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Honey is used in traditional medicine for a long time. Nectar which is the most important component of honey was produced by plants. In the present study, pollen and biochemical analysis of honey samples collected from different regions of Eskişehir were studied. Seventy taxa of pollens under 29 family and 41 genera in 41 honey samples were identified. Pollens were classified as dominant, secondary, minor and rare for frequency distribution. According to Wodehouse method, pollen spectra was determined. Palynochemical properties of honey samples in and around Eskişehir were deduced. Bangladesh J. Bot. 52(1): 45-52, 2023 (March)

In this study, comparative palynological characteristics and allergic features of the Salix taxa from Meşelik and Yunus Emre campuses, Eskişehir/Turkey were investigated. Detailed palynomorphological investigation of the pollen grains of Salix taxa were carried out under Light Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). It was revealed that the pollen grains of investigated taxa were the tricolpatae type and spheroidal shaped. Exine was seen to be tectatae-reticulatae ornamentation. Comparisons which will be made with the collected species and other taxa within the family will make contribution to taxonomy for family.

In this study, the quality characteristics of wheat varieties with bread/biscuit character were determined by Conditional Formatting, Path Analysis and Raman Spectroscopy. In this study, Gerek, Carisma, Bayraktar, Artico and Adv. Line genotypes were used. In the study, protein content, test weight, thousand seed weight, seed diameter, zeleny sedimentation, SRC lactic acid and SRC saccharose, hardness index, damaged starch, Gliadin relative mobility index, Gluten quality band score Raman protein, Raman lipid and Raman starch, GlutoPeak (including PMT, BEM, AM, PM, Aggregation energy and GPI) analyzes were examined. As a result, in our study, it was revealed that it is possible to reveal the biscuit quality of genotypes by using classical quality methods. Especially by using gliadin band fractions and gluten band scores, the gluten quality of the genotypes can be revealed and those with bread or biscuit character can be easily distinguished. By using classical methods together with Raman Spectroscopy, separation in bread/biscuit quality levels in wheat genotypes could be done quickly and reliably, and the Raman Spectrophotometer method can be successfully applied in this field. They could be used successfully to determine the quality levels of protein ratio, sedimentation, gliadin band fraction, gluten properties, GPI, PMT, Aggregation Energy, SRC Lactic acid, Raman protein genotypes. Again, it was determined that the Gerek and Carisma genotypes had good biscuit characteristics and that these cultivars could be used successfully in the biscuit sector.

Atomic absorption spectrometry facilitates the reliable determination of mineral content during pharmaceutical quality control of medicinal plants. In the present work, measurable amounts of Fe, Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Zn were detected in the leaves and flowers of Hypericum origanifolium Willd. through atomic absorption spectrometry. Mean heavy metal content in the flowers and leaves of H. origanifolium was, in descending order, Ca > Mg > K > Na > Fe. Ca was present in higher concentrations in the flowers (11157.24 ppm) and leaves (20132.24 ppm) of titled plant. Our results reveal that flowers are less suitable as target plant parts for metal accumulation than leaves., Atomik absorpsiyon spektrometresi, tıbbi bitkilerin farmasötik kalite kontrolü sırasında mineral içeriğinin güvenilir bir şekilde belirlenmesini kolaylaştırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Hypericum origanifolium Willd'un yaprak ve çiçeklerinde atomik absorpsiyon spektrometresi ile ölçülebilir miktarda Fe, Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Mn, Na ve Zn bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. H. origanifolium'un yaprak ve çiçeklerindeki ortalama ağır metal içeriği sırasıyla Ca> Mg> K> Na> Fe olarak belirlenmiştir. Kalsiyum, çiçek (11157,24 ppm) ve yapraklarda (20132,24 ppm) en yüksek konsantrasyonda tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar çiçeklerin yapraklara kıyasla çok daha düşük seviyede ağır metal birikimi gösterdiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Detailed morphological investigation on the pollen of two Turkish Euphorbia species (E. kotschyana Fenzl. and E. stricta L.) was carried out under light microscope and SEM. Pollen grain microphotographs of examined taxa have been taken from preparates which were made by Wodehouse and Erdtman techniques in LM. Type of the pollen grains of studied taxa have determined as tricolporate and spheroidae shape. Ornamentation is tectate-rugulate according to the Wodehouse and Erdtman methods. For E. kotschyana P/E= 1.22 (W), 0.98 (E), Exine 2.91 µm (W), 2.76 µm (E). For E. stricta, pollen grains measured as P/E= 0.89 (W), 0.94 (E), Exine 2.32 µm (W), 2.59 µm (E)

