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Eğitime inanma kavramı, bu araştırmada bir kombinasyon olarak ele alınmakta ve bu yapının olumsuz duygu ve davranışlara karşı kalkan vazifesi üstlendiği ileri sürülmektedir. Nitelikli insan yetiştirme, toplumun aksayan yanlarını düzeltme, güzel ahlakı ve iyiliği öğretme sürecinde birçok olumsuz duygu ve davranışla mücadele etmek zorunda olan öğretmenlerin meslekte tükenmişlik yaşamamaları, işe yabancılaşmamaları için güçlü bir kalkana ihtiyaçları vardır. Bu anlamda eğitime inanmanın öğretmenlere ihtiyaç duyacakları gücü sağlayacağı savunulmaktadır. Ayrıca eğitime inanmanın yapısında bulunan olumlu özellikler, öğretmenin eğitim ve öğretim sürecine yönelik bakış açısında pozitif bir yön oluşturacaktır ve böylelikle öğretmen, yaptığı işten memnuniyet duyacaktır. Eğitime inanma ve iş doyumu, öğretmenlerin mesleklerinin gereğini yerine getirmelerinde önemli rolü olan iki güçlü yapı olarak ifade edilebilir. İş doyumunu tekrar tartışmak ve bu değişkenin eğitime inanmayla ilişkisine açıklık getirmek alan yazına katkı sunacaktır. İlgili literatürde bu iki yapı arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklamaya yönelik herhangi bir çalışmaya rastlanmamış olması, alandaki boşluğa işaret etmekte ve bu çalışmanın keşiflerini önemli hale getirmektedir. Ayrıca araştırmanın örneklem grubunun din dersi öğretmenlerinden oluşması da araştırmanın özgünlük değerini desteklemektedir.Din dersi, eğitim öğretim sürecinde müfredatın planlı bir şekilde işlendiği bir ders olarak algılanmamalıdır. Din dersinin toplumun ahlakı, birliği, düzeni için ihtiyaç duyulan iyi nitelikli insan yetiştirme amacıyla birlikte varoluşsal gerçeğin anlaşılmasında birincil bir önem taşıyan bir ders olarak görülmesi önemli bir konu olarak kabul edilmelidir. Din eğitimi perspektifini bir peygamberlik mesleği olarak çerçevelemek, uygulayıcılarına düşen sorumluluğu daha da anlaşılır hale getirmektedir. Dolayısıyla bu dersin öğretmenlerinin diğer branş öğretmenlerine kıyasla daha donanımlı olması ve rol model özelliğine daha fazla önem vermesi gerekmektedir. Bu araştırmada elde edilecek sonuçlar, din dersi öğretmenlerinin iş doyumu sağlaması için ihtiyaç duyacağı parametreleri tanımlaması ve bu parametrelerin eğitime inanma yapısında yer aldığını ortaya koyması açısından oldukça önemlidir. Bu önem dahilinde araştırma, karma yöntemde tasarlanan, nicel verilerin nitel verilerle açıklandığı açımlayıcı ardışık desende yürütülmüştür. Araştırmanın nicel verilerini toplamak için okul yöneticiliği görevini yapmayan din dersi öğretmenlerine ulaşılmış ve 106 erkek; 75 kadın katılımcı olmak üzere toplam 181 din dersi öğretmeni araştırmanın nicel boyutu için seçilen örneklem grubunu oluşturmuştur. Nicel boyut için seçilen örneklem içerisinden 18’i Din Kültürü ve Ahlak Bilgisi Öğretmeni; 13’ü ise İmam Hatip Lisesi Meslek Dersi Öğretmeni olmak üzere toplam 31 katılımcı nitel boyutun çalışma grubu olarak belirlenmiştir. Örneklem grubunun seçilmesinde kriter örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Verilerin toplanması için nicel boyutta “Öğretmenlerin Eğitime İnanma Düzeyi Ölçeği”, “Öğretmenlerin İş Doyumu Ölçeği” kullanılmış; nitel boyutta ise yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formuna başvurulmuştur. Verilerin analizinde nicel boyutta verilerin normal dağılım sergilediği belirlendiği için bağımsız örneklem t testleri ve tek yönlü varyans analizini içeren parametrik testler uygulanmıştır. Din dersi öğretmenlerinin eğitime inanma düzeyleri ile iş doyumları arasındaki ilişkiyi tespit etmek için Pearson korelasyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Eğitime inanma düzeyinin iş doyumuna etkisini belirlemek için regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın nitel boyutunda ise öncelikle tematik bir inceleme yapılmış, kategoriler ve kodlar oluşturulmuş sonraki aşamada kodların kendi aralarında kıyaslanması ve belli açıklamalar yapılması için içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda katılımcılarda eğitime inanma düzeyinin ve iş doyumu düzeyinin orta düzeyde olduğu ve nitel bulguların bu sonucu açıkladığı belirlenmiştir. Din dersi öğretmenlerinin eğitime inanma düzeyi ile iş doyumu düzeyi arasında orta düzeyde pozitif bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca din dersi öğretmenlerinin eğitime inanma düzeyinin iş doyumu düzeyini anlamlı yordadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucuna dayanarak öğretmenlerde iş doyumu düzeyini artırmak ve öğretmenlerin eğitim öğretim hedeflerine daha fazla odaklanmalarını sağlamak için eğitime inanma davranışını geliştiren mesleki ve bireysel yeterliliklerin artırılması yönünde öneri sunulabilir.

