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Objective: We aimed to investigate the effects of flaxseed, which is widely used due to its healing effects, on the kidney tissue when the daily recommended dose is exceeded. Material and Methods: We divided the male Wistar Albino rats into four groups of eight, namely the control, OD-1 (1.4 mg/kg/d), OD-2 (2.8 mg/kg/d), and OD-3 (5.6 mg/kg/d) groups. Ground flaxseed was administered to each overdose group by oral gavage for 7 days. At the end of the experiment, blood and kidney samples were collected. Blood samples were centrifuged and serum was separated for renal function analyses. The half of the kidney samples were stored at –20°C until biochemical analyses and we fixed the remaining tissues with 10% buffered formalin for histopathological analysis. Results: Serum urea and BUN levels were significantly increased in all overdose groups compared to the control group (for all p˂0.05). TAS levels significantly decreased in the OD-3 group compared to the control (p=0.044). There was an increase renal TOS levels in all overdose groups compared to the control and also, OSI level of the OD-3 group significantly increased compared to the control (p=0.016 ). While histopathological changes were not observed in OD-1 and OD-2 groups compared to the control group, there were non-significant histopathological changes in OD-3 group. Conclusion: It was concluded that the use of flaxseed above the recommended daily dose can pose a threat to kidney tissue. So, while being used for its benefit, in order not to be exposed to its toxic effects, overuse and long-term use should be avoided.

Amaç Son yıllarda metalik nanopartiküller antioksidan, antimikrobiyal ve antikanser etkinlikleri ile nanotıp alanında oldukça dikkat çekmektedir. Özellikle, kanser tedavisinde farmakolojik etkinliği bilinen tıbbi bitkilerden yeşil sentez metodu ile üretilen metal nanopartiküller araştırmacıların ilgi odağı haline gelmiştir. Altın nanopartiküller; kendilerine özgü kimyasal, fiziksel ve nontoksik özellikleri ile ön plana çıkan metal nanopartiküllerden biridir. Çalışmamızda, üzüm (Vitis vinifera) çekirdeği sulu ekstraktı kullanılarak yeşil sentezi gerçekleştirilen altın nanopartiküllerin (Vv-AuNP) tek başına ve kemoterapötik bir ajan olan Gemsitabin ile kombine kullanımının HT-29 kolon kanseri hücre hattı üzerindeki sitotoksik, anti-proliferatif ve apoptotik etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem Altın nanopartiküllerin yeşil sentezi, Vitis vinifera sulu özütü kullanılarak gerçekleştirildi. Vv-AuNP’lerin UV-görünür spektrofotometre, taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ve Enerji Dağılımlı X-ışını Spektroskopisi (EDX) gibi çeşitli analitik tekniklerle karakterizasyonu yapıldı. Vv-AuNP'ler 0–80 μg/mL doz aralığında tek başına ve Gemsitabin (100 μg/mL veya 200 μg/mL sabit doz) ile kombine olacak şekilde HT- 29 hücreleri ile 72 saat süresince muamele edildi. Sitotoksik etkileri MTT testi ile değerlendirildi. Ayrıca, HT-29 hücreleri üzerine Vv-AuNP’lerin artan dozlarda (0-400μg/mL) tek başına ve Gemsitabin ile kombine antiproliferatif etkileri ise BrdU testi ile belirlendi. Altın nanopartiküllerin HT-29 hücreleri ile muamelesi sonrası Kaspaz-3 aktivasyon düzeyi Western-blot yöntemi ile analiz edildi. Bulgular MTT sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde Vv-AuNP’lerin 80 μg/mL doza kadar çıkıldığında HT-29 hücrelerinde istenilen düzeyde sitotoksik etkiler göstermediği belirlendi. BrdU hücre proliferasyon testi sonuçlarına dayalı olarak, Vv-AuNP’lerin tek başına ve Gemsitabin ile birlikte uygulamalarında IC50 değerleri sırasıyla 147.9 ve 39.43 μg/mL olarak belirlendi. Vv-AuNP dozlarına bağlı kaspaz-3 aktivasyonunun kontrole kıyasla arttığı, Gemsitabin ile kombine kullanımının bu etkiyi güçlendirdiği gözlendi. Sonuç Sonuç olarak, yeşil sentezlenmiş AuNP’ler in vitro koşullarda kolon kanseri hücreleri üzerinde anti-kanser özellikler sergilemiştir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, Vv-AuNP'lerin kolon kanseri tedavisi için potansiyel bir seçenek olarak düşünülebileceğini göstermektedir.

