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Bu çalışmanın amacı, Fransa ve Türkiye’deki ergenlerin iyi oluşları ile ebeveynlik davranışları (anne ve baba) arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Ortalama yaşları 20.85 ± 3,18 yıl olan 283 Fransız ve 324 Türk olmak üzere toplam 607 üniversite öğrencisi çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Araştırmada algılanan ebeveynlik davranışları (davranışsal kontrol, psikolojik kontrol, özerklik ve duyarlılık) ve iyilik halinin iki göstergesi, olumlu ve olumsuz duygulanım ile psikolojik iyi oluş değişkenlerinin ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Korelasyon ve regresyon analizleri ebeveynlik davranışları ile iyilik hali göstergeleri arasında önemli bir ilişkinin olduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. İlk olarak hem anne hem de babaya ait psikolojik kontrol tutumunun iki ülkede olumsuz duygulanımla ilişkisinin yüksek olduğu fakat bu ilişkinin Türk örnekleminde daha yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca psikolojik kontrol, sadece Türk örnekleminde, ergenlerin psikolojik gelişmesi ile negatif bir ilişkisi olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. İkincisi, Türk grubunda Fransız grubuna göre, anne ve babanın davranışsal kontrolü ile olumsuz duygulanımla arasındaki ilişkinin derecesinin daha düşük; psikolojik iyi oluşla ilişkisinin ise daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ek olarak, Türk anne/baba duyarlılığı ve özerklik desteğinin, düşük olumsuz duygulanımla ve baba özerklik desteğinin ise yüksek olumlu duygulanımla ilişkili olduğu bulunmuştur., The current study aimed to explore in the adolescent sample the associations between parenting behaviors (maternal and paternal) and well-being in two countries: France and Turkey. A total of 607 undergraduate university students were recruited with a mean age of 20.85 ± 3.18 years: 283 French and 324 Turkish. The data were administrated by the means of the self-report questionnaires for perceived parenting behaviors (Behavioral control, psychological control, autonomy, and responsiveness) and for well-being by using two indicators: positive and negative affect, and psychological flourishing. Correlation and regression analyses revealed significant associations between parenting behaviors and well-being indicators. First, maternal and paternal psychological control in the Turkish and French groups was associated with negative-affect and this association is higher in the Turkish group than the French group. Moreover, psychological control was associated with a decrease in psychological flourishing only in the Turkish group. Second, maternal and paternal behavioral control was associated with lower negative-affect and higher psychological flourishing in the Turkish group than the French group. In addition, Turkish maternal/paternal responsiveness, as well as autonomy-support, was associated with low negative-affect and paternal autonomy-support was associated with high positive-affect. The implications of the findings for future research are discussed.

Çocuk kliniğinde karşılaşılan çocuk sorunları ile ailelerin tutumları arasında belli ilişkiler vardır. Bu ilişkilerin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracıyla tespit edilmesi, tedaviye yardımcı olacak bir enstrüman olabilecektir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ailelerin çocuk yetiştirirken gösterdikleri tutumların ölçülmesine olanak sağlayacak psikanalitik kurama göre uyarlanmış bir ölçme aracı geliştirmektir. Uygulama aşamasında ailelere, araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan demografik bilgi formu, geliştirilmesi planlanan ölçek verilmiş; İstanbul il genelinde 1042 adet (0-14) yaş çocuk ailesiyle görüşme yoluyla uygulama yapılmıştır. Ölçeğin geliştirilme aşamaları içinde kapsam geçerliliği, yapı geçerliliği ile iç tutarlılık ve test tekrar test güvenilirlik çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Yapı geçerliliği için açımlayıcı faktör analizi yapılmıştır. İç tutarlılık güvenirliliği test etmek için madde toplam korelasyon ve Cronbach’s Alpha değerlerine bakılmış, test tekrar test tekniği için ölçek 3 hafta arayla aynı gruba tekrar uygulanarak sonuçlar karşılaştırılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonunda yüksek geçerlilik ve güvenirlilik değerlerine sahip 5 faktörlü yapı elde edilmiştir.