Abstract Background Previous quantitative studies have shown many of the perceived benefits of yoga practice on the mind and body. Although there are many quantitative studies in the international literature on yoga, the number of qualitative studies showing the experience of yoga practice is insufficient. An accurate demonstration of yoga participents experiences, opinions, and judgments on this subject requires a qualitative, rather than a quantitative approach. Purpose This study was to explore the benefit perceived by adults who have practiced yoga for a long time. Design and method This qualitative study is based on a hermeneutic–phenomenological approach. The research sample consisted of 18 adults who volunteered to participate in the research and regularly joined yoga practice. The study data were collected through individual and focus group interviews with the participants who practise yoga and analyzed by content analysis method. Results We created five themes. Themes coded by researchers: meaning of the concept of yoga (theme 1), physical, mental, and social state before starting yoga (theme 2), reasons for practising yoga (theme 3), the participants' experiences related to their physical and mental health and social relationships (theme 4), and difficulties of doing yoga (theme 5). In addition, individuals in the study reported their perceptions of the concept of "yoga" through the creation of metaphors that completed the following sentence “yoga is like ……”. These metaphors were used to give insight into the participants deep feelings about yoga. Conclusions Both in their individual and focus group interviews, almost all of the participants described that doing yoga has positive benefits on the mind and body. The positive experiences of the participants in the study included decrease in pain and flexibility, increase in sleep quality, development of positive personality traits, increase in self-esteem, and coping with anxiety and stress more effectively. Because the study was qualitative and long-term, it was able to evaluate the beliefs, attitudes and behaviors of individuals in a realistic, systematic, and detailed manner.

The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) from two Diplophyllum species and to evaluate their bioactivity potential [antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-urease, anti-xanthine oxidase (XO)], and phenolic compounds. The analysis of Diplophyllum albicans and Diplophyllum taxifolium permitted the identification of 62 components, comprising ≥ 99.6% of the total EO composition. The major components found in these liverwort species were β-patchoulene, β-santalene, β-himachalene, and cubebol. The antimicrobial assays showed that the solvent extracts (n-hexane and methanol) from these liverwort species exhibited weak to moderate antimicrobial activity. In addition, the methanol extracts of these liverwort species also exhibited moderate to high antioxidant potential. The enzyme inhibitory effects of the species were determined using urease and XO for the methanol extracts. Generally, the methanol extracts of D. albicans and D. taxifolium exhibited powerful urease inhibition with IC50 values of 9.711 ± 0.058 and 6.304 ± 0.099 µg/mL, respectively, compared to the IC50 value of 26.124 ± 0.077 µg/mL for the standard (acetohydroxamic acid). Moreover, the HPLC-UV detection method showed that the analysed methanol extracts of these liverwort species contained only catechin and benzoic acid. These findings suggest that the analysed liverwort species possess antioxidant and urease inhibition, thus indicating the potential to explore new bioactive molecules.

