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Sırt arka kısmında hafif kaşıntı ve kıl dökülmesi gözlenen yedi aylık, erkek, melez bir hamsterde Demodex aurati ile Demodex criceti etkenleri teşhis edilmiştir. Enfestasyonun sağıtımı için selamektinin topikal solusyonu 6 mg/kg dozda omuz bölgesinde iki scapula arasına spot-on olarak uygulanmıştır. Uygulama sonrası 14. ve 30. günlerde yapılan muayenelerde D. criceti’ye rastlanmazken, sadece D. aurati saptanmıştır. D. aurati etkenlerine yönelik aynı bölgeden ve maximum dozda (12 mg/kg) ikinci bir selamektin uygulaması yapılmıştır. Uygulamadan sonraki 14. ve 30. günlerde yapılan muayenelerde D. aurati etkenlerine aynı günlerde tekrar rastlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, D. criceti etkenlerine karşı selamektinin minimum dozunun etkili olduğu, D. aurati etkenlerine karşı ise minimum ve maksimum dozların etkili olmadığı saptanmıştır. Uygulamadan sonra ilacın her hangi bir yan etkisi gözlenmemiştir

Bu çalışmada, Bursa yöresinde Varroa destructor ile doğal bulaşık olan balarısı kolonilerinde (polen tuzaklı kovanlarda) Obeson’un (Thymol) etkinliği aratırılmıştır. V.destructor ile olarak bulaşık 18 koloni dokuzar koloniden oluşan 2 gruba ayrılmıştır. Birinci grup Obeson ile tedavi edilmiş, ikinci grup ise tedavisiz kontrol bırakılmıştır. Tedavi sonrası Obeson ilkbaharda %85,5 ve sonbaharda % 100 etkili bulunmasına rağmen sonbahardaki değişik faktörler göz önüne alındığında etkinliğin bu derece yüksek olmadığını düşünmekteyiz. Yapılan araştırmalarda da birçok esansiyel yağ bileşiğinin maksimum etkinliği %98 civarında kalmıştır (Zhang, 2000, Ruffinengo et al. 2007). Bu çalışmada kontrol grubunda ise canlı Varroa’lar tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma süresince tedavi sonrası arıların kısa süreli bir davranış tepkisi dışında ilaçtan kaynaklanan çok ciddi bir yan etki görülmemiştir

The ixodid ticks observed during whole year can transport numerous bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases especially on spring and summer season to the cows in Turkey. Synthetic pyrethroid group drugs were preferred because of their effect, ease of use and no residue on milk / meat against tick infestations of cows. The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of treatment and protectiveness of flumethrin 1% pour-on, flumethrin 7.5% dipping, deltamethrin 1% pour-on, deltamethrin 5% dipping and cypermethrin 2.5% pour-on drugs. Six groups of grazing cows were composed which five of them are treatment group and one group is untreated control containing seven cows per group. All groups were examined for ticks before treatment and every week for 42 days after treatment and the count of ticks were noted. After treatment, no live ticks were observed in the first week in all treatment groups, but beginning from the second week, some live ticks were detected in deltamethrin 5% dipping group. Flumethrin 1% pour-on drug was detected as the longest effective drug in the treatment group. Significant difference was detected between flumethrin 1% pour-on group and cypermethrin 2.5% pour-on group; and all treatment groups and control group, when they compared to each others statistically (P, Türkiye’de tüm yıl boyunca sığırlarda gözlenen ixodid keneler, özellikle ilkbahar ve yaz aylarında artarak çeşitli patojenleri naklederler. Sığırlardaki kene enfestasyonlarına karşı sentetik pyrethroid grubu ilaçlar etkileri, kullanım kolaylığı ve ette-sütte kalıntı bırakmadıkları için tercih edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada sığır kenelerine karşı sentetik pyrethroid grubu ilaçlardan %1 flumethrin dökme, %7.5 flumethrin banyo, %1 deltamethrin dökme, %5 deltamethrin banyo, %2.5 cypermethrin dökme ilaçlarının tedavi edici ve koruyucu etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Her bir ilaç için sabahları meraya çıkıp akşamları ahıra dönen sığırlardan yedişerli gruplar oluşturulmuş, bir grup ise ilaçlanmadan kontrol tutulmuştur. Tedaviden önce sığırlardaki keneler sayılmış, ilaçlamalardan sonra 42 gün boyunca her hafta tüm sığırlar keneler yönünden kontrol edilmiştir. Tedaviden sonraki ilk hafta tüm tedavi gruplarında hiçbir canlı keneye rastlanmazken, 2. haftadan itibaren , %5 deltamethrin banyo grubunda canlı keneler gözlenmeye başlanmıştır. En uzun etkili ilaç ise 4 hafta ile %1 flumethrin dökme çözeltisi olmuştur. İstatistiki olarak gruplar kendi aralarında karşılaştırıldığında, %1 flumethrin dökme çözeltisi ile , %2.5 cypermethrin dökme çözeltisi arasında ve tüm tedavi grupları ile kontrol grupları arasında belirgin bir farklılık ortaya çıkmıştır (P< 0.05). Çalışma boyunca herhangi bir yan etkiye rastlanmamıştır. Sonuç olarak sığırlarda kene enfestasyonlarına karşı flumethrin etken maddesi içeren bir ilaç ile yapılacak kene mücadelesinin etkili olacağı belirlenmiştir.