In this study, detailed morphological investigation on the pollen of two Turkish Gagea species (G. glacialis and G. fibrosa) was carried out under light microscope and SEM. Pollen grain microphotographs of examined taxa have been taken from preparates which were made by Wodehouse and Erdtman techniques in LM. According to this analysis, Pollen ornemantetion of investigated taxa are identified as reticulate for Gagea glacialis, microreticulate for G. fibrosa. For G. glacialis mono sulcate, subprolate P/E= 0.76 (W), 0.8 (E), Exine 1.3 µm (W), 1.366 µm (E). For G. fibrosa, pollen grains measured as mono sulcate, subprolate P/E= 0.78 (W), 0.73 (E), Exine 1.316 µm (W), 1.25 µm (E)

Akkiraz, Mehmet Serkan (Dumlupınar-Author), Sedimentological and paleoclimatological data from a fluvial infill retrieved from a series of cores taken across Kureys¸ ler Valley, Kütahya, western Turkey, are compared alongside evidence for an almost unbroken record of human occupation in the area since Neolithic times. Recent salvage excavations in the valley exposed settlement remains from the Early Bronze Age and Late Byzantine periods with interfingering of archaeological and geological materials in the valley-fill, adding a wealth of information to the archaeological record in this region. Our geological data, constrained by seven radiocarbon dates from the sediment infill demonstrate that the earliest sediments were deposited during the Late Glacial (~13.8 ka) under a cold and relatively dry climatic conditions with evidence of amelioration and increase in arboreal taxa from the Neolithic onwards. The occurrence of Cerealia-T and Apiaceae pollen is significant as an important indicator for anthropisation already present during the Epipaleolithic period (before 9 ka cal. BP). Also, the effects of 8.2 ka climatic event are clearly visible in our multi-proxy results. The onset of the Early Bronze Age settlements in the vicinity ~ ca. 5.2 ka BP occurred alongside a climatic switch to warmer conditions recorded by a lithological change and a positive shift in isotopic data. The 4.2 ka event, present in records related to several Early Bronze Age (EBA) sites of Anatolia is also recorded in the Kureys¸ ler Valley both in the pollen and d18O records. In general, these results show that climate shifts occurred at the beginning and end of the EBA, as well as during the Neolithic and Chalcolithic and are to be compared with new archaeological data.

WOS: 000440995500004, Veronica ersin-yucelii (subg. Pentasepalae, Plantaginaceae) is described and illustrated as a new species. It grows on marble rocks and screes, in one single site in Central Anatolia (Eskisehir Province), at elevations from about 1700 to 1820 metres above sea level. Diagnostic features are also given to enable comparison with the most similar species, V. caespitosa Boiss. and V. multifida L., especially regarding the indumentum, habit, inflorescence, bracts, seeds and leaves. The geographical distribution of the new species is mapped. Notes about its ecology and conservation status are also presented., Eskisehir Osmangazi University Scientific Research Projects Commission [2010/029], We are grateful to PhD. Angelo Troia, as well as an anonymous referee, for useful comments on drafts of the manuscript. Also we would like to thank PhD. Angelo Troia and Burcu Sezer for revising the language of the manuscript. This study was supported by Eskisehir Osmangazi University Scientific Research Projects Commission [Project name: "Flora of vascular plants, mosses, lichen and some vascular plants pollen morphology determination studies and ethnobotanical properties in Gunyuzu (Eskisehir)", Project number: 2010/029].