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of resveratrol (RES) against methotrexate (MTX)-induced ovarian damage in female rats and were divided into 7 groups: Material and Methods: Control; MTX (15mg/kg-1st day); MTX (1st and 3rd day); MTX (1st, 3rd and 5th day); MTX (1st day) + RES (20mg/kg); MTX (1st and 3rd day) + RES; MTX (1st, 3rd and 5th day) + RES. Since there was only one animal left in groups 4 and 6 and no animals in group 7, these groups were excluded from the evaluation. Ovarian damage was evaluated by performing hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) and TUNEL staining on ovarian tissues of rats. TAS and TOS activities in ovarian tissues were evaluated spectrophotometrically. In addition, DNA damage in blood was evaluated by comet assay. Results: As a result of biochemical analyzes, TOS levels increased in MTX groups, group 2 and 3, compared to the control group, while TOS level decreased significantly in group 5. On the other hand, TAS level increased significantly in group 5 compared to groups 2 and 3. H-E staining results showed that MTX-induced damage improved with RES (group 5) treatment. Maximum positive staining in TUNEL image; observed in equal amounts in groups 2 and 3, then in group 5. In addition, the comet score, which indicates DNA damage, increased significantly in groups 2 and 3, while it decreased significantly in group 5. Conclusion: In line with the results of this study, it was observed that resveratrol may provide protective effects against methotrexate-induced ovarian damage due to its antioxidant properties.

Reaktif oksijen türlerinin (ROS) güçlü bir temizleyicisi olan resveratrolün (RES), böbrek hastalıkları da dahil olmak üzere çeşitli metabolik bozukluklara karşı koruyucu etkisi olduğu bildirilmektedir. Bu çalışma, dişi sıçanlarda metotreksat (MTX) ile indüklenen renal toksisitede resveratrolün nefroprotektif etkilerini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, her grupta altı adet rat olacak şekilde üç gruba ayrıldı: Kontrol, MTX: (15 mg/kg, tek doz, i.p), MTX + RES grubu: (15 mg/kg MTX, tek doz, i.p + 20 mg/ kg RES, günde tek doz, oral gavaj, 7 gün). Serum renal fonksiyon belirteçleri (ürik asit, BUN ve kreatinin), renal homojenatlarda toplam oksidan (TOS) ve antioksidan durumu (TAS) gibi biyokimyasal parametreler ölçülerek nefroprotektif etkinlik yorumlandı. Ayrıca RES'in böbrekler üzerindeki etkisi histopatolojik ve immünohistokimyasal analizlerle değerlendirildi. MTX ile indüklenen ratlarda RES tedavisi, serum BUN, kreatinin ve renal TOS düzeylerinde anlamlı azalmanın yanında renal TAS'ta anlamlı bir artışla nefro-koruyucu etkilerini gösterdi. Histolojik boyama bulgularında da biyokimyasal verilere paralel olarak, RES’in koruyucu etkisinin olduğu gözlendi. İmmünhistokimyasal olarak sistemik inflamatuar yanıtın göstergelerinden biri olan TNF-α'nın RES tedavisi ile azaldığı belirlendi. Araştırmanın bulguları, ratlara MTX enjeksiyonundan 1 saat önce RES uygulamasının böbrek hasarı üzerinde iyileştirici etkisi olduğunu göstermektedir.

This study sought to assess the protective effects of resveratrol and avocado oil in relation to paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The rats were divided into five groups, namely the control, paracetamol (600 mg/kg), resveratrol (RES; 10 mg/kg) + paracetamol, avocado oil (AVO; 200 mg/kg) + paracetamol, and RES + AVO + paracetamol groups. The hepatoprotective activity was evaluated by measuring biochemical parameters such as the total antioxidant status (TAS) and the total oxidant status (TOS) in each rat's liver homogenates. Any DNA damage was assessed by means of a comet assay. The results showed that the TOS levels were significantly increased in the paracetamol group when compared with the control group. The TOS levels were found to be significantly lower in the paracetamol groups, in comparison with the RES, AVO, and RES + AVO groups. Moreover, the TAS levels significantly increased in the RES and RES + AVO groups when compared with the paracetamol group. The histopathological examination revealed necrotic areas in the rats' livers. Pretreatment with both RES and RES + AVO was found to reverse the oxidative stress parameters, DNA damage, and necrosis induced by paracetamol. These results suggest that a combination of REV and AVO may protect against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity due to their antioxidant properties.

