciji. Dob ispitanika iznosila je 23.8  5.18 god., visina 189.4  5.35 cm, a težina 91.4  5.97 kg. Ispitanici su testirani progresivnim testom opterećenja na veslačkom ergometru pri čemu su mjereni, između ostalog, apsolutni i relativni primitak kisika, frekvencija srca te se na temelju koncentracije mliječne kiseline u krvi određivala laktatna krivulja, odnosno brzina na laktatnom anaerobnom pragu. Utvrđena je visoka povezanost laktatnog anaerobnog praga odnosno brzine veslanja pri pragu i apsolutnog maksimalnog primitka kisika (R=0.87), kao i njihov veliki i statistički značajan utjecaj na rezultat u velačkoj utrci na 2000 metara simuliranoj na veslačkom ergometru (korelacija između apsolutnog maksimalnog primitka kisika i rezultata na 2000 m 0.92, korelacija izmedju brzine na pragu i rezultata na 2000 m 0.96). Ovakvi rezultati bili su i očekivani s obzirom da su maksimalni primitak kisika i laktatni anaerobni prag parametri za procjenu aerobnog metabolizma, koji je dominantan čimbenik za uspjeh u veslačkoj utrci na 2000 metara.

Prilikom planiranja, kontrole i dijagnostike treninga i razine treniranosti važno je poznavanje zone intenziteta za pojedinog sportaša. Na osovu tih informacija se određuju i odmori i intervali i trajanje i sl. S obzirom da niti jedan od prezentiranih načina doziranja i kontrole intenziteta nije kompletan niti dovoljan sam za sebe preporuča se kombinacije spomenutih (FS + RPE) koja se je pokazala kao najuspješnija i najlakše primjenjiva (uz uvjet navikavanja sportaša na mogućnost korištenja zona opterećenja pomoću navedenih metoda samoprocjenjivanje – samokontrolu RPE).

The aim of this study was to determine the ralationship between ventilatory anaerobic threshold and critical power in Croatian nationally ranked rowers. The subject sample comprised 17 male senior rowers of the Croatian national rowing team. All subjects performed three tests on the rowing ergometer ConceptII. First test was an incremental laboratory test for the evaluation of the aerobic capacity and second and third were all-out tests on 2000 and 6000 meters. Both variables that measure anaerobic threshold (VT and CP) were significantly correlated with all other variables exept with relative aerobic capacity. The correlations with E6000 were higher than with E2000, which can be explained with the more aerobic nature of the longer (E6000) test. There was also a statistically significant correlation between VT and CP. The critical power, or fatigue threshold that is derived from two maximal all-out tests on 2000 and 6000 meters performed on a rowing ergometer is a valid predictor of the ventilatory anaerobic threshold. Moreover, it correlates even better with performed all-out ergometer tests and with VO2 max than VT so it can be recommended as a valid parameter for programming and control in the training process of rowers.

Prilikom planiranja, kontrole i dijagnostike treninga i razine treniranosti važno je poznavanje zona intenziteta za pojedinog sportaša. U radu se prezentiraju različiti načini doziranja i kontrole intenziteta te se preporuča kombinacija koja se pokazala kao najuspješnija i najlakše primjenjiva.