The present study determines the morphological, anatomical, palynological, karyological, chorological features and conservation status of the rediscovered rare endemic Turkish taxon Cota fulvida (Grierson) Holub. (Asteraceae) after ca.110 years. C. fulvida distributes naturally in Golcuk Plateau (Turkmen Mountain), Eskisehir-Turkey. In the cross-sections of the root of C. fulvida, the pith was found completely covered by xylem cells. As to stem, it was observed that large parenchymatic cells were present in the pith of the stems. Leaves are equifacial and amphistomatious having amaryllis type of stomata. They are mesomorphic. Stomata are anisocytic. The results of the light and scanning electron microscope investigation revealed that the pollen grains of C. fulvida are tricolporatae, amb shape triangular, pollen shape spheroidal. Exine tectatae-echinate. The somatic chromosome number of C. fulvida was found to be 2n =18 without any satellite. It is considered "Critically Endangered" (CR) based on IUCN category. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v42i1.15869 Bangladesh J. Bot. 42 (1): 91-98, 2013 (June)

Theresearch area includes Pazaryeri (Bilecik) and its enviroment, and it occurs inthe A2 and B2 square according to the grid system of P.H. Davis. To investigatethe flora, 2472 specimens have been collected during the field seasons of2013-2014. The specimens have been prepared according to the relevant herbariumtechniques. The floristic list follows the APG III. At the end of identificationsof the specimens 532 taxa belonging to 312 genera (61 family) have beendetermined. Phytogeographical distribution of the taxa are Irano-Turanian(9.09%), Mediterranean (12.50%) and Euro-Siberian (10.79%) with theirpercentage of. Pluriregional or phytogeographically unknown taxa is 67.61%. Theendemism ratio of the areas is 9,19%, Araştırma alanı Pazaryeri (Bilecik) ve çevresini kapsamakta olup Davis’inkareleme sistemine göre A2 ve B2 kareleri içinde yer almaktadır. 2013-2014yılları arasında araştırma alanından floranın belirlenmesi için 2472 adet bitkiörneği toplanmıştır. Toplanan bitki örnekleri herbaryum tekniklerine uygunolarak preslenip kurutulmuştur. Floristik liste APG III sistemi esas alınarakdüzenlenmiştir. Yapılan teşhisler sonucunda çalışma bölgesinde; 61 familya, 312cins, 532 tür ve tür altı damarlı bitki taksonu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmaalanındaki bitki taksonlarının fitocoğrafik bölgelere dağılımı ise şöyledir; %9.09’u İran-Turan, % 12.50’i Akdeniz ve %10.79 Avrupa-Sibirya elementi. Çok bölgeliveya fitocoğrafik bölgesi bilinmeyenlerin oranı ise % 67.61’dir. Bölgedeki endemizm oranı %9,19’dur.