Natural health products and functional foods arefrequently consumed for the prevention and treatmentof many diseases. Flaxseed is one of the functional foods with anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial and antifungalproperties. In addition to its beneficial effects,excessive consumption without considering the appropriatedosage can cause toxic effects. In this study,it was planned to investigate the effects of differentamounts of flaxseed consumption on rat liver.Materials and MethodsRats were randomly divided into four groups with 8rats in each groups; control group and experimentalgroups which given flaxseed for 7 days; 1.4, 2.8 and5.6 g/kg/day, respectively. At the end of the experiment,histological, immunohistochemical and biochemicalanalyzes were performed on tissue and bloodsamples.ResultsSerum AST, ALT and ALP values are significantly higherin 5.6 g/kg of flaxseed compared to control group(p values 0.003, 0.012 and 0.009, respectively). Albuminvalues were significantly lower in experimentalgroups compared to the control group (p, Doğal sağlık ürünleri ve fonksiyonel gıdalar, birçokhastalığın önlenmesi ve tedavisi için tüketilmektedir.Keten tohumu antikanser, antiviral, antibakteriyel veantifungal özelliklere sahip fonksiyonel gıdalardan biridir.Yararlı etkilerinin yanı sıra bilinçsiz ve aşırı tüketilmesitoksik etkilere neden olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada,farklı miktarlarda keten tohumu tüketimininsıçan karaciğeri üzerindeki etkilerinin araştırılmasıplanlanmıştır.Gereç ve YöntemSıçanlar; her grupta 8 adet olarak; kontrol grubu ve7 gün süreyle sırasıyla; 1.4, 2.8 ve 5.6 g/kg/gün ketentohumu verilen deney grupları şeklinde dört grubaayrılmıştır. Deney sonunda doku ve kan örneklerindehistolojik, immünohistokimyasal ve biyokimyasal analizleryapılmıştır.BulgularSerum AST, ALT ve ALP değerleri 5,6 g/kg keten tohumuverilen grupta kontrol grubuna göre anlamlıolarak daha yüksek gözlendi (p değerleri 0.003,0.012 ve 0.009). Albümin değerleri deney gruplarındakontrol grubuna göre anlamlı olarak düşük gözlendi(p

Dietary consumption of commercially prepared (often through processing) corn syrup can activate reactive oxygen species and the inflammatory pathways observed in kidney damage in humans and experimental animals. This study was designed to assess the effects of antioxidant properties of acetylsalicylic (ASA) and ascorbic acid (AA) on corn syrup (CS) induced renal injury. Forty male Sprague–Dawley rats (14–16 weeks) were randomly classified into 5 groups, each containing 8 rats: control group (C), CS group, CS+ASA group (ASA-10 mg/kg/day/po), CS+AA group (AA-200 mg/kg/day/po) and CS+ASA+AA group (combination treatment with ASA and AA doses). At the end of the experiment, blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations. Malondialdehyde (p

Methotrexate is an immunosuppressive and antineoplastic drug that may induce hepatotoxicity. Resveratrol is a compound that has a protective effect thanks to its antioxidant role. In present study was aimed to investigate posibble protective effects of resveratrol in methotrexate induced hepatotoxicity. Eighteen Wistar Albino rats were equally divided into three groups: Control, Methotrexate, Methotrexate + Resveratrol. After a single dose of methotrexate (15 mg/kg, i.p.), resveratrol (10 mg/kg, orally) was applied for 7 days. Fallowing 7 days, rats were sacrificed. Histopathological (H-E staining), immunohistochemical (Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, inducible Nitric Oxide Synthases, Nuclear Factor Kappa) and biochemical (Total Oxidant Status, Total antioxidants Status and Oxidative Stress Index) analyses were assayed in liver tissue samples. Additionally, Aspartate Aminotransferase, Alanine Aminotransferase, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase and Total Biluribin activities were assayed in serum samples for biochemical analyses. Normal liver tissues were observed in control groups. Histopatholocigal changes, high staining of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, inducible Nitric Oxide Synthases, Nuclear Factor Kappa, increasing levels of tissue Total Oxidant Status, Oxidative Stress Index and decreasing levels of tissue Total antioxidants Status were observed in methotrexate groups. Moreover, Aspartate Aminotransferase, Alanine Aminotransferase, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase and Total Biluribin levels increased in methotrexate groups too (p