Rapidly increasing industrialization and technological developments cause hazardous wastes to spread to the environment at a high rate. In our study, three bacterial (5O1, 5O8, 112O1) strains isolated from the rhizoid region of the orchid plant (Dactylorhiza urvilleana) were characterized by conventional and molecular methods (nuclear 16S rDNA). In order to characterize the isolates, primarily macroscopic, microscopic, some biochemical and physical properties of the strains were investigated. The usability of the strains screened for their general properties as bioremediation strains, in the prevention of high copper accumulation in agricultural soils was investigated. With traditional and molecular studies, two of the strains were defined as species level (Bacillus mycoides, B. popilliae) and one at genus level. They were determined that strains were tolerant to the tested all metal salts (Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb and Ag salts in the 1-10 mM range) except for the 5O1 strain to Ag salt, and 112O1 strain to Zn salt. The highest copper tolerance was observed in 5O1, 112O1 and 5O8 strains, respectively. The strains were determined that the copper minimum inhibition concentration values were 12.5-25 mM and the minimum bactericidal concentration value was 50 mM. The examined in terms of properties such as Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) Deaminase activities, and phosphate solubility, it was determined that they promoted plant germination and growth. When the germination success of maize seeds in the presence of copper was examined, it was concluded that positive results were obtained, there was no significant difference between strains and therefore strains could be used in copper bioremediation.

ABSTRACT Studies on birds and their habitats are usually conducted in natural areas (protected areas, forests, wetlands, etc.). In this study, the relationship between agricultural landscape diversity and the species diversity of birds was investigated in an agricultural zone surrounded by natural and forested areas. Observations were carried out in 60 sample grid squares. Presence/absence data for birds and cultivated plants at each sample site were recorded. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index for bird species and landscape metrics for agricultural areas were used in the sample site. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to explain the correlation between agricultural landscape diversity and bird species diversity. According to the results, the area-weighted mean shape index (AWMSI) and the number of patches (NP) were found to be particularly effective at predicting bird species diversity (R2 = 0.66). In addition, as the patch number and patch shape ratio increased in a sample area, the diversity of bird species (R = 0.83) expanded. It can be concluded that agricultural zones consisting of small, different patches are rich areas for bird species diversity. Bird species diversity is lessened in agricultural areas with uniform or similar landscape structures consisting of large patches. If the NP in the area is high, but not distributed in a mosaic pattern, then the diversity of bird species is considered weak. Despite the increasing NP and patch types, bird species diversity declines if there is intense human activity in the area.

Abstract Background Laminin, one of the largest glycoproteins of the basement membrane, is an important component of the extracellular matrix. Functions of the basement membrane include regulation of cell signaling behaviors and structural support. Laminin plays a critical role in the regulation of insulin action in muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. The study mainly investigates an association between the change in serum laminin levels and insulin resistance and non-alcoholic hepatosteatosis. Methods This prospective study included a total of 90 participants; 60 patients diagnosed with Grade 2–3 non-alcoholic hepatosteatosis and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls between December 2019 and December 2020. Routine laboratory tests including glucose, insulin, homeostatic model of assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and C-reactive protein and laminin levels were measured in the serum of the patient and control groups. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for the measurement of laminin levels. Results The median serum laminin levels were lower in patients with hepatic steatosis, compared to the control group (72 ng/L vs. 82 ng/L, respectively; p = 0.003). In the patients with insulin resistance, median laminin levels were lower, regardless of the presence of non-alcoholic hepatosteatosis (67 ng/L vs. 85 ng/L, respectively; p = 0.007). There was a weak, negative correlation between the laminin levels and HOMA-IR. Conclusions Our study results suggest that, although there is no exact link between laminin and non-alcoholic hepatosteatosis, serum laminin levels are lower in patients with insulin resistance by regulating the insulin effect through integrins.