This study examined the detailed pollen morphological structures of sixteen Hypericum taxa (four endemic, twelve non endemic) including eight sections showing the natural distribution in Turkey: H. sect. Ascyreia (H. calycinum L.), H. sect. Heterophyllum (H. heterophyllum Vent.), H. Sect. Taeniocarpium (Hypericum confertum Choisy subsp. confertum, H. venustum Fenzl, H. linaroides Bosse), H. sect. Drosocarpium (H. montbretii Spach, H. bithynicum Boiss.), H. sect. Crossophyllum (H. adenotrichum Spach, H. orientale L.), H. sect. Olympia (H. olympicum L. subsp. olympicum), H. sect. Origanifolia (H. origanifolium Willd., H. avicularifolium Jaub and Spach subsp. depilatum (Freyn and Bornm.) Robson var. depilatum, H. avicularifolium Jaub. and Spach subsp. byzantinum) and H. sect. Hypericum (H. tetrapterum Fries, H. perforatum L., H. triquetrifolium Tura). These taxa were studied under light microscope and scanning electron microscope for the first time. Of the taxa studied, H. tetrapterum has the smallest pollen grains (on average 15.85–17.20 × 15.45–16.05 μm); and H. olympicum subsp. olympicum the largest grains (on average 22.90–23.10 × 21.40–22.10 μm). The pollen grains of 15 taxa are subprolate and one taxon is prolate-spheroidal. The regular pollen grains of all 16 taxa are 3-zonocolporate. Ornamentation is microreticulate; lumina regularly spaced in eight taxa, tectum perforatum; tectal perforations regularly spaced in seven taxa and tectum perforatum; and tectal perforations grouped together in one taxon. Endoaperture is cruciform porus, with short lateral and meridional extensions in ten taxa, cruciform porus, transversally elongated, with very small lateral extensions in one taxon and lalongate colpus in five taxa. Basic pollen types are ten taxa in type X, five taxa in type IV and one taxon in type II.

Bangladesh J. Bot. 39(2): 131-136, 2010 (December)

Hypericum sechmenii Ocak & Koyuncu sp. nova (Hypericaceae) is described and illustrated from the peak of Arayit Mountain in central Anatolia, Turkey. The species grows on limestone rocks in B3 Eskisehir province. It is closely related to H. minutum and H. huber-morathii, the latter an endemic confined to central Anatolia. Diagnostic morphological characters are discussed. The pollen characteristics of three species were examined by SEM.

The spores of Cladosporium spp. and Alternaria spp., commonly described as the most allergenic spores, were collected by means of Durham gravimetric sampler from the Sivrihisar (Eskisehir) atmosphere throughout 2005 to 2006. The weekly variations in spores/cm2 of Cladosporium and Alternaria were recorded. During this period, a total of 6,198 spores belonging to Cladosporium spp. and Alternaria spp. were recorded. Of these spores, 2,969 were identified in 2005 and 3,229 in 2006. While 69.55% of the total spores were those of Cladosporium spp., 30.45% were Alternaria spp. Relationships between airborne fungal spore presence and weather conditions were examined statistically. A Shapiro–Wilk test revealed that the airborne spores of Cladosporium spp. and Alternaria spp. had a normal distribution. Following this, Chi-square test, t test and Pearson correlation analysis were performed. The effects of temperature and relative humidity on the spore numbers of Cladosporium spp. and Alternaria spp. were significant according to the month in which they were collected (p

The spores of Homalothecium sericeum (Hedw.) Schimp., Brachythecium populeum (Hedw.) Schimp., B. velutinum (Hedw.) Schimp. var. salicinum (Schimp.) Monk., B. velutinum (Hedw.) Schimp. var. validum C. Jens. and Eurhynchium hians (Hedw.) Sande Lac. were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy for the first time. The apertural region consists of a leptoma in all spores. Two spore types, characterized by their surface ornamentation, are established, reflecting the species taxonomic relationships. While the surface ornamentation is of the insuloid type in Eurhynchium hians, it consists of a granuloid type in Homalothecium sericeum, Brachythecium populeum, B. velutinum. var. salicinum, B. velutinum var. validum. The spore wall of the family Brachyteciaceae includes sclerine (the dinstinction between exine and perine may be difficult to define) and intine. The taxonomy of the genera Brachytecium and are discussed on the basis of their spore morphology.