ÖZET Bu çalışma Bursa yöresi koyunlarında hidatidoz'un sero-prevalansının belirlenmesi ve hidatik kistlerin teşhisinde Indirekt Floresan Antikor (İFA) ve İndirekt Hemaglütinasyon (IHA) testlerinin değerliliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 300 koyun üzerinde yapılmıştır. Araştırma süresince serolojik testler için kan alınan koyunların iç organları kist hidatik ve Cysticercus tenuicollis yönünden muayene edilmiş barsak içerikleri de cestodlar açısından incelenmiştir. Bakısı yapılan 300 koyundan 152'sinde (% 50.7) hidatik kistlere rastlanmış, enfeksiyon incelenen dişilerde % 52.7, erkeklerde % 20, merinos ırkı koyunlarda % 50.5, kıvırcık ırkı koyunlarda % 51 olarak tesbit edilmiştir. Koyunların yaşları ile birlikte enfeksiyon oranının arttığı saptanmış olup, en düşük enfeksiyon oranı 2 yaşlı koyunlarda (% 43.4), en yüksek oran 6 ve daha yaşlı koyunlarda (% 73.9) saptanmıştır. Enfekte koyunlardaki kistlerin % 28.9'u sadece karaciğerde, % 23.7'si sadece akciğerde, % 47.4'ü karaciğer ve akciğerde birlikte bulunmuş; % 61.2'si fertil, % 23'ü steril, % 15.8'i kalsifiye olarak tesbit edilmiştir. Yapılan serolojik muayenede 1:128 ve daha yukarı titrelerde IFAT'ın sensitivitesi % 78.95, spesifitesi % 92.57, yanlış negatif reaksiyonlar % 21.05, yanlış pozitif reaksiyonlar % 7.43 olarak bulunmuştur. IHAT'ın 1:256 ve daha yukarı titrelerde sensitivitesi % 78.29, spesifitesi % 77.03, yanlış negatif reaksiyonlar % 21.71, yanlış pozitif reaksiyonlar % 22.97 olarak belirlenmiştir.Hem IFAT hem de IHAT'da düşük sulandırma oranlarında yüksek düzeyde yanlış pozitif reaksiyonlar görülmüş, C.tenuicollis ve Moniezia spp. ile çapraz reaksiyonlar tesbit edilmiştir. Kistlerin karaciğer ve akciğerde birlikte bulunduğu durumlarda oluşturdukları antikor yanıtı her iki testte de daha yüksek bulunmuş, kistlerin sadece karaciğer veya akciğerde bulundukları durumlarda ise antikor yanıtı daha düşük düzeyde tesbit edilmiştir. Her iki test ile fertil kistlerin oluşturduğu antikor yanıtı steril olanlara göre daha yüksek bulunmuş, kalsifiye olanlarda ise antikor yanıtı en düşük düzeyde saptanmıştır. Kist sayısı ile IFAT ve IHAT titreleri arasında tam olmamakla birlikte kuvvetli bir korelasyon saptanmıştır ( IFAT için r=0.699, IHAT için r=0.739 ). Anahtar Kelimeler: koyun, IFAT, IHAT, hidatidoz, sero-prevalans SUMMARY A survey on the sero-prevalence of hydatidosis by means of IFAT and IHAT in sheep in Bursa. This study was carried out with 300 sheep to evaluate the validity of IFAT and IHAT in the diagnosis and determination of the sero-prevalence of hydatidosis in Bursa. The internal organs of these sheep which have served as blood donors for the serological tests, were examined for hydatid cysts and for Cysticersus tenuicollis. Additionally, the content of the intestines was also examined for cestode infections. Hydatid cysts were detected in 152 out of 300 sheep (50.7 %). Infection rates were 52.7 % and 20 % in females and males, respectively. 50.5 % of merino sheep and 51 % of kıvırcık sheep were hydatid positive. Increasing infection rates were observed in older animals, i.e. the lowest infection rate was found in two years old sheep (43.4 %), while the highest infection rate was detected in sheep older than 6 years old (73.9 %). In infected sheep, 28.9 % hepatic cysts, 23.7 % pulmonar cysts, 47.4 % hepatic and pulmonar cysts were observed. 61.2 %, 23 % and 15.8 % of the cysts were fertile, sterile and calcified, respectively. A sensitivity of 78.95 %, specifity of 92.57 %, false negative reactions of 21.05 %, false positive reactions of 7.43 % was given by IFAT at 1:128 and higher dilutions. A sensitivity of 78.29 %, specifity of 77.02 %, false negative reactions of 21.71 %, false positive reactions of 22.97 % was given by IHAT at 1:256 and higher dilutions.High level of false positive reactions had been seen at lower dilution rates both in IFAT and IHAT. Cross reactions were also seen in sheep infected with C. tenuicollis and Moniezia spp. When the cysts were found both in liver and lung the antibody response was found at a high level, however when the cysts were found only in lung or in liver the response was found lower both in two tests. In each of the tests the level of antibody response for fertile cysts was found higher than that of sterile cysts, while calsified cysts were given the lowest response. A strong correlation has been detected between the number of the cysts and the IFAT and IHAT titers ( r=0.699 for IFAT, r=0.739 for IHAT ). Key words: sheep, IFAT, IHAT, hydatidosis, sero-prevalance 71