Şimşek, Ömer Faruk (Arel Author), This study is focused on the relationship between purpose in life, emotional wellbeing, ontological (life project) wellbeing, and compassionate love. The Purpose in Life subscale of Psychological Well-Being Scale, Emotional Wellbeing Scale, Ontological Wellbeing Scale, and Compassionate Love for Humanity Scale were administered to 287 students who were undergraduate students and graduate students (masters and doctoral). Cluster analysis results indicated profiles of three factors. First profile showed high level of hope and come into action toward low regret and nothingness. High regret and nothingness were experienced toward low level of hope and come into action on the second profile. Moderate ontological wellbeing was exposed on the last profile. MANOVA analyses were used to compare those three profiles and statistically significant difference were found between Emotional Wellbeing, Purpose in Life, and Compassionate Love Scores. Moreover, the results of the study indicated that exposing high level of ontological wellbeing on hope and come into action is related to life goals, emotional wellbeing, and compassionate love.

Although past research has provided important information about the relationship between attachment and mental health during the period of adolescence, the role of intervening variables in this association has been neglected. The aim of the present study was to illuminate the association between adolescents’ secure attachment to parents and mental health, i.e., emotion regulation and depression, and to focus on the mediating role of language use operationalized by the gap between experience and language. Three-hundred seventy-four adolescents (220 females, 154 males) participated in the study. The data was analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results provided support for the intervening role of language use and it was further shown that the relationship between language use and depression is mediated by emotion regulation. Language use and emotion regulation are potential mediators between attachment to parents and depression. The effects of problematic attachment experiences on attachment might be intervened by focusing on language use of adolescents, which in turn could improve insight.

Şimşek, Ömer Faruk (Arel Author), Backround and aim: The Subjective Well-Being under Neuroleptics Scale, short form (SWNS), is a self-report measure that evaluates the states of well-being of schizophrenia patients using antipsychotic drugs independently from psychopathology of disease. This study examined the factor structure of the Turkish version of the scale using high-level statistical analyses. Methods: The SWNS was translated into Turkish and applied to 103 schizophrenic patients. A type of multi-trait-multi-method (MTMM) confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to determine the factor structure of the Turkish version of the scale. Results: The results of factor analysis of the SWNS were incompatible with the factor structure of the original scale. A set of MTMM analyses showed distinct method effects for both positive and negative item wording in the scale. In light of these findings, the factor structure of the SWNS was determined as having a one-dimensional structure, with bias due to item wording. Conclusions: The results of the present investigation indicated that the sub-factors of the SWNS failed to emerge from the data. This study is the first to show that there is an urgent need for further examination of the factor structure of the SWNS with regard to method effects. This issue has important implications for the use of sub-factors by both researchers and practitioners.

Although considered an important component of a healthy personality, self-reflection has not so far been shown to have any specific benefits for mental health. This research addresses this issue by taking into consideration two important suppressor variables, self-rumination and the need for absolute truth. The latter is an innovative variable, defined and presented in this research. The first two studies aimed to validate a new measure that acts as an operational definition of the need for absolute truth. The first study was conducted with two group of participants; the first group consisted of 129 females and 67 males, mean age ¼ 20 years, and the second 182 females and 104 males, mean age ¼ 27. In the second study, participants were 22 females and 18 males, mean age ¼ 20.5. In the final study, conducted with 296 female, 163 male participants (mean age ¼ 37), suppressor effects were tested using structural equation modeling. The results showed that by taking account of these two suppressor variables, particularly the need for absolute truth, the expected relationship between self-reflection and mental health was revealed. The need for absolute truth was shown to be crucial for understanding the effects of self-reflection on mental health, therefore it should be considered in all processes of psychotherapy.