The present study investigated the isolation and identification of airborne fungi from three different urban stations located in Eskisehir (Turkey). Air samples were taken by exposing a Petri dish with Rose-Bengal streptomycin agar medium for 15 min and after incubation the number of growing colonies was counted. The sampling procedure for fungi was performed 35 times at the research stations weekly between March and November 2001. A total of 2518 fungal and 465 actinomycetes colonies were counted on 420 Petri plates over a nine-month period. In total, some 20 mould species belonging to 12 genera were isolated. Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis were the most abundant species in the study area (13.66, 5.80 and 5.50% of the total, respectively). Relationships between fungal spore numbers, aerosol air pollutants (that is the particulate matter in the air) and sulphur dioxide together with the meteorological conditions were examined using statistical analysis. Number of fungi and actinomycetes were tested by multivariate analysis (MANOVA) according to the areas and months. Fungal numbers were nonsignificant according to the areas and months (p > 0.05), but the number of actinomycetes recorded was significant (p < 0.01).

Pollen morphology of 12 taxa (6 of them endemic) that belong to the genus Gypsophila L. were investigated using light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Differences in pollen morphology between these taxa were determined based on palynological studies. Pollen grains are spheroidal and polyporate. The exine structure is tectate, but that of G. sphaerocephala var. sphaerocephala is intectate. The exine sculpture is granulate-microechinate-microperforate, but that of G. sphaerocephala var. sphaerocephala displays clavate-microechinate ornamentation. The operculum exists in the form of scattered pieces in G. curvifolia, while it exists as a whole in the other taxa. G. perfoliata var. perfoliata has the largest pollen grain diameter, whereas G. tubulosa has the smallest. The exine consists of 2 parts; the upper part is the thick ectexine and the lower part is the thin endexine. The endexine is thin and continuous.

In this study, the palynological characteristics and its taxonomic implications of 30 different Onosma L. taxa, which belong to sections Protonosma M. Popov., Podonosma (Boiss.) Gurke. and subsections Haplotricha (Boiss.) Gurke., and Asterotricha (Boiss.) Gurke. of section Onosma were investigated under Light Microscope (LM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and pollen of four taxa with Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Pollen grains are mostly heteropolar and trisyncolporate rarely isopolar and tricolporate (O. rostellata and O. orientale), subprolate or prolate to spheroidal and exine tectate-perforate (O. rostellata, O. sericea and O. auriculata) and tectate-imperforate (O. bracteosa). In the conclusion of the study it has been determined that investigated Onosma species have shown three different types of ornamentation, namely scabrate (O. sericea type, O. auriculata type and O. orientale type), rugulate (O. rostellata type) and scabrate-rugulate (O. bracteosa type). It was pointed out that these different types of ornamentation can be used to separate the sections and similar taxa from each other. Pollen grains of O. lycaonica Hub.-Mor., O. bracteosa Hausskn. & Bornm., O. caerulescens Boiss. and O. taurica Willd. var. taurica from subsection Asterotricha have an operculum.

WOS: 000304625900009, In this study, the detailed pollen morphological structures of some endemic Turkish species of Centaurea amaena Boiss., C. antalyense H. Duman & A. Duran, C. aphrodisea Boiss., C. hierapolitana Boiss., C. luschaniana Heimerl, C. lycia Boiss., C. tossiensis Freyn. Et Sint., and C. wagenitzii Hub.-Mor. (Asteraceae, section Phaloletis) were studied under light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the first time. LM and SEM investigations showed that the pollen grains of eight taxa are more or less spheroidal-subprolate, the amb triangular and tricolporate. The exine sculpture is tectate, microechinate-scabrate in the pollen of Centaurea taxa. Spinules are less dense in Centaurea amaena, C. antalyense, C. hierapolitana, and C. lycia, but they are more dense in C. aphrodisea, C. luschaniana, C. tossiensis, and C. wagenitzii. Spinule dimensions are different from each other. The exine has one layer of columellae beneath the spines. We determined all taxa that have the Helianthoid type. Exine sctructure and sculpture as well as spine density and dimensions in Asteraceae are the most reliable characteristics for discriminating taxa.