Bu çalışmada İstanbul'un Avrupa yakasındaki sahipli ve sahipsiz kedilerde gastrointestinal ve pulmoner helmintlerin yaygınlığının farklı yöntemler kullanılmak suretiyle araştırılması, ayrıca kedi sahiplerinin paraziter hastalıklar hakkındaki bilgi düzeylerinin ölçülmesi amaçlanmıştır. Kedilerden alınan dışkı örnekleri; tuzlu su flotasyon, çinko sülfat santrifüj flotasyon ve Baermann Wetzel yöntemi kullanılarak gastrointestinal ve pulmoner helmintlere ait larva ve yumurtalar aranmıştır. Kanda ise Modifiye Knott yöntemi kullanılarak Dirofilaria immitis’in larvaları aranmıştır. Çalışmada sahipsiz 250 kedinin 166’sında (% 66,4), sahipli 250 kedinin de 32’sinde (% 12,8) bir ya da birden fazla helmint türünün yumurtalarına rastlanmıştır. Sahipsiz 143 dişi kedinin 99’u, 107 erkek kedinin 79’u enfekte bulunmuştur. Sahipli kedilerde ise 125 dişi kedinin 26’sı, 125 erkek kedinin 15’i gastrointestinal helmintlerle enfekte olarak tespit edilmiştir. Hem sahipsiz (%72,09) hem de sahipli kedilerde (%17,34) en yüksek enfeksiyon oranına 0-2 yaş grubu hayvanlarda rastlanılmıştır. Hem sahipsiz (%61,2) hem de sahipli kedilerde (%11,2) en sık rastlanılan tür Toxocara cati olmuştur. Sahipsiz kedilerden 23 tanesinin (%9,2) Toxascaris leonina, 16 tanesinin (%6,4) Dipylidium caninum, 1 tanesinin (%0,4) Taenia spp. ile enfekte olduğu saptanmıştır. Sahipli kedilerden 11 tanesinin (%4,4) D. caninum, 3 tanesinin (%1,2) T. leonina, 2 tanesinin (%0,8) Taenia spp., 1 tanesinin (%0,4) de Trichuris spp. ile enfekte olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sahipli kedilerde tespit edilen Trichuris spp. yumurtalarına sahipsiz kedilerin dışkılarında rastlanmamıştır. Baermann yöntemiyle dışkıları incelenen sahipsiz kedilerin birinde (% 0,4) ve sahipli kedilerin birinde (% 0,4) Aelurostrongylus abstrusus larvalarına rastlanmıştır. Modifiye Knott yöntemiyle yapılan kan incelemelerinde ise 142 kediden sadece birinde (%0,7) Dirofilaria immitis larvalarına rastlanmıştır. Uygulanan ankete katılan kedi sahiplerinin (%38,1) “zoonoz’’ kelimesinin anlamını bildiğini, büyük çoğunluğun ise bu kelimenin anlamını bilmediğini (%61,9) ifade etmiştir. Katılımcıların %78’i kedilerdeki parazitlerin kendilerine bulaşabileceğini bildiklerini, % 22’si ise bilmediklerini ifade etmişlerdir. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of gastrointestinal and pulmonary helminths in owned and stray cats in the European side of Istanbul by using different methods and to measure the level of knowledge of cat owners about parasitic diseases. Fecal samples taken from cats; larvae and eggs of gastrointestinal and pulmonary helminths were searched by using salt water flotation, zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation and Baermann Wetzel method. In the blood, larvae of Dirofilaria immitis were searched using the Modified Knott method. In the study, eggs of one or more helminth species were found in 166 (66,4%) of 250 stray cats and 32 (12,8%) of 250 owned cats. 99 of 143 stray female cats and 79 of 107 male cats were found to be infected. In owned cats, 26 of 125 female cats and 15 of 125 male cats were found to be infected with gastrointestinal helminths. The highest infection rate in both stray (72,09%) and owned cats (17,34%) was observed in 0-2 age group. Toxocara cati was the most common species in both stray (61,2%) and owned (11,2%) cats. Of the stray cats, 23 (9,2%) were infected with Toxascaris leonina, 16 (6,4%) with Dipylidium caninum, and 1 (0,4%) with Taenia spp. Of the owned cats, 11 (4,4%) were infected with D. caninum, 3 (1,2%) with T. leonina, 2 (0,8%) with Taenia spp., 1 (0,4%) with Trichuris spp. Trichuris spp. eggs were found in owned cats but not in stray cats. Aelurostrongylus abstrusus larvae were found in one (0,4%) of the stray cats and one (0,4%) of the owned cats, whose feces were examined by the Baermann method. On the other hand, Dirofilaria immitis larvae were found in only one (0,7%) of 142 cats in blood examinations performed with the Modified Knott method. Cat owners (38,1%) of those who participated in the survey stated that they knew the meaning of the word "zoonosis", while the vast majority (61,9%) did not know the meaning of this word. 78% of the participants stated that they knew that parasites in cats could infect them, while 22% stated that they did not know.