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anticancer effects of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (Vv-AgNPs) from grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seed aqueous extract, alone or in combination with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) on HT-29 cell line. Vv-AgNPs were characterized by techniques such as UV–vis spectrophotometer (surface plasmon peak 454 nm), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). HT-29 cells were treated with different concentrations (0–80 μg/mL for MTT) and (0–20 μg/mL for BrdU) of Vv-AgNPs alone and combined with (200 μg/mL) 5-FU for 72 h. The cytotoxic effects were analyzed by [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2- yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay (IC50 values 13.74 and 5.35 μg/mL, respectively). Antiproliferative effects were examined 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) assay (IC50 values 9.65 and 5.00 μg/mL, respectively). Activation of caspase-3 and protein expression levels of p53 were determined by Western blotting analysis. It was observed that Vv-AgNPs significantly increased the cleavage of the proapoptotic proteins caspase 3 and obviously enhanced the expression of p53 in a dose-dependent manner. The increased amount of total oxidant status (TOS) in the 10 μg/mL Vv-AgNPs + 5-FU treatment group, despite the increasing amount of total antioxidant status (TAS), caused an increase in Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) compared to the control. In this study, it has been shown in vitro that the use of successfully biosynthesized Vv-AgNPs in combination with 5-FU exhibits synergistic cytotoxic, antiproliferative, apoptotic, and oxidative effects against HT-29 cell line.

Objectives: To investigate the effects of electromagneticradiation (EMR) on the kidneys based on histopathological changes of renaldamage, and to investigate the ameliorating effects of vitamin C (ascorbicacid) against EMR-induced renal damage in rats.Materialsand Methods: Eighteen female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided intothree groups of six rats each. Group 1 was the sham group; these rats were keptin their cages without stress or electromagnetic radiation exposure. Group 2was exposed to 2.45 gigahertz electromagnetic radiation for 30 days. Group 3was also exposed to 2.45 gigahertz electromagnetic radiation for 30 days (1h/day) but received vitamin C 24 hours prior to the first exposure and dailythroughout the experiment. All rats underwent nephrectomy withhistopathological examination. Results: There were no pathological findings in the shamgroup. Significant pathological changes were observed in group 2, includingtubular and glomerular damage (P0.05). Tubular and glomerular damage was less severe in group3 than in group 2 (P0.05). Conclusion: Electromagnetic radiation-induced tubular andglomerular damage in the kidney was almost completely reversed with the administrationof vitamin C before electromagnetic radiation exposure., Amaçlar: Elektromanyetik radyasyonun (EMR) sıçan böbreğinde yolaçtığı histopatolojik hasarı ve C vitamininin (askorbik asit) oluşan bu renalhasara karşı iyileştirici etkilerini araştırmak.Gereç ve Yöntemler: On sekiz dişi Sprague-Dawley sıçanı, her biri altısıçan olmak üzere üç gruba ayrıldı. Grup 1 şam grubuydu; bu sıçanlar herhangi bir stresveya elektromanyetik radyasyona maruz kalmadan kafeslerinde tutuldu. Grup 2, 30gün boyunca 2.45 gigahertz elektromanyetik radyasyona maruz bırakıldı. Grup 3de 30 gün boyunca (günde 1 saat) 2.45 gigahertz elektromanyetik radyasyonamaruz bırakıldı, ancak ilk maruziyetinden 24 saat önce ve deney boyunca her günC vitamini verildi. Tüm sıçanlara histopatolojik inceleme için nefrektomiyapıldı. Bulgular: Şam grubunda herhangi bir patolojik değişiklik olmadı.Grup 2’de tübüler ve glomerüler hasarı içeren önemli patolojik değişikliklerizlendi (P0.05). Tübüler ve glomerüler hasar grup3’te grup 2’ye göre daha az şiddetliydi (P0.05).Sonuç: Elektromanyetik radyasyonun böbrekte yol açtığıtübüler ve glomerüler hasar, elektromanyetik radyasyon maruziyeti öncesi alınanC vitamini ile neredeyse tamamen normale dönmektedir.