Epistemological beliefs, including the source of knowledge, the certainty of knowledge, the organization of knowledge, the control of learning, and the speed of learning, are important to identify since these beliefs impact students' learning processes and how they attribute meaning to life. Concept cartoons, that students find genuine and credible, are found to be effective assessment tools in revealing these beliefs. The present study aims to identify and compare 5th and 8th grade middle school students' epistemological beliefs utilizing concept cartoons. The study participants were 5th (N=38) and 8th grade (N=47) students enrolled in three different middle schools in the Çamlıhemşin district of Rize. In order to reveal the students' opinions, one concept cartoon for each dimension of epistemological belief was utilized. A scoring rubric was employed to analyze the student responses to the concept cartoons. According to the results of the t-tests on students' scores, the 5th and 8th grade students' epistemological beliefs in the dimensions of organization of knowledge, source of knowledge, and certainty of knowledge are similar. In contrast, 8th grade students' epistemological beliefs related to the speed of learning and the control of learning were found to be significantly higher than those of 5th-grade students. Among the mean values of the students' epistemological beliefs, source of knowledge beliefs were found to be the lowest. Keywords Concept Cartoons, Epistemological Beliefs, Middle School Students

Aim: We evaluated the clinical feature and the responses to treatments in patients diagnosed and/or followed as chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Methods: Medical charts of 150 patients diagnosed and/or followed as ITP at Ondokuz Mayıs Medical Faculty between 2003 and 2011 were analyzed retrospectively. As first-line treatments, steroids based treatment and IVIg were used as medical therapy. In patients, who had no response to first and second courses treatments, splenectomy was performed. Results: The median follow-up of 150 patients was 15 months (range 2-83 months). Thrombocytopenia was incidentally detected in 51(34%) of the cases. During the study period, 21(14%) the patients were followed up without treatment. First line medical therapy were given to 129(86%) patients. Of them, complete response (CR) were seen in 93(72%) patients, partial response (PR) in 14(11%) patients and none response (NR) in 22 (17%) patients. There was no significant benefit of high dose steroid therapy over the standard dose therapy (p=0.59). Of the 107 patients who had response to the treatment, relapse were observed in 48(45%) within 2,5 years. Of 40 patients, there were CR in 15(38%) patients, PR in 9(22%) patients and NR in 16(40%) patients. Splenectomy was performed in 38 patients. Of the 48 patients, CR was achieved in 32(84%) patients, PR in 2(%5) patients and NR in 4(16%) patients. Relapse was observed in 12(35%) patients. Conclusion: This study showed that steroids based treatment and splenectomy are very effective treatment in ITP patients. Only 13(8.6%) patients in our study needed further treatment.

The aim of the present study was to develop the epistemological beliefs of eighth grade students through writing-to-learn (WTL) activities. A one-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental research design was utilized in the study. The sample group consisted of a total of 18 eighth grade students, attending a secondary school in the rural part of Trabzon in Turkey. To improve the epistemological beliefs of students, WTL activities were developed and utilized in the "Matter and its Structure" unit of the science subject. Each WTL activity focused on one dimension of epistemology, such as source of knowledge, organization of knowledge, certainty of knowledge, speed of learning, and learning control. The WTL activities in the study were conducted throughout a total of 24 lessons. Semi-structured interviews were employed to collect data. Beliefs regarding each dimension of epistemology were identified to be at the level of absolutist, multiplist or evaluatist by means of the "Epistemological Belief Levels Rubric". The findings of the study revealed that the WTL activities increased students’ levels of the epistemological beliefs. Hence, students’ epistemological beliefs can be developed further by dwelling more on the history of science unit within the subject of science by raising students’ awareness.

Giriş: Preptin, proinsülin benzeri büyüme faktörü-II'nin e-peptidinden türetilir. Adacık β hücre grenüllerinde bulunur ve glikoza yanıt olarak insülin ile birlikte salgılanır. Daha önce yapılan çalışmalarda, preptinin glikoz ve lipid metabolizmasında rol oynadığını öne sürülmüştür. Bu çalışmada, insülin direncine (IR) sahip hastalarda serum preptin düzeylerini araştırdık ve bu şekilde preptinin diyabetin erken teşhisinde ve izlenmesinde parametre olarak rolünü tanımlamayı amaçladık. Materyal ve Metot: Çalışmaya 49 IR hastası ve 37 sağlıklı kontrol alındı. IR varlığı, Homeostatik değerlendirme-insülin direnci (HOMA-IR) 2,7 veya daha yüksek seviyede olması ile belirlendi. Hastalardan ve kontrol grubundan açlık plazma örnekleri alındı. Serum preptin seviyeleri, bir Enzime Bağlı İmmün Sorbent Testi (ELISA) kiti ile ölçüldü. Bulgular: IR hastaları kontrol grubundan daha yüksek açlık insülin, HOMA-IR ve trigliserit düzeylerine sahipti (p