In Turkey, a study was conducted during the years 2009–2015 to detect the gastrointestinal helminth species of 18 white storks (Ciconia ciconia Linnaeus, 1758 (Aves: Ciconiiformes) sampled from aquatic or swamp areas of Bursa Province, one of the inter-route sites where storks intensely stay. The results of postmortem examination revealed that 17 (94.44%) white storks harboured one or more helminth species. Eight species of helminths were detected at the following prevalence rates: Dictymetra discoidea (38.88%), Chaunocephalus ferox (37.50%), Schistocephalus solidus (27.77%), Stephanoprora (Monilifer) spinulosa (18.75%), Echinoparyphium sp. (12.50%), Tylodelphys excavata (6.25%), T. clavata (6.25%), and Syncuaria ciconiae (6.25%). This study is the first report on the presence of all the above species except T. excavata from white storks in Turkey. Stephanoprora (M.) spinulosa was found in Ciconiiform birds for the first time in this study.

This study aimed to determine the plasma disposition and faecal excretion of netobimin (NTB) and its respective metabolites as well as the efficacy against strongyles in horses following oral administration. Netobimin (10 mg/kg) was administered orally to 8 horses. Blood and faecal samples were collected from 1 to 120 h post-treatment and analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using a chiral phase-based HPLC, plasma disposition of ABZSO enantiomers produced was also determined. Faecal strongyle egg counts (EPG) were performed by a modified McMaster’s technique before and after the treatment. Neither NTB nor ABZ were present and only albendazole sulphoxide (ABZSO) and sulphone metabolites (ABZSO 2 ) were detected in the plasma samples. Maximum plasma concentration of ABZSO (0.53 ± 0.14 μg/ml) and ABZSO 2 (0.36 ± 0.09 μg/ml) were observed at ( t max ) 10.50 and 19.50 h, respectively following administration of NTB. The area under the curve (AUC) of the two metabolites was similar to each other. Netobimin was not detected, and ABZ was predominant in faecal samples. The maximum plasma concentration ( C max ) of (−)ABZSO was significantly higher than (+)ABZSO, but the area under the curves (AUCs) of the enantiomer were not significantly different each other in plasma samples. The enantiomers of ABZSO were close to racemate in the faecal samples analyzed. Netobimin reduced the EPG by 100%, 100%, 77%, 80% and 75% 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks post-treatment, respectively. The specific behaviour of the two enantiomers probably reflects different enantioselectivity of the enzymatic systems of the liver which are responsible for sulphoxidation and sulphonation of ABZ. Considering the pharmacokinetic and efficacy parameters NTB could be used as an anthelmintic in horses.