Like several other anticancer drugs, methotrexate (MTX) causes side effects, such as neuropathic pain, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. Abnormal production of reactive oxygen species has been suspected in the pathophysiology of MTX-induced hepatorenal toxicity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the probable protective role of vitamin C (Vit C) on oxidative stress induced by MTX in the liver and kidney tissues of rats. A total of 32 rats were randomly and equally divided into four groups. The first group served as the control group. The second group received a single dose of 20 mg/kg of MTX intraperitoneally. To demonstrate our hypothesis, the third and the fourth groups received 250 mg/kg of Vit C for 3 days by oral gavage, with or without MTX treatment. At the end of the study, the liver and kidney tissues of the rats were collected and examined using histology. Both the tissues were assayed for malondialdehyde concentration and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities. In hepatic and renal tissues, lipid peroxidation levels were increased, whereas SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px levels were decreased by MTX. All parameters, including CAT levels in hepatic tissue, were significantly restored after the administration of Vit C for 3 days. Similar to the biochemical findings, evidence of oxidative damage was examined in both types of tissues by histopathological examination. From the results of this study, we were able to observe that Vit C administration modulates the antioxidant redox system and reduces the renal and hepatic oxidative stress induced by MTX. Vit C can ameliorate the toxic effect of MTX in liver and kidney tissues of rat.

MikroRNA’lar (miRNA), hedef gen ekspresyonunu post-transkripsiyonel olarak kontrol eden küçük kodlanmayan RNA molekülleridir. miRNA’ların hedef genleri baskılayarak büyüme, gelişme, farklılaşma ve hücre ölümü süreçlerinin düzenlenmesinde önemli rol oynadığına dair çok sayıda çalışma mevcuttur. MiRNA’ların düzenlenmesindeki bozuklukların kanser ile bağlantılı olması bu bağlamda şaşırtıcı değildir. Buna ek olarak, miRNA ifadelerinin ilaçlar tarafından değiştirilebildiği ve miRNA'ların kanser tedavisinde ilaç metabolizmasının düzenlenmesini ve toksisiteyi etkilediği bildirilmiştir. İlaç yanıtı, hem genetik hem de çevresel faktörler tarafından düzenlenen karmaşık bir süreçtir. Bugüne kadar farklı miRNA'ların birçok antikanser terapiye karşı duyarlılığı öngördüğü veya etkilediği bulunmuştur. Bu derleme de, miRNA biyojenezini takiben, miRNA'ların kanser, ilaç yanıtı ve antikanser tedavileri üzerindeki potansiyel rolünü ortaya koyan mevcut çalışmaların tartışılması amaçlanmıştır.

Exposed to cigarette leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species and the generation of bioactive molecules that can damage skin cells. This investigation was carried out to study possible effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA) on smoking-induced rat skin injury.28 Spraque-Dawley female rats were allocated into three groups: control group (n = 8), smoking group (n = 10; 12 cigarettes/day, 8 weeks) and smoking + ALA group (n = 10; 12 cigarettes/day + 100 mg/kg, 8 weeks). Experiment group animals were sacrificed under anaesthesia with 10%ketamine + 2%xylasine at the end of second mounts and then skin examples were taken from the epigastric area. Histochemical (Haematoxylin-Eosin and Masson's trichrome, immunohistochemical (TNF-α) and biochemical analysis (CAT, MDA and protein carbonylation) were performed on these skin tissues.Histologically, skin was distinguished normal structure in the control group. In the smoking group, collagen bundles and hair follicle degradation/reduction, sweat gland degeneration, mononuclear cell infiltration in dermis were encountered. In ALA-treated group, all of these changes were improved (p 0.05). Collagen bundles structures were appearance more regular than the smoking group . Immunohistologically, intense staining was observed in the smoking group, while very weak staining was observed in control group, weak staining was observed in the ALA-treated group. Biochemically; The CAT activity compared to cigarette group with control was raised high and in ALA group was higher compared to both groups, but not significant (p 0.05). MDA; which is indicator of lipid peroxidation was significantly higher in cigarette group than in control group (p 0.05) and was significantly lower in ALA group than cigarette (p 0.05). Protein carbonylation was higher in cigarette group than the control group but not in the non-significant (p 0.05). In the ALA it was significantly lower compared to the control group and cigarette (p 0.05).Based on biochemical and histopathological determinations, the study showed that cigarette smoke can cause degenerative effects on skin tissues in rats. However, ALA has a curative effect on cigarette-induced injuries on the skin tissues by anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects.