INTRODUCTION[|]Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection is common worldwide and may be involved in the pathogenesis of gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric malignancy. Treatment has been effective; however, due to the increasing antibiotic resistance of Hp, there is renewed interest in research. Studies have indicated that the addition of probiotic yogurt to treatment may increase the rate of Hp eradication. This study was an investigation of the effect of the addition yogurt to the standard, first-line treatment on Hp eradication and patient compliance.[¤]METHODS[|]A total of 147 patients were included in the study. Patients who were diagnosed with Hp infection in an endoscopic examination using the histological method were given eradication treatment. The consumption of yogurt in the home was questioned. Patients who used at least 80% of the prescribed drugs were considered to have complied with the treatment. A stool antigen test was performed 4 weeks after the end of treatment to assess Hp eradication.[¤]RESULTS[|]Intention-to-treat analysis revealed that eradication was achieved in 50 (57.4%) of the 80 patients who received only first-line treatment and 21 (39%) of the 60 patients receiving yogurt + first-line treatment. Per-protocol analysis indicated that Hp eradication was achieved in 50 patients (76.9%) of the 65 patients who received yogurt + first-line treatment. Yogurt + first-line treatment had a better eradication rate (p=0.009; p=0.028).[¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]The Hp eradication rate increased with the addition of yogurt added to the standard treatment. Factors such as age, gender, and education level did not affect eradication.[¤]

This study aimed to determine effect of Isparta-Atabey Lowlands agricultural landscape diversity on large mammal species diversity. Studies which focus on especially small mammals and natural areas, measure effect of landscape diversity on habitat chose. Studies on mammalian wild animals and habitats were usually made in natural areas. In this study, the relationship between agricultural landscape diversity and species diversity of mammal wild animals was investigated. Atabey Lowland, positioned 15 km northeast to Isparta. Observations were executed in 30 of these sample grid squares. Track and sign counting method, habitats and vegetation datas were recorded conducted in these sample plots. Shannon-Wiener diversity index was used for wild mammalian species in sample plots. Multiple Linear Regression Analyzes use to explain agricultural landscape diversity and large mammal species diversity linkage. According to the analysis results, Area-weighted mean patch fractal dimension (AWMPFD) and Mean of patches size (MPS) has been found to be significantly effective at predicting mammal species diversity (R2 = 0,71). It has been identified, based in a sample area if increase of patch number and patch size ratio as much diversity as one another, diversity of mammal species is that increase (R= 0,84).

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine how often the recommendations of the Turkish Hypertension Consensus Report are followed, and to draw attention to the report. Methods: The demographic information of 1000 patients diagnosed with hypertension and the details of the antihypertensive medications prescribed at the outpatient service of a tertiary care hospital were recorded, and the data were compared with the recommendations of the report. Results: The mean age of the patients was 62+-11 years. In all, 623 (62.3%) of the 1000 patients were women, and 377 (37.7%) were men. A combination of an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) and a diuretic was the most frequently observed prescription. A diuretic was the most used antihypertensive drug (58.7%), followed by an ARB (48.8%). However, as a monotherapy, a calcium channel blocker (CCB) was the most commonly used antihypertensive drug (19.2%). The most frequently used antihypertensive drug group in older patients was diuretics (63.6%), as proposed in the report. Beta blockers (49.1%) were used more often than expected. For the diabetic group also, a diuretic (60.7%) was the most frequently used antihypertensive drug, followed by an ARB (51.1%) and a CCB (45.2%). Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (34.6%) were the fifth most preferred antihypertensive drug class. However, when ACE inhibitors and ARBs were considered as a single group, known as renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers, these RAS blockers were the most prescribed antihypertensive drug class, followed by diuretics. In the group of patients with coronary artery disease, treatment was found to be generally consistent with the report, but the use of diuretics was greater than expected. Lastly, 124 of 160 patients who had chronic kidney disease were given RAS blocker therapy, which was in line with the consensus report recommendations. Conclusion: Antihypertensive therapies were individualized, as suggested by the consensus report. However, there are proposals still to be considered in special patient groups.