The seasonal patterns of strongyle infections in untreated, weaned lambs were determined on four governmental farms during a grazing season. In three farms, the infection level (predominantly Teladorsagia spp. and Trichostrongylus spp.) measured by egg counts or worm burdens remained low throughout the study; higher egg counts mainly caused by Haemonchus contortus were transiently recorded on the fourth farm. Significant body weight gains were observed in all groups, but they varied between farms irrespective of the level of strongyle infections, suggesting that the economic effectiveness of anthelmintic treatments of weaned lambs is doubtful under the extensive grazing conditions and the hot, dry climate in the region. In the second part of the study, faecal egg count reduction tests were performed for albendazole, thiabendazole, tetramisole and ivermectin on 12 sheep and goat farms to provide first information on anthelmintic resistance in trichostrongyles of small ruminants in Turkey. There was no hint of benzimidazole resistance, and unequivocal evidence of ivermectin resistance was missing. In contrast, tetramisole resistance was detected on one sheep farm.

Winter dysentery (WD) is a very contagious disease of cattle characterized by profuse diarrhea. The precise etiology of disease is still not fully elucidated. Aim of the presented study was investigation of the causative agents of disease in a herd affected by WD and to evaluate routine haematological and biochemical parameters of cows with WD. This study was carried out on blood and fecal samples collected from 12 cows showing typical signs of disease during an outbreak of WD in Bursa, Turkey. Samples were analysed for the presence of bovine coronavirus (BCoV), Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), Eimeria oocysts and Campylobacter spp. using ELISA, RT-PCR, flotation technique and culture. Faecal samples were inoculated in HRT cell cultures for virus isolation. Isolated viruses were identified as coronaviruses from 25% of the samples by ELISA, PCR and serum neutralisation tests. Campylobacter spp. was isolated from 33.3% cows with dysentery. BVD and Eimeria oocysts were not detected in any of the samples. Results of the presented study indicates that BcoV along with Compylobacter spp. may be the primary agent of WD in cows. However negative results for BCoV and Campylobacter spp of 58 % of feacal samples indicates that etiology of the disease is still not fully elucidated and pathogens other than BCoV and Campylobacter could also be involved in pathogenesis of the disease Kış dizanterisi sulu ishal ile karakterize sığırların çok bulaşıcı bir hastalığıdır. Hastalığın etiyolojisi hala tam olarak aydınlatılamamıştır. Sunulan çalışmanın amacı kış dizanterisi ile enfekte olan sürüde etiyolojik ajanların, rutin hematolojik ve biyokimyasal parametrelerin araştırılmasıdır. Çalışmada Bursa bölgesinde tipik kış dizanterisi bulguları gösteren 12 sığırdan kan ve dışkı örnekleri toplanmıştır. Örnekler, bovine coronavirus (BCoV), bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), Eimeria ookistleri ve Campylobacter spp. yönünden ELISA, RT-PCR, kültür ve flotasyon tekniği ile analiz edilmiştir. Dışkı örneklerinde, virus izolasyonu için HRT hücre kültürü yapılmıştır. Örneklerin%25’inden ELISA, PCR ve serum nötralizasyon yöntemi ile coronavirus identifiye edilmiştir. Dizanterili sığırların %33,3’ünden Campylobacter spp. izole edilmiştir. Hiçbir örnekte BVD ve Eimeria ookistlerine rastlanılmamıştır. Sunulan çalışmanın sonuçları göstermektedir ki Campylobacter spp ile birlikte BcoV sığırlarda kış dizanterisinin primer etkeni olabilir. Ancak dışkı örneklerinin % 58’i BCoV ve Campylobacter spp yönünden negatiftir ve hastalığın etiyolojisi hala tam olarak aydınlatılamadığı için BCoV ve Campylobacter spp dışında başka pathojenlerde hastalığın pathogenezinde rol olabilir.