WOS: 000299691000013, PubMed ID: 21462070, This study was designed to investigate possible antidepressant-like effects of the extract prepared from the flowers of Hypericum montbretti Spach. (Guttiferae, Clusiaceae). Phytochemical constituents of the methanolic extract were analysed by HPLC method. The main flavonoid component was detected as rutin, and another highly concentrated phenolic compound was quercitrin. Antidepressant activity of the extract was examined by tail suspension and modified forced swimming tests, whereas the motor coordination of the animals was tested by the Rota-Rod apparatus. Reboxetine at a dose of 20 mg kg(-1) was used as a reference drug. Dose-dependent antidepressant activity was observed in both tests following the administration of extract at 100 and 250 mg kg(-1) doses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the antidepressant activity of H. montbretti extract. Additionally, the results of this work support previous papers reporting the antidepressant activity of rutin.

WOS: 000281551400014, Centaurea cadmea Boiss. subsp. pontica Wagenitz ex Y.B. Kose & Ocak (Asteraceae), a new subspecies occuring in north Anatolia, Turkey, is described and illustrated. The new subspecies grows in rocky places in the Zonguldak province. It is closely related to C. cadmea subsp. cadmea, but differs in its involucrum, achen, appendage and radiant flowers. Diagnostic morphological characters are discussed and notes are presented on ecology and conservation status. In addition, the pollen characteristics of both subspecies have been examined by SEM.

WOS: 000268254600003, This study was designed to determine the polyphenolic contents of the extracts and to evaluate the anti oxidant activity of Hypericum origanifolium Willd. and H. montbretii Spach. (Guttiferae (Hypericaceae)), The possible composition activity relationship was investigated and the results were compared with that of H. perforatum L. Methanol, ethyl acetate, and water were used as solvents to produce extracts from flowers and leaves of the plants. The determination of phenolic acids in the Hypericum species was achieved by using a modified Reverse phase-High pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method adopting an internal standard. It was observed that chlorogenic and caffeic acids were higher in all extracts. The highest values were found in ethyl acetate extracts for total phenolic content as gallic acid and for the flavonoids and flavonols as rutin equivalents (all measurements are mg/g), respectively. Hypericum extracts were evaluated for their radical scavenging activity by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and their oxidative stability by the Rancimat method. Results were compared with Butyllated hidroxy toluene (BHT), a synthetic antioxidant, and with a reference plant, H. perforatum. A good correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenol content in the extracts was observed. In an antioxidant activity assay, the leaf extracts of H. origanifolium were found to be two or three times more active than those of BHT, H. perforatum, and H. montbretii leaves and flowers. In an antiradical activity assay, leaves and flowers of H. montbretii and leaves of H. origanifolium were the most active at the tested concentrations, exhibiting an activity comparable to that of the positive control BHT, but all of the extracts, with the exception of the leaves of H. montbretii, showed activity weaker than the leaves and flowers of H. perforatum, the reference plant., Research Foundation of the University of Anadolu [30353]; Plant, Drug and Scientific Research Centre of Anadolu University (AUBIBAM), The authors acknowledge the Research Foundation of the University of Anadolu (Project No: 30353) and the Plant, Drug and Scientific Research Centre of Anadolu University (AUBIBAM) for their kind support of this study.

The aim was to investigate the impact of atmospheric pollen in determining allergic rhinitis. It was conducted with 130 patients with allergic rhinitis in three different sites in Eskisehir, Turkey, in 2000-2001, using a gravimetric method with a Durham sampler. Skin prick test results, the symptoms of patients and their findings all confirmed the presence of allergic reactions to pollen allergens in the patients observed. During the period, a total of 47,082 pollen grains/cm(2) belonging to 45 taxa were recorded. Of the total pollen grains, 81.0% were arboreal and 18% non-arboreal. The majority of the investigated pollen grains were from Pinaceae, Salix spp., Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae, Cupressaceae and Poaceae. Pollen concentrations reached the highest level in May (54.36%). The pollen allergens provoking severe sensitization were grasscereal mixtures (58.5%), followed by arboreals (33.8%). All patients (100.0%) were sensitive to grass. This study emphasizes the significance of determining the types and concentrations of pollen with a view to comparing changes in highly concentrated allergens.