Objectives: Chronic consumption of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) causes several problems such as insulin resistance. The goal of the study was to investigate pancreatic damage induced by chronic HFCS consumption and the protective effects of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) on pancreatic cells., Methods: Wistar Albino, 4-month-old, female rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly distributed into three groups, each containing eight rats. The study included an HFCS group, an HFCS + ALA-administered group and a control group (CON). The prepared 30% solution of HFCS (F30) (24% fructose, 28% dextrose) was added to the drinking water for 10 weeks. ALA treatment was begun 4 weeks after the first HFCS administration (100 mg/kg/oral, last 6 weeks). Rats were anaesthetised and euthanised by cervical dislocation 24 h after the last ALA administration. Blood samples for biochemical tests (amylase, lipase, malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT)) and tissue samples for histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations (caspase-3, insulin and glucagon) were collected., Results: Comparing the control and HFCS groups, serum glucose (150.92 +/- 39.77 and 236.50 +/- 18.28, respectively, p < 0.05), amylase (2165.00 +/- 150.76 and 3027.66 +/- 729.19, respectively, p < 0.01), lipase (5.58 +/- 2.22 and 11.51 +/- 2.74, respectively, p < 0.01) and pancreatic tissue MDA (0.0167 +/- 0.004 and 0.0193 +/- 0.006, respectively, p < 0.05) levels were increased, whereas tissue CAT (0.0924 +/- 0.029 and 0.0359 +/- 0.023, respectively, p < 0.05) activity decreased in the HFCS group significantly. Histopathological examination revealed degenerative and necrotic changes in Langerhans islet cells and slight inflammatory cell infiltration in pancreatic tissue in the HFCS group. Immunohistochemically there was a significant decrease in insulin (2.85 +/- 0.37 and 0.87 +/- 0.64, respectively, p < 0.001) and glucagon (2.71 +/- 0.48 and 1.00 +/- 0.75, respectively, p < 0.001) secreting cell scores, whereas a greater increase in caspase-3 (0.14 +/- 0.37 and 1.00 +/- 0.75, respectively, p < 0.05) expression was seen in this group compared with the controls. In the ALA-treated group, all of these pathologic conditions were improved., Conclusions: This study indicated HFCS induced pancreatic lesions, but ALA had ameliorative effects. (C) 2016 IAP and EPC. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

This study was designed to compare the effect of Aspirin (AS) and Nimesulide (NM) on renal failure and vascular disorder in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Rats were divided into four groups; control, diabetic rats, diabetic rats plus AS and diabetic rats plus NM, which are COX inhibitors. The renal and aorta tissues morphology were investigated by light microscopy. Trunk blood was also obtained to determine plasma lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) and plasma activity of antioxidant enzymes. MDA levels were increased in the diabetic rats when compared to the control group. AS and NM administration caused a significant decrease in MDA production. Morphological damage in diabetic rats was severe in the kidney and in the aorta tissue. Treatment of AS reduced these damages, but NM did not exert positive effect on these damages in diabetic rats. As a result, although both AS and NM corrected lipid peroxidation parameters such as MDA via their antioxidant properties, only AS ameliorated pathological alteration in tissues. These findings indicate that there may be another mechanism in beneficial effect of AS in diabetic rats.

