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Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Purpose: At the beginning of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic, physicians paid close attention to children with chronic diseases to prevent transmission or a severe course of infection. We aimed to measure the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody levels in children with chronic gastrointestinal and liver diseases to analyze the risk factors for infection and its interaction with their primary disease., Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in patients with gastrointestinal and liver diseases (n=141) and in healthy children (n=48) between January and February 2021., Results: During the pandemic, 10 patients (7%) and 1 child (2%) had confirmed COVID-19 infection ( p =0.2). The SARS-CoV-2 antibody test was positive in 36 patients (25.5%) and 11 children (22.9%) ( p =0.7). SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity was found in 20.4%, 26.6%, 33.3%, and 33.3% of patients with chronic liver diseases, chronic gastrointestinal tract diseases, cystic fibrosis, and liver transplantation recipients, respectively ( p >0.05, patients vs. healthy children). Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity were COVID-19-related symptoms (47.2% vs. 14.2%, p =0.00004) and close contact with SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction-positive patients (69.4% vs. 9%, p <0.00001). The use, number, and type of immunosuppressants and primary diagnosis were not associated with SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity. The frequency of disease activation/flare was not significant in patients with (8.3%) or without (14.2%) antibody positivity ( p =0.35)., Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in children with chronic gastrointestinal and liver diseases are similar to that in healthy children. Close follow-up is important to understand the long-term effects of past COVID-19 infection in these children., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: The authors have no financial conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 by The Korean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition.)

Class-E inverter, which is assumed as an ideal exciter for wireless power transfer system due to their low power losses and suitability for high-frequency operation, can operate under the proper switching conditions when the distance between the transmitter and the receiver and the load is constant. The change in the distance between the coils or the load value removes the optimum switching conditions and causes high switching losses. This paper describes all design procedures and the inductive coupling wireless power transfer system based on a Class-E inverter used as a coil driver. In case the distance between the coils changes, the optimum switching condition of the Class-E inverter and the impedance matching between the transmitter and receiver have been dynamically sustained with an adaptive capacity array on the transmitter side. The best combination of the array involving a serial/parallel capacitor network is configured using a novel searching algorithm for different coil distances. In addition, this study investigates both coupling efficiency and the efficiency of Class-E inverter that is remarked by a few studies in the existing literature. The developed simulation studies and the laboratory prototype with power of 1 kW demonstrate the providing of the zero voltage-switching requirement for Class-E inverter and the impedance matching of the wireless power transfer system in case of variable coupling coefficient. Therefore, the efficiency of power transfer achieved as 91.13% for the implementation circuit., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aim: We aimed to analyse the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the frequency and clinical presentation of celiac disease., Methods: The study included the patients with celiac disease since January 2008. They were divided into 2 groups (diagnosed in pre-pandemic [January 2008 and February 2020] [n = 148] and in pandemic period [March 2020 and June 2021] [n = 47]). Clinical and histological findings were compared between groups. Additionally, data about severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection were obtained in subgroup patients (n = 22) with celiac disease diagnosed during pandemic period., Results: The number of patients per year (12.1-37.6) and the percentage of patients who were diagnosed with celiac disease/total endoscopy were increased during the pandemic period (2.2% vs. 10%, p < 0.00001). The association of celiac disease with type 1 diabetes mellitus was significantly high in pandemic period (4% vs. 17%, p = 0.002). Frequency of moderate-severe mucosal lesions was low in pandemic period (42.4% vs. 81.7%, p = 0.0001). Clinical and laboratory markers for the past severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection were found in 36.3% of patients diagnosed during the pandemic period., Conclusion: It seems that the frequency of celiac disease and its association with type 1 diabetes mellitus is increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in children., (© 2021 Foundation Acta Paediatrica. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Congenital diarrheal disorders (CDDs) are a rare group of enteropathies that typically present in the early few months of life and pose a diagnostic challenge. We aimed to analyze the clinical findings and outcome of infants with CDDs and share experience about genetic testing., Methods: Demographic, clinical and genetic findings, and outcome of the patients (n = 24) with CDDs were recorded from hospital files., Results: The onset of diarrhea was within the neonatal period in 45.8% of the patients. The most frequent causes of CDDs were defects in digestion, absorption and transport of nutrients and electrolytes (DATN) (n = 11, 45.8%) and defects in intestinal immune-related homeostasis (IIH) (n = 6, 25%). Fat malabsorption (n = 6) was the leading cause of defects in DATN. Extraintestinal manifestations including neurological involvement (25%) and renal involvement (20.8%) were common among the patients. Genetic analyses were performed for 16 patients (targeted gene analysis in 9, congenital diarrhea panel in 3, immune deficiency panel in 1 and whole-exome sequencing in 3 patients). Genetic diagnosis was achieved in 14 of 16 patients (87.5%) with therapeutic consequences in 8 of 16 patients (50%). During the follow-up, 6 patients (25%) died., Conclusion: The percentage of undefined etiology decreased, and treatment of the patients improved with the increased number of genetic testing in patients with CDDs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.)