Alternaria and Cladosporium, known as the most allergenic spores were first collected by means of Durham gravimetric sampler from Eskisehir atmosphere from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2001. The daily, monthly and annual variations in spores/cm2 of Cladosporium and Alternaria were recorded. During this period, a total of 10.231 spores belonging to Cladosporium and Alternaria genera were recorded. Of these spores, 5,103 were identified in 2000 and 5,128 in 2001. While 63.09% of the total spores were those of Cladosporium, 36.91% were of Alternaria. Relationships between airborne fungal spore presence and meteorological conditions were statistically investigated. A Shapiro-Wilk test revealed that the airborne Cladosporium and Alternaria spores differed from a normal distribution. Thus, a Friedmann test was performed followed by a Pearson Correlation Analysis. The effects of rainfall, temperature and wind speed on Cladosporium and Alternaria numbers were non-significant according to the sites and months (p > 0.05), but the effects of relative humidity on Cladosporium and Alternaria numbers were significant (p < 0.01). Spore concentrations reached to their highest levels in May 2001.

Pollen grains in the atmosphere of Sivrihisar were studied for a continuous period of 2 years (1 January 2005–31 December 2006) using a Durham sampler. During this period, pollen grains belonging to 41 taxa were recorded, 24 of which belonged to arboreal plants and 17 to non-arboreal. From these, 23,219 were identified in 2005 and 34,154 in 2006. Of the total pollen grains, 90,46% were arboreal, 9,43% non-arboreal, and 0,1% unidentifiable. The majority of the investigated allergic pollen grains were from Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, Fraxinus spp., Cedrus spp., Artemisia spp., Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae, Populus spp., Quercus spp., Urticaceae and Asteraceae, respectively. Pollen concentrations reached their highest levels in May. This information was then established into a calendar form according to the pollens determined in 2005–2006, in terms of annual, monthly and weekly numbers of taxa fall per cm2. A comparison between the results and the meteorological factors revealed a close relationship between pollen concentrations in the air and meteorological conditions. An increase in pollination was also linked to increasing temperatures and the wind. It was therefore concluded that high temperatures and relative humidity were also effective in increasing the number of pollens in the air.

Detailed pollen morphological structures of 12 Turkish species of Campanula L., e.g. C. argaea, C. cymbalaria, C. glomerata subsp. hispida, C. latiloba subsp. latiloba, C. lyrata subsp. lyrata, C. olympica, C. persicifolia, C. pterocaula, C. rapunculoides subsp. cordifolia, C. rapunculus var. rapunculus, C. stricta var. stricta, C. pamphylica subsp. tokurii have been studied under light (LM) and scanning electron microscopes (SEM) for the first time. LM and SEM investigations show that the pollen grains of 12 taxa are more or less oblato-sphaeroidal, triporate (and/or tetraporate), tectum-scabrate, or with circular amb. The exine sculpture is granulate-scabrate in C. argaea, C. lyrata subsp. lyrata, C. stricta var. stricta, C. glomerata subsp. hispida and C. pamphylica subsp. tokurii; but those of C. cymbalaria, C. latiloba subsp. latiloba, C. olympica, C. persicifolia, C. pterocaula, C. rapunculoides subsp. cordifolia and C. rapunculus var. rapunculus are rugulate-scabrate. Introduction Campanula L. (Campanulaceae) is mainly a Northern hemisphere and Mediterranean genus and consists of 130 species of which 66 are endemic to Turkey (Damboldt 1978, Davis et al. 1988, Guner et al. 2001, Ocak 2003, Akcicek et al. 2005). As pollen structures are micro-morphological attributes that can be used both to distinguish related taxa and also to integrate them into a common group. The morphological features of pollen grains of some of the Campanula species have been dealt with by several authors (Oybak and Pinar 1995, Perveen and Qaiser 1999, Ocak 2003, Akcicek et al. 2005), and a detailed account of the pollen morphology of some Turkish Campanula species has been given by Inceoglu (Inceoglu 1976). The pollen characters of all Turkish Campanula species are yet to be studied in detail. The purpose of this study is to determine through the use of LM and SEM, the extent to which morphological differences are well evaluated in 12 Turkish species of Campanula, five of which are endemic species to Turkey. This study also aims to throw light on the problematic aspects of taxonomy and evolution. Materials and Methods Pollen material was obtained from the Faculty of Science and Arts of Eskisehir Osmangazi University Herbarium (OUFE). For the purpose of LM investigations, pollen grains from herbarium materials were collected and prepared according to Wodehouse (1935) and Erdtman (1960). The pollen dimensions of all species were measured in such amounts that the resulting data followed Gaussian curves (Ozdamar 2004). These measurements are shown in Table 1. For SEM investigations, the unacetolyzed pollen grains were directly placed on stubs, sputter-coated with gold plate, and examined with a Jeol 5600 LV scanning electron microscope (Walker 1974a,b). The terminologies for pollen morphology proposed by Skvarla (1966), Erdtman (1969), Walker (1974a,b), Charpin et al. (1974) and Faegri and Iversen (1975) were employed. Correspondence author. E-mail: ismuhan@ogu.edu.tr. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Gazi University, 06500, Ankara, Turkey. E-mail: pehlivan@gazi.edu.tr