The present study aimed to investigate the status of helminth infections in wild boars in the Bursa province of Turkey. For this purpose, during 2007–2008, 27 wild boars were necropsied and examined for helminths. Individual samples of tongue and diaphragm from 27 necropsied wild boars and an additional 22 tongue and diaphragm samples provided by hunters were examined by trichinoscopy and artificial digestion for Trichinella spp. larvae. Twenty animals (74%) were identified as being infected with at least one helminth species. Twelve species of helminths were detected, with the following prevalence rates: Metastrongylus apri (59%), Metastrongylus salmi (52%), Metastrongylus pudendotectus (52%), Dicrocoelium dendriticum (33%), Globocephalus urosubulatus (22%), Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus (19%), Gongylonema pulchrum (11%), Physocephalus sexalatus (7%), Trichuris suis (7%), Ascarops strongylina (4%), Hyostrongylus rubidus (4%) and Taenia hydatigena larvae (4%). Generally, lungworms were the predominant helminths. The highest mean abundance was observed for M. pudendotectus, and the lowest was determined for T. hydatigena larvae. Significant differences in the prevalence and intensity were found for D. dendriticum with respect to host age and sex, respectively. The mean intensity of M. pudendotectus was significantly influenced by the sex and age of the wild boars. This study is the first report describing the presence of M. salmi, M. pudendotectus, D. dendriticum,G. urosubulatus, M. hirudinaceus, P. sexalatus, A. strongylina and H. rubidus in wild boars in Turkey. All analysed muscle samples were negative for Trichinella spp. larvae.

The effects of different ages and dosages on the plasma disposition and hair degradation of ivermectin (IVM) were investigated following pour-on administration in goats. Twenty-eight female Saanen goats allocated into two groups of 14 animals according to their ages as young (5-6 months old) and old (12-24 months old) groups. Each age group was divided into two further of seven goats and administered pour-on formulation of IVM topically at the in recommended dosage rate of 0.5 mg/kg bodyweight The recommended cattle dosages rate of 0.5 mg/kg or at the higher dosage of 1.0 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected at various times between 1 h and 40 days. In addition, hair samples (> 0.01 g) were collected using tweezers from the application sites and far from application sites of the all animals throughout the blood sampling period. The plasma and hair samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using fluorescence detection following solid and liquid phase extractions, respectively. Dose- and age-dependent plasma disposition of IVM were observed in goats after pour-on administration. In addition, relatively high concentration and slow degradation of IVM in hair samples collected from the application site and far from the application site were observed in the present study. The differences between young and old goats are probably related to differences in body condition and/or lengths of haircoat. The systemic availability of IVM following pour-on administration is relatively much lower than after oral and subcutaneous administrations but the plasma persistence was prolonged. Although, the longer persistence of IVM on hairs on the application site may prolong of efficacy against ectoparasites, the poor plasma availability could result in subtherapeutic plasma concentrations, which may confer the risk of resistance development in for internal parasites after pour-on administration in goats.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of Cylindamycine in saanen goats kids suffering from naturally occuring coccidiosis. 13 kids were found to be suffering from different degrees of coccidiosis. Fecal samples were submitted from all of the diarrheic kids in the goat flock for virological, bacteriological and coccidial examinations. Bacteriogical cultures and flotation examinations of faecal samples were evaluated. In clinical examinations, all kids showed dysentery, tenesmus, inappetence, and weakness. While total per oocyste counts were detected as 675500 opg (per gram oocysts) before the treatment, were detected as low as 24020 opg at end of day 14. Clindamycine applications in addition to managemental measurements may be useful to reduce the oocyst counts and to improve of clinical status.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate tylosine efficacy administered by intramuscular for treatment of cryptosporidiosis in naturally infected goat kids. These animals were randomly assigned to test group (n=10) and control (n=10) group after routine clinical examination. All kids showed mild mental depression, decrease in suckling reflex and diarrhea in different severity. Fecal samples were analyzed via virological, bacteriological and coccidial examinations. The consistency of feces was assessed as pastose, semiliquid, or liquid. The rates of infection of the samples were evaluated semi-quantitatively. Tylosine was given by intramuscular route to test group - 2 at a dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight, twice a day for 5 days. However, isotonic saline solution (1.0 ml) was used by intramuscular route to the control group, once a day for 5 days. Hematological results of all the kids were within normal limits except for hematocrit rates which were mild high in 15 kids as a result of dehydration. However, OPG was not detected in both of group after treatment. It was suggests that tylosine applied animals has been shown more rapid recovery than control group. Tylosine may be useful in order to reduce of treatment period in the disease. In future, more detailed studies which evaluate the effects of tylosine in goat kids with cryptosporidiosis are needed.

