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Today, the overworked workforce situation is getting more prevalent that may result in impair human motivation and health in the workplace. Increased musculoskeletal disorders, especially among production employees, are caused by increased production activities brought on by a more competitive economy. Therefore, the aim of this study is to conduct an ergonomics analysis in order to reduce absenteeism caused by musculoskeletal system disorders during machining in an automotive sub-industrial company. As a consequence of the workshop attended by the relevant project team workers within the company, non-ergonomic working conditions were determined at first. These defined conditions were also specified as the independent variables for the analysis section. The "Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire," developed by Cornell University, was employed as a data collecting method for the investigation of the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable, local pain status. The effects of independent variables on local pain status were analysed using Logistic Regression Analysis via the IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 program. Following the statistical examination, the analytical outputs were validated by expert feedback with the company's relevant team workers. In the implementation phase, the company aims to reduce production employee absenteeism due to the musculoskeletal system disorders by taking precautions., Günümüzde, aşırı yüklenmiş işgücüne bağlı olarak çalışma ortamında insan motivasyonunu ve sağlığını etkileyebilecek zorluklar gitgide artmaktadır. Artan rekabet ortamının beraberinde getirdiği yoğun üretim faaliyetleri, özellikle üretim çalışanlarında kas-iskelet sistemi rahatsızlıklarının daha fazla meydana gelmesine neden olmaktadır. Bu nedenle, bu çalışma kapsamında otomotiv endüstrisinde faaliyet gösteren bir yan sanayi kuruluşunda talaşlı üretim sırasında meydana gelen kas-iskelet sistemi kaynaklı işe devamsızlıkların azaltılması için ergonomi analizi çalışması yapılması hedeflenmiştir. İlk olarak, ergonomik olmayan çalışma koşulları firma içindeki proje ekibi çalışanlarının katıldığı çalıştay sonucunda belirlenmiştir. Belirlenen bu koşullar, yapılacak olan analizin bağımsız değişkenlerini olarak tanımlanmıştır. Bağımlı değişken olarak adlandırılan bölgesel ağrı durumu üzerinde bağımsız değişkenlerin etkisinin analizi için veri toplama aracı olarak Cornell Üniversitesi tarafından geliştirilen “Kas-İskelet Sistemi Rahatsızlık Anketi” kullanılmıştır. Veri analizi kısmında ise, bağımsız değişkenlerin bölgesel ağrı durumu üzerindeki etkileri Lojistik Regresyon Analizi ile IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 programı aracılığıyla gözlemlenmiştir. İstatistiksel analizden sonra, analiz çıktılarının validasyonu firmanın ilgili ekibinde yer alan çalışanların görüşleri alınarak sağlanmıştır. Çalışmanın uygulama aşamasında firma, üretim çalışanlarının kas-iskelet sistemi kaynaklı devamsızlıklarında karşı önlemler alarak düşüş sağlamayı hedeflemektedir.

In this paper, three new copper (II) complexes, [Cu(4-mphen)(tyr)(H2O)]ClO4 (1), [Cu(5-mphen)(tyr)(H2O)]ClO4 center dot 1.5H(2)O (2) and [Cu (tmphen)(tyr)(NO3)]0.5H(2)O (3) (4-mphen: 4-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 5-mphen: 5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline, tmphen: 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline and tyr: L-tyrosine), were synthesized and characterized using elemental analyses, FT-IR, ESI-MS, cyclic voltammetry and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It was found that the complexes adopt a distorted five-coordinate square pyramidal geometry. The interaction of the three complexes with calf thymus DNA was also investigated using UV-visible absorption spectra, ethidium bromide and Hoechst 33258 displacement assay and thermal denaturation. The DNA cleavage activity of the complexes, monitored using gel electrophoresis, showed significant damage of the pUC19 plasmid DNA. Binding activity of bovine serum albumin (BSA) reveals that these complexes can strongly quench the fluorescence of BSA through a static quenching mechanism. The results suggested that interaction of the complexes with DNA occurred through a partial intercalation into the minor grooves of DNA. In addition, interaction of the complexes with bovine serum albumin quenched the fluorescence emission of the tryptophan residues of the protein binding constants and thermodynamic parameters were obtained from the fluorescence quenching experiments at different temperatures. Free radical scavenging activities of the complexes were determined by various in vitro assays such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radicals (DPPH) and H2O2 scavenging methods. In addition, the cytotoxicity of these complexes in vitro on tumor cell lines (Caco-2 and MCF-7) was examined by XTT and showed better antitumor effect on the tested cells. ROS (reactive oxygen species) and comet experiments are consistent with each other and these complexes lead to DNA damage via the production of ROS. The effect of the hydrophobic properties of the synthesized complexes on DNA and BSA binding activities were discussed.