Problem Statement: Although self-esteem has been considered an endstate of mental health or defense mechanism, recent theoretical and empirical findings questions its status in the field of psychology. As result of such framework, research mainly concentrated on mean differences in self-esteem and the consequences of these differences for mental health. However, some theoretical considerations imply that selfesteem should be considered dynamic human striving, which contributes to mental health through its effects on other variables related to the construction and maintainance of social relationships such as empathic tendency. Thus, it is requisite to understand the mediatory factors connecting self-esteem and mental health. Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this study was to understand whether the relation between self-esteem and mental health is mediated by empathic tendency. In other words, structural model with direct paths from self-esteem to empathic tendency and paths from empathic tendency to life-satisfaction, happiness, and psychopathology were specified. Method: structural model was tested using structural equation modeling. Before the structural model, measurement model was tested. measurement model is structured using the item-parceling method. Different goodness of fit statistics were used to assess models such as the Goodness of Fit Index (GFI), Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI), and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA). Findings and Results: The results showed that both the measurement model and structural model fitted the data reasonably. Mediation tests indicated that the relation between self-esteem and well-being (life satisfaction and happiness) is partially mediated by empathic tendency, while the relation between self-esteem and ill-being is fully mediated. Conclusions and Recommendations: The idea that self-esteem is good in itself and an end state that should be satisfied for mental health should be re-evaluated. Empathic tendency is one important mediatory variable in understanding the effect of self-esteem on mental health. Its effects on mental health through other social or individual dynamics should be evaluated in future research.

PATHS FROM FEAR OF DEATH TO SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING: A STUDY OF STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING BASED ON THE TERROR MANAGEMENT THEORY PERSPECTIVE Şimşek, Ömer Faruk Ph.D., Department of Educational Sciences Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Gül Aydın June2005, ITOpages in this research four models derived from Terror Management Theory (TMT) were tested by using structural equation modeling. These models were developed for testing different theoretical alternatives in relation to psychological mechanisms explaining the subjective well-being as an outcome of fear of death. The first two models were based on the original Terror Management Theory. The first supposed that death anxiety as a catalyst motivates individuals in two defenses: developing culturally committed personalities by validation of cultural worldview and thus enhancing self-esteem. The second indicated that every individual had two options in the face of death: enhancing their self-esteem ör committing to cultural worldview, in turn, improves the well-being of the individual. The last two models were identified by taking attachment as an alternative variable. in the third model, attachment styles of the individuals were presented as a third defense mechanism in addition to self-esteem and cultural worldview in TMT. They were assumed as mediator variables in the model betvveen fear of death and subjective well-being. The last model treated attachment as a mediator between fear of death and distal defenses of self-esteem and cultural worldview. ivThe results indicated that only the last model was entirely supported. The lack of support for the fırst two models might be an indicator of the invalidity of the model in cultures that are not individualistic. For the last two models, the results suggested that attachment was crucial in understanding the relationship bet/veen fear of death and subjective well- being from a TMT perspective. Keyvvords: Fear of death, subjective well-being, happiness, life-satisfaction, terror management theory, attachment, self-esteem, collective self-esteem, cultural worldview. ABSTRACT PATHS FROM FEAR OF DEATH TO SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING: A STUDY OF STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING BASED ON THE TERROR MANAGEMENT THEORY PERSPECTIVE Şimşek, Ömer Faruk Ph.D., Department of Educational Sciences Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Gül Aydın June2005, ITOpages in this research four models derived from Terror Management Theory (TMT) were tested by using structural equation modeling. These models were developed for testing different theoretical alternatives in relation to psychological mechanisms explaining the subjective well-being as an outcome of fear of death. The first two models were based on the original Terror Management Theory. The first supposed that death anxiety as a catalyst motivates individuals in two defenses: developing culturally committed personalities by validation of cultural worldview and thus enhancing self-esteem. The second indicated that every individual had two options in the face of death: enhancing their self-esteem ör committing to cultural worldview, in turn, improves the well-being of the individual. The last two models were identified by taking attachment as an alternative variable. in the third model, attachment styles of the individuals were presented as a third defense mechanism in addition to self-esteem and cultural worldview in TMT. They were assumed as mediator variables in the model betvveen fear of death and subjective well-being. The last model treated attachment as a mediator between fear of death and distal defenses of self-esteem and cultural worldview. ivThe results indicated that only the last model was entirely supported. The lack of support for the fırst two models might be an indicator of the invalidity of the model in cultures that are not individualistic. For the last two models, the results suggested that attachment was crucial in understanding the relationship bet/veen fear of death and subjective well- being from a TMT perspective. Keyvvords: Fear of death, subjective well-being, happiness, life-satisfaction, terror management theory, attachment, self-esteem, collective self-esteem, cultural worldview. 190