Hedgehog diseases are becoming important issues for veterinary surgeons due to growing interest in this animal species among pet owners and an increase in cases of rescued hedgehogs requiring veterinary care. A parasitological study was carried out on hedgehogs (Erinaceus concolor) in the Bursa province of Turkey, found dead mainly due to road casualties, to determine their helminth parasite burden. The detected helminths and their prevalences were as follows: Physaloptera clausa (72.2%), Crenosoma striatum (55.5%), Aonchotheca erinacei (55.5%), Hymenolepis erinacei (55.5%), Nephridiorhynchus major (50%) and Eucoleus aerophilus (22.2%). The number of parasites in infected animals varied from 1 to 203. The highest mean intensity of infection was observed with C. striatum, and the lowest was observed with N. major. The mean abundance of different species varied from 0.7 to 41.8, where E. aerophilus and C. striatum had the lowest and highest abundance, respectively. This study represents the first time N. major and E. aerophilus have been reported in hedgehogs in Turkey. The presence of E. aerophilus and its potential role as a zoonotic agent are discussed.

Pour-on formulations of endectocides decrease the risk of injury for both user and animal, and are particularly convenient for animal owners who can apply the product. This study was designed to investigate the plasma disposition and efficacy of ivermectin (IVM) following pour-on, per os and intravenous administrations. Eighteen female horses weighing 510-610 kg were used in this study. The animals were allocated into three groups (per os, pour-on and intravenous groups). The equine paste, bovine pour-on and bovine injectable formulations of IVM were administered orally, topically and intravenously at the dose rates of 0.2, 0.5 and 0.2 mg/kg bodyweight, respectively. Heparinized blood samples and hair samples were collected at various times between 1 h and 40 days. The samples were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector. Faecal strongyle egg counts (EPG) were performed by a modified McMaster's technique before and at weekly intervals during 10 weeks after treatment. The results indicated that the plasma concentration and systemic availability of IVM was lower but the plasma persistence was prolonged after pour-on administration compared with per os route. IVM (paste) reduced the EPG by >95% for 10 weeks, whereas the reduction in pour-on group varied from 82 to 97%. EPG reduction in pour-on group was lower than that of per os group. Degradation on the application site, cutaneous biotransformation, binding of IVM to the haircoat and/or sebum are probably responsible for the relatively lower bioavailability of IVM in horses after pour-on administration. In conclusion, the poor plasma availability observed after pour-on administration could result in subtherapeutic plasma concentrations, which may promote the development of drug resistance in parasites.

The aim of the present survey was to study prevalence of spring-early summer Ixodidae on ruminants in Southeastern Bulgaria (Border of Greece and Turkey).

The present study was carried out to determine the variations in the number of eggs excreted in the faeces at different hours of the day and the correlation between faecal egg counts and fluke burden in sheep naturally infected with Dicrocoelium dendriticum. For this purpose faecal samples were taken from 14 sheep at 1-h intervals from 07(00) to 19(00). Faecal samples were examined by modified Benedek sedimentation method and mean egg counts per gram of faeces (EPG) for each hour (average of group) were calculated. In general, egg counts were found higher in faecal samples taken in the afternoon than those from the morning. Although the highest EPG value was observed at 17(00) (61.3 +/- 16.9). no statistical difference was found among the egg counts at different hours. In order to detect the fluke burden 7 sheep were necropsied after faecal sampling. The number of D. dendriticum recovered at necropsy of each animal varied between 200 and 759. While a positive correlation was observed between faecal egg count and total fluke count (r = 0.786, P < 0.01), no statistically significant correlation was found between gall bladder fluke count and total fluke count.

The prevalence and potential zoonotic risk factors of intestinal nematodes of military working dogs, which are used for different military purposes, were assessed. Faecal samples from 352 defined-breed Turkish military dogs were investigated and 107 (30.4%) dogs were found to be infected with one or two nematode species. The following nematodes, with their respective prevalences, were diagnosed in the faecal samples: Toxascaris leonina (21.8%), Toxocara canis (13.3%), Trichuris vulpis (2.9%) and Uncinaria stenocephala (1.2%). Toxocara canis infections were more frequently seen in puppies (0-6 months old). The prevalence of T. canis was significantly higher in male than in female dogs and also higher in dogs which were exercised daily than in those without exercise. The highest prevalence was found in Belgian malinois breed dogs. Toxocara canis infections were not influenced by the floor type of the kennels (i.e. concrete or soil floor). There was no difference in the occurrence of T. canis infection when the last anthelmintic treatment was carried out less or more than 3 months prior to sampling. It is suggested that T. canis infected military dogs would be a threat not only for dog trainers but also for military personnel, notably during national and international operations.