In today's competitive business environment, there is an increasing need of businesses who aim to make a difference in order to maintain the existence and growth of their companies. For this reason, continuous improvement activities are emerged against to increasing number of actors in the market prices. By eliminating wastes, businesses can reduce their costs which are directly effective on value-adding process and profit. In this case, lean philosophy creates a solution to identify necessary activities and then eliminate unnecessary actions that cannot be evaluated as value-added. Furthermore, companies can increase the qualification of the use of labors and technological equipment to cause to make mistakes during production. Lean philosophy, which is described as `Lean Manufacturing System`, achieves the whole emphasized continuous improvement actions by producing highest yield of product with minimum input. At this point, the A3 approach is one of the core methods involved under the lean philosophy followed by the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle which allows continuous healing.This study performs in a company that produces brake systems and approaches Muda elimination covered by A3 method. This method has been selected to reduce rework losses in the company. At the first step of the study, literature research was made on lean manufacturing system and experimental design methodology. In case of initial experimentation of the analysis, one of the problem-solving techniques called fishbone were applied. After, Pareto analysis was performed to understand the main root-causes of reworks on the surface roughness. The processing parameters providing the minimum surface roughness value were obtained by using the Full Factorial Experimental Design Method in addition to methodology part of this study.Keywords: A3 thinking, lean philosophy, Toyota production system, muda elimination, full factorial experimental design, problem solving, PDCA. In today's competitive business environment, there is an increasing need of businesses who aim to make a difference in order to maintain the existence and growth of their companies. For this reason, continuous improvement activities are emerged against to increasing number of actors in the market prices. By eliminating wastes, businesses can reduce their costs which are directly effective on value-adding process and profit. In this case, lean philosophy creates a solution to identify necessary activities and then eliminate unnecessary actions that cannot be evaluated as value-added. Furthermore, companies can increase the qualification of the use of labors and technological equipment to cause to make mistakes during production. Lean philosophy, which is described as `Lean Manufacturing System`, achieves the whole emphasized continuous improvement actions by producing highest yield of product with minimum input. At this point, the A3 approach is one of the core methods involved under the lean philosophy followed by the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle which allows continuous healing.This study performs in a company that produces brake systems and approaches Muda elimination covered by A3 method. This method has been selected to reduce rework losses in the company. At the first step of the study, literature research was made on lean manufacturing system and experimental design methodology. In case of initial experimentation of the analysis, one of the problem-solving techniques called fishbone were applied. After, Pareto analysis was performed to understand the main root-causes of reworks on the surface roughness. The processing parameters providing the minimum surface roughness value were obtained by using the Full Factorial Experimental Design Method in addition to methodology part of this study.Keywords: A3 thinking, lean philosophy, Toyota production system, muda elimination, full factorial experimental design, problem solving, PDCA. 88