Ill ÖZET Bu araştırmanın amacı, insancıl yaklaşıma dayalı olarak geliştirilen bir eğitim programının, öğretmenlerin disiplin anlayışları üzerindeki etkisini belirlemektir. Bu amaçla, araştırmacı tarafından, öğretmenlerin disiplin anlayışlarını ölçmek amacıyla bir ölçek geliştirilmiştir (Öğretmen Disiplin Anlayışı Ölçeği). Ölçeğin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları yapılmış, gerçekleştirilen faktör analizi sonucunda, ikisi otoriter disiplinle ve diğer ikisi demokratik disiplinle ilişkili olmak üzere dört faktör belirlenmiştir. Geliştirilmiş olan ölçek, Mamak Rehberlik ve Araştırma Merkezi'ne hizmet-içi eğitim amacıyla gelmiş olan 16 kişilik deney grubuna ve Ulubatlı Hasan İlköğretim Okulu'nda görev yapan 16 öğretmenden oluşan kontrol grubuna uygulanmıştır. Bundan sonra, deney grubuna, disiplin konusunda sekiz oturumluk bir eğitim programı verilmiş, uygulamadan sonra, Öğretmen Disiplin Anlayışı Ölçeği her iki gruba tekrar uygulanmıştır. Yapılan varyans analizleri sonucunda, kontrol grubunun ön-test ve son- test puanlan arasında anlamlı bir farklılığın olmadığı, buna karşılık deney grubunun, otoriter disiplinle ilişkili olan iki alt ölçekten almış oldukları toplam puanların, son- testte anlamlı bir şekilde arttığı belirlenmiştir. Tüm ölçekten alınan toplam puanlar dikkate alındığında ise, yine deney grubunun son-test puanlarının, ön-test puanlarından daha yüksek olduğu ve bu farkın anlamlı olduğu belirlenmiştir. 112 SUMMARY The purpose of this experimental study was to investigate the effectiveness of the Discipline Training Program, developed according to Humanistic Approach, on elementary school teachers' discipline opinions. For this purpose, an instrument called `Teacher Discipline Opinion Scale` (TDOS) was developed by the researcher to examine the elementary school teachers' opinions on discipline. Firstly the validity and reliability studies of the scale were conducted and following the factor analysis four factors were emerged, two of which are related to authoritarian discipline and the other two to democratic discipline. TDOS was given to an experimental group of 16 participants who come from different elementary schools and attend to inservice program of Mamak Guidence and Research Center in Ankara. And a group of 16 teachers working for Ulubath Hasan Elementary School in Ankara was formed the control group and they were also filled in the scale. Total of eight week training program on discipline was applied experimental group. Finally, Teacher Discipline Belief Scale was again filled in by both experimental and control groups. The two-way variance analysis demonstrated that: a-)there were no difference pre-and post-test scores of the control group, b-) The experimental group's pre-and post-test scores differed on sub-scales of authoritarian discipline, c-) The pre and post-test scores of the experimental group was different. 130