Salvia verticillata L. subsp. verticillata has four cornered stem with 5-6 layers of collenchyma cells inside the epidermis. The pith is parenchymatous. In the leaf mesophyll, the palisade and spongy parenchyma cells were of similar shape. The leaf was amphistomatious. The plant was amaryllis mesomorphic and anisocytic type of stomata. The pollen grains were suboblate-subprolate and stephanocolpate. Exine was seen to be tectate-granulate. Key words: DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i2.5148 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38 (2): 197-200, 2009 (December)

Peganum harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae) is burned into ash-cake ("Askar") in Emirdag (Afyon), Middle Anatolia. The plant has been widely known as Üzerlik in Anatolia in addition to other names. In this study, both the production and usages of the ash-cake from Peganum harmala L. in Anatolia has been described. It has ethnobotanical importance in protecting silk and hair and as fumigant. Key words: Peganum harmala L.; "Askar" (charcoal); Ethnobotany; Anatolia; Turkey DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i2.5152 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(2): 211-213, 2009 (December)

Turkey is one of the main centers of diversity for the bryophytes. Spore morphology has been useful in taxonomy. This study includes spore morphology of Orthotrichaceae, Grimmiaceae, Encalyptaceae, Hypnaceae, Pottiaceae, Brachytheciaceae and Bryaceae taxa. The aims of this study are to provide a detailed taxonomical, morphological, ecological and paleobotanical characterization of Bryophyta in Turkey. The spores of some Bryophyta taxa were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy for the first time. The apertural region forms a leptoma in all spores. The spore morphology of the examined taxa of the families belonged to granulate, granulate-pliate, verrucate, baculate-verrucate, rugulate, rugulate-verrucate, gemmate types (smooth, finely papillose, warty, coarsely papillose). The spore shape of all studied species was spheroid. The spore wall of the Bryophyta included sclerine and intine. The examined species of mosses belonged to three habitat types: corticolous, saxicolous and terrestrial type. We also discussed the taxonomical and ecological implications of the some Bryophyta with respect to its spore morphology

Pollen morphology of Gypsophila laricina L. were investigated using light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Pollen morphology features this taxon was determined based on palynological studies. Pollen grains are spheroidal and periporate. The exine structure is intectate The exine sculpture is clavatemicroechinate ornamentation. The operculum exists in the form as a whole in this taxon. The exine consists of 2 parts; the upper part is the thick ectexine and the lower part is the thin endexine. The endexine is thin and continuous