Bu çalışmada, metal iyonu olarak bakır(II) ve palladyum(II) iyonları, fenantrolin türevi olarak 1,10-fenantrolin (phen), 4-metil-1,10-fenantrolin (4-mphen), 5-metil-1,10-fenantrolin (5-mphen), 4,7-dimetil-1,10-fenantrolin (dmphen), 3,4,7,8-tetrametil-1,10-fenantrolin (tmphen) ve pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]fenantrolin (py-phen), amino asit olarak ise glisin (gly) ve L-tirozin (L-tyr) seçildi. Sulu çözelti çalışmalarında, bakır(II) ve palladyum(II) iyonlarının seçilen ligantlar ile oluşturduğu komplekslere ait denge tepkimeleri 25°C, 0,1 M KCl ve 0,1 M KNO3 iyonik ortamında potansiyometrik yöntem ile araştırıldı. Ligantların protonlanma sabitleri ile bakır(II) ve palladyum(II) komplekslerinin kararlılık (oluşum) sabitleri BEST bilgisayar programı kullanılarak hesaplandı. Çözeltide oluşan türlerin dağılımı ise SPE bilgisayar programı kullanılarak belirlendi. Sentez çalışmalarında, seçilen ligantların bakır(II) ve palladyum(II) iyonları ile oluşturduğu ikili ve karışık ligant kompleksleri sentezlendi. Sentezlenen komplekslerin yapıları elementel analiz, elektronik absorbsiyon spektroskopisi, IR, ESI-MS ve X-ışını tek kristal kırınım yöntemleri, Pd(II) komplekslerinin yapıları ise ilave olarak 1H NMR ve 13C NMR teknikleri ile aydınlatıldı. Biyolojik aktivite çalışmalarında, komplekslerin buzağı timüsü DNA'sı (CT-DNA) ile etkileşimleri elektronik absorpsiyon ve floresans spektroskopisi, termal denatürasyon ve agaroz jel elektroforez teknikleri kullanılarak incelendi. Komplekslerin sığır serum albümini (BSA) ile etkileşimleri elektronik absorpsiyon ve floresans (senkronize floresans, floresans rezonans enerji transferi (FRET), iki boyutlu (2D) ve üç boyutlu (3-D) floresans) spektroskopisi teknikleri kullanılarak araştırıldı ve BSA sönümleme mekanizması bulundu. Sentezlenen komplekslerin DPPH radikal süpürme ve H2O2 radikali yakalama aktiviteleri standart olarak kullanılan askorbik asit, trolox ve BHT ile karşılaştırmalı olarak araştırıldı. Komplekslerin antikanser aktiviteleri ise meme, akciğer ve kolon kanseri hücre hatları ile sağlıklı insan bronşiyal epitel hücre hattında cis-Platin ile karşılaştırmalı olarak belirlendi. In this study, copper(II) and palladium(II) as a metal ion, 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), 4-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline (4-mphen), 5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline (5-mphen), 4,7-di methyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dmphen), 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (tmphen) ve pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline (py-phen) as a phenanthroline derivative and glycine (gly) and tyrosine (tyr) as an amino acid were chosen. In aqueous solution studies, the equilibrium reactions of complexes formed by copper(II) and palladium(II) ions with selected ligands were investigated by potentiometric method at 25°C, 0,1 M KCl and 0,1 M KNO3 ionic medium. The protonation constants of the ligands and the stability constants of the copper(II) and palladium(II) complexes were calculated using the BEST computer program. The distribution of the species formed in the solution was determined using SPE computer program. In the synthesis studies, binary and mixed ligand complexes formed by copper(II) and palladium(II) ions of the selected ligands were synthesized. The structures of the synthesized complexes were elucidated by elemental analysis, electronic absorption spectroscopy, IR, ESI-MS and X-ray single crystal diffraction methods, and the structures of Pd (II) complexes were additionally investigated by 1H NMR and 13C NMR techniques. In biological activity studies, interactions of the complexes with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) were studied using electronic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, thermal denaturation and agarose gel electrophoresis techniques. Interactions of the complexes with bovine serum albumin (BSA) were investigated using electronic absorption and fluorescence (synchronized fluorescence, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3-D) fluorescence) spectroscopy techniques and BSA quenching mechanism was found. DPPH radical scavenging and H2O2 radical scavenging activities of the synthesized complexes were investigated in comparison with standard ascorbic acid, trolox and BHT. Anticancer activities of the complexes were determined in comparison with cis-Platin in the breast, lung and colon cancer cell lines with healthy human bronchial epithelial cell line. Türk Eğitim Vakfı

New binary and ternary copper(II) complexes, [Cu(py-phen)(2)(NO3)]NO3 (1), [Cu-2(py-phen)(2)(gly)(2)(NO3)(2)(H2O)(2)]3H(2)O (2) and [Cu-2(py-phen)(2)(tyr)(2)(H2O)(2)](NO3)(2)3H(2)O (3) (py-phen: pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline; gly: glycine; tyr: tyrosine), have been synthesized and characterized using CHN analysis, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Interaction of these complexes with calf thymus DNA has been investigated using absorption spectral titration, ethidium bromide and Hoechst 33258 displacement assay and thermal denaturation measurements. These complexes were found to be efficient cleaving agents and cleavage reactions were mediated by hydrolytic and oxidative pathways. The interaction between these complexes and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated using electronic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The experimental results show that the fluorescence quenching mechanism of these complexes and BSA is a static quenching process. Furthermore, in vitro cytotoxicities of these complexes against tumour cell lines (Caco-2, MCF-7 and A549) and healthy cell line (BEAS-2B) showed that they exhibited anticancer activity with low IC50 values. These complexes were markedly active against the cell lines and can be good drug candidates that are effective and safe for healthy tissue.

A new copper(II) complex, [Cu(Bphen)(Leu)(NO3)(H2O)] (Bphen=4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, leu=L-leucine), has been synthesized and characterized by IR spectroscopy, CHN analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The CT-DNA binding