The nephrotoxicity of amikacin (AK) was prevented with pentoxifylline (PTX) in a rat model. Rats were received a single injection of AK (1.2 g/kg, i.p.) with or without PTX pretreatment (25 mg/kg, orally). Renal morphology was investigated by light microscopy. Tissue samples and trunk blood were also obtained to determine renal malondialdehyde (MDA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine (Cr) levels. MDA production was found to be higher in AK group. PTX administration caused a significant decrease in MDA production. Morphological damage in rats given AK was severe in the kidney, whereas in rats given AK plus PTX, no histological changes occurred. It is concluded that PTX could be useful for reducing the nephrotoxic effects of AK.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of aspirin (AS) and vitamin C (VC) against cardiac damage induced by chronic corn syrup (CS) consumption via a mechanism involving sirtuin-1 (ST-1), hypoxia-inducible factor-1? (HIF-1?), and the caspase-3 pathway in rats. Methods: Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats (14-16 weeks) that weighed 250-300 g were randomly distributed into 5 groups, each containing 8 rats: control group, CS+AS group, CS+VC group, CS+AS+VC group, and CS group. AS (10 mg/kg/day) and VC (200 mg/kg/day) were orally given to the rats. F30 (30% fructose syrup solution) was given to the rats in drinking water for 6 weeks. The rats were sacrificed by exsanguination 24 h after the last administration. Blood samples and tissue were collected for biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical examinations. Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test used for the parameters without normal distribution and ANOVA and post-hoc LSD tests were used for parameters with a normal distribution to compare groups. Results: Uric acid, creatine kinase (CKMB), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were increased in the CS group compared with the control group (1.45±0.39 and p=0.011; 3225.64±598.25 and p=0.004; 3906.83±1064.22 and p=0.002, respectively) and decreased in all the treatment groups. In addition, increased levels of MDA and decreased activity of CAT in the CS group (0.172±0.03 and p=0.000; 0.070±0.005 and p=0.007, respectively) were reversed with AS and VC therapy. A decrease in ST-1 activity and increases in caspase-3 and HIF-1 activities corrected by VC and AS therapy were observed. Conclusion: AS and VC, which display antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities, ameliorated cardiac damage induced by chronic fructose consumption by increasing the levels of ST-1 and decreasing the levels of HIF-1? and caspase-3. © 2016 by Turkish Society of Cardiology.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of α-lipoic acid (α-LA) on oxidative damage and inflammation that occur in endothelium of aorta and heart while constant consumption of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS). The rats were randomly divided into three groups with each group containing eight rats. The groups include HFCS, HFCS + α-LA treatment, and control. HFCS was given to the rats at a ratio of 30% of F30 corn syrup in drinking water for 10 weeks. α-LA treatment was given to the rats at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day orally for the last 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the rats were killed by cervical dislocation. The blood samples were collected for biochemical studies, and the aortic and cardiac tissues were collected for evaluation of oxidant–antioxidant system, tissue bath, and pathological examination. HFCS had increased the levels of malondialdehyde, creatine kinase MB, lactate dehydrogenase, and uric acid and showed significant structural changes in the heart of the rats by histopathology. Those changes were improved by α-LA treatment as it was found in this treatment group. Immunohistochemical expressions of tumor necrosis factor α and inducible nitric oxide synthase were increased in HFCS group, and these receptor levels were decreased by α-LA treatment. All the tissue bath studies supported these findings. Chronic consumption of HFCS caused several problems like cardiac and endothelial injury of aorta by hyperuricemia and induced oxidative stress and inflammation. α-LA treatment reduced uric acid levels, oxidative stress, and corrected vascular responses. α-LA can be added to cardiac drugs due to its cardiovascular protective effects against the cardiovascular diseases.

Amikacin (AK) is an antibacterial drug, but it has remarkable nephrotoxic and ototoxic side effects due to increase in reactive oxygen radicals. This study was established to determine the possible protective effects of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), a powerful antioxidant, on AK-induced nephrotoxicity. Three different groups of rats (n = 6) were administered saline (control), AK (1.2 g/kg, intraperitoneally), ALA (100 mg/kg, p.o.) and AK combination (ALA one day before the AK for five days). Renal function, oxidative stress markers and histological changes were evaluated at the end of the experiment. Malondialdehyde was increased as an indicator of free radical formation in AK-induced group and decreased with ALA treatment. While catalase activity was increased significantly, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were not statistically significant increased with ALA treatment. The result showed that AK enhanced levels of urea, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen in serum significantly. Administration of ALA reduced these levels of biochemical markers. Histopathological observations were confirmed by biochemical findings. In conclusion, ALA is suggested to be a potential candidate to ameliorate AK-induced nephrotoxicity.

Cisplatin (CP) is a potent anticancer drug. However, it has side effects on kidney such as nephrotoxicity. Abnormal production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been accused in the etiology of CP-induced nephrotoxicity. Several ROS scavengers have been reported to prevent nephrotoxicity after CP administration. In this study, we used prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) analogues misoprostol (MP) to reduce this damage. MP has gained considerable interest as a ROS scavenger. Rats were received a single injection of CP (5 mg/kg, i.p.) with or without MP pretreatment (200 mcg/kg, orally). The renal tissue morphology was investigated by light microscopy. Trunk blood was also obtained to determine lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) and activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT). CP administration increased MDA production and decreased SOD and CAT levels in the kidney tissue when compared to the control group. Morphological damage in CP administrated rats was also severe in the kidney tissue. MP treatment after CP application protected the renal tissues from CP’s side effect. These findings indicate that MP has beneficial effects on CP induced nephrotoxicity in rats.