Haemoproteus columbae is a red-blood cell protozoon parasite of pigeons and doves. The pathogenicity of H. columbae is generally low and adult birds usually show no evidence of disease (Soulsby, 1986; Rommel et al., 2000). However, an acute form of the infection-has been reported in pigeon nestlings, in which heavy mortality has been recorded (Soulsby, loc. cit.). The frequency of H. columbae is considerably high in. pigeons worldwide (Mushi et al., 2000). There are very limited number of studies on blood parasites of pigeons in Turkey (Gulanber et al., 2002). This study was therefore designed to determine the prevalence and intensity of this parasite in domestic pigeons fro m Bursa region, Turkey during a one year period. Materials and Methods In this:study, one hundred (31 young 69 adult, 45 male, 55 female) domestic pigeons reared in pigeon houses in 10 districts of Bursa, Turkey were exmined for blood parasites between April 2002 and March 2003. Blood samples were obtained from the right wing vein and thin smears in duplicate were made immediately. The air dried blood smears were subsequently fixed with methanol and stained with Giemsa solution (5%, pH 7.2). The slides were examined microscopically at a magnification of x1000. Intensity was expressed as the number of parasitized red blood cells per 200 randomly selected fields. The parasite species was identified as described by Bennett and Peirce (1990). Chi-square or Fisher's exact was used to compare the prevalence of the parasite I among the age, sex and season groups. All statistical calculations were performed using the Graphpad Instat software V2.02. programme (LSU Medical Center). Results and Discussion In this study H. columbae was the only haemoparasite, with a prevalence of 21 per cent, found in blood smears of the pigeons examined. This rate is much lower than the prevalence. rates reported. In Turkey (Gicik, 2001; Gulanber et al., 2002.) and other countries (Mushi et al. and Sol et al., 2000) in domestic or wild pigeons. The low prevalence of H. columbae in pigeons in this study might be due to the different abundance of vectors in the habitats of domestic pigeons or due to a possible difference in susceptibility. Although-higher prevalence was observed in young pigeons (25.8%) compared to adult pigeons (18.8%) there was no significant difference between the age classes. Sol at al. (loc. cit.) and Gicik (,loc. cit.) found higher prevalence of H. columbae in adult pigeons than in youngs. No difference in the prevalence of H. columbae could be found between males (20%) and females (21.8%). Gicik (loc. cit.) found higher prevalence of H. columbae in wild female pigeons than in males, while. in their study Sol at al. (loc. cit.) stated that there is no difference between male and female in prevalence of H. columbae. Because prevalence largely depends on exposure to vectors, in our. study the absence of sex-related differences in prevalence suggests that the sexes were equally exposed to vectors. This agrees with the fact that, in pigeons, both sexes use the habitat in the breeding duties in a similar fashion. The highest (44%) infection rate was observed in autumn (P

Netobimin (NTB) was administered orally to ewes at 20 mg/kg bodyweight. Blood and faecal samples were collected from 1 to 120 h post-treatment and analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using a chiral phase-based HPLC, plasma disposition of albendazole sulphoxide (ABZSO) enantiomers produced was also determined. Neither NTB nor albendazole (ABZ) was present and only ABZSO and albendazole sulphone (ABZSO(2)) metabolites were detected in the plasma samples. Maximum plasma concentrations (C(max)) of ABZSO (4.1 +/- 0.7 microg/ml) and ABZSO(2) (1.1 +/- 0.4 microg/ml) were detected at (t(max)) 14.7 and 23.8 h, respectively following oral administration of netobimin. The area under the curve (AUC) of ABZSO (103.8 +/- 22.8 (microg h)/ml) was significantly higher than that ABZSO(2)(26.3 +/- 10.1 (microg h)/ml) (p0.01). (-)-ABZSO and (+)-ABZSO enantiomers were never in racemate proportions in plasma. The AUC of (+)-ABZSO (87.8 +/- 20.3 (microg h)/ml) was almost 6 times larger than that of (-)-ABZSO (15.5 +/- 5.1 (microg h)/ml) (p0.001). Netobimin was not detected, and ABZ was predominant and its AUC was significantly higher than that of ABZSO and ABZSO(2), following NTB administration in faecal samples (p0.01). Unlike in the plasma samples, the proportions of the enantiomers of ABZSO were close to racemic and the ratio of the faecal AUC of (-)-ABZSO (172.22 +/- 57.6 (microg h)/g) and (+)-ABZSO (187.19 +/- 63.4 (microg h)/g) was 0.92. It is concluded that NTB is completely converted to ABZ by the gastrointestinal flora and absorbed ABZ is completely metabolized to its sulphoxide and sulphone metabolites by first-pass effects. The specific behaviour of the two enantiomers probably reflects different enantioselectivity of the enzymatic systems of the liver that are responsible for sulphoxidation and sulphonation of ABZ.