This study aimed at determining the relations between spectral and bird species rarefaction curves in a brutian pine forest ecosystem located in the Fethiye region, Turkey. Bird species were counted by fieldwork in 40 sample plots with 0.81 ha (90 x 90 m). The NDVITOA values of pixels belonging to each plot (pixel numbers are 36, 81 and 324 for Aster, SPOT and RapidEye, respectively) were calculated. Spectral and bird species rarefaction curves were formed by means of EstimatesS software. The relations between spectral and bird species rarefaction curves were examined using regression analyses. Furthermore, the similarities of rarefaction curves were determined considering “increase rate” of curves. The results of study showed that there are serious differences between spectral and bird species rarefaction curves and bird species rarefaction curve was not predicted using satellite images in this region. It is considered that similar studies could be conducted on a wide geographic region using coarse resolution satellite data in order to understand the potentials of spectral rarefaction curves more clearly.

Bu makale, tüm dünyaya yayılan neoliberal politikalar ve kamu sektörü halkla ilişkiler anlayışı arasındaki ilişkiye odaklanmaktadır. Neoliberal politikaların dayattığı kamunun yeniden yapılanma sürecinde, yönetim anlayışında yaşanan değişimlerin kamu kurum ve kuruluşlarının halka ilişkiler anlayışı ve uygulamalarını etkilemesi beklenmektedir. Nitekim neoliberal politikaların gündeme getirdiği yeni iktidar modellerinden olan yönetişim, getirdiği anlayış ve barındırdığı “katılımcılık”, “şeffaflık”, “açıklık”, ”bilgi paylaşımı” gibi kavramların etkisiyle kamu yönetiminin halkla ilişkiler anlayışına paradigma olarak giren “ilişki yönetimi”, kamunun halkla ilişkilerini “kamusal enformasyon modeli” nden “iki yönlü simetrik model”e doğru evrilmek durumunda bırakacaktır. Çalışma, yaşanması beklenen bu dönüşüm üzerine odaklanmıştır.

This study is made in the rural province of Hatay has the traditional social structure, because it contains different ethnic and cultural elements , which has a rich cultural mosaic. Research where he held ( formerly Village) Karlis the neighborhood ; 5 km from the center of Antakya, Hatay with a population of 6000 people and 400 digits and is an ancient settlement. This research about pregnancies birth and the postpartum period have been made in order to reveal traditional practices against mothers and newborn. The survey is not made to be descriptive sampling is planned to include all women who volunteered. In the study with 40 women of different age groups were interviewed face-to- face. Some of the traditional practices of pregnancy; placing the cooked onions into the vagina, uterus puller, parsley is inserted into the vagina in the form of the content prepared. Postpartum traditional practices for psychological problems are putting knife ,scissors or bread under the mother’s pillow in confinement. In the postnatal period, cracked nipples and navel care was found to often used olive oil. Traditional practice for the treatment of diaper rash, it should be noted that white soil and oil is used. In view of the limited number of resources that conducted the study that to the limited extent known, and it has been found to apply related traditional practices of women and newborns on postpartum period extending from pregnancy. Besides that the knowledge of the inhabitants of Karlısu use most of the herbs and herbal productsto cure can be used in daily life is confirmed.

Sami Deniz,1 Aysun Şengül,2 Yusuf Aydemir,3 Jülide Çeldir Emre,4 Mustafa Hikmet Özhan5 1Clinics of Chest Diseases, Dr Suat Seren Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Education and Research Hospital, İzmir, 2Clinics of Chest Diseases, Kocaeli Derince Research and Education Hospital, Kocaeli, 3Department of Chest Diseases, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, 4Clinics of Chest Diseases, Turgutlu State Hospital, Manisa, 5Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University İzmir, Turkey Purpose: We aimed to assess the effects of comorbidities on COPD costs and to investigate the relationship between comorbidities and clinical variables.Patients and methods: All patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of COPD exacerbation between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2014, at all state hospitals of Aydin province, a city located in the western part of Turkey, were included in this study. The costs examined in the study pertained to medications, laboratory tests, hospital stays, and other treatment-related factors, such as consumption of materials, doctor visits, and consultation fees.Results: A total of 3,095 patients with 5,237 exacerbations (mean age, 71.9±10.5 years; 2,434 males and 661 females) were evaluated. For 880 of the patients (28.9%), or 3,852 of the exacerbations (73.1%), at least one comorbid disease was recorded. The mean cost of each exacerbation was $808.5±1,586, including $325.1±879.9 (40.7%) for hospital stays, $223.1±1,300.9 (27.6%) for medications, $46.3±49.6 (0.9%) for laboratory expenditures, and $214±1,068 (26.5%) for other treatment-related factors, such as consumption of materials, doctor visits, and consultation fees. The cost of each exacerbation was $1,014.9 in patients with at least one comorbidity, whereas it was $233.6 in patients without comorbidity (P65 years, female gender, hospitalization in an intensive care unit, invasive or noninvasive mechanical ventilation, and a long duration of hospitalization were all found to be significant factors in increasing total costs during the exacerbations requiring hospitalization (P

The aim of this study was to provide information about the bird species of Isparta Atabey Plain and reveal the species diversity and their abundance. The 32.994 ha study area was divided in total of 3666 grid squares scaled with 300 m x 300 m. Observations were executed in 60 of these sample grid squares. Point counting method was conducted in these sample plots in from April to August 2015. As a result of the studies 99 species from 33 families of 16 orders were recorded. The regional status of 99 bird species are 19 resident, 1 resident and passage migrant, 27 resident and winter visitor, 2 winter visitor, 2 winter visitor and passage migrant, 8 passage migrant, 32 passage migrant and summer migrant, 5 summer migrant and 3 vagrant. Mounts were compared taking into account abundance of bird species and consequently it was found that April had the highest of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index value (H = 4.511).

Preparation of the base maps in conserving biodiversity gain importance gradually in forest inventory. Such maps are needed to either in arrangement of forest management maps, or in managing other semi-natural ecosystems. Biodiversity maps can be prepared particularly based on the variables to be easily measured such as forest structural diversity and bird species richness. Preparation of these maps for large geographic areas using field measurements and observations is difficult, costly, and time consuming. The potential of satellite data has been intensively investigated on this subject. The aim of this study is to determine the relations between bird species richness and the landscape diversity calculated based on Landsat-8 OLI data and image segmentation. The results showed that there is a statistically important relation between bird species richness and landscape diversity (r=0,58 and p

Objectives: Exocrine pancreatic dysfunction may contribute to malnutrition and lack of appetite in the advanced stages of heart failure. Nutritional assessment was carried out on patients diagnosed with mild or moderate/severe heart failure. Fecal elastase levels are an indicator of pancreatic exocrine function and ghrelin is an appetite hormone which is also investigated for its contribution to malnutrition. Study design: This is an observational study. 52 patients (32 males, 20 females) aged over eighteen years and hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) were included in the study. They were compared with 31 people (16 male, 15 female) of the same age as Control Group (C). Patients in New York Heart Association (NYHA) stages 1 and 2 were grouped as mild (miADHF), while those in NYHA stages 3 and 4 were grouped as moderate/severe ADHF (seADHF). Fecal and blood samples were taken at admission. In ADHF patients, exocrine pancreatic functions and their relationship with malnutrition were evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed using Tukey's test, the independent-sample t-test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, the Mann-Whitney U-test, the chisquare test and Pearson's bivariate correlation analysis. Results: Significantly decreased fecal elastase levels were found when moderate/severe ADHF patients and the control group were compared. (C 278.9+-144.8, miADHF 336.6+-181.7, seADHF 168.7+-153.6, p=0.002). 10 seADHF patients (50%) had severe, 4 (20%) moderate, and 6 (30%) mild pancreatic insufficiency. Ghrelin levels were higher in seADHF patients compared to C and miADHF patients (C 69.7+-34.6, miCHF 82.5+-48.2, SeADHF 105.0+-78.1 p=0.361). Conclusion: Fecal elastase and ghrelin hormone levels can contribute to the determination of malnutrition in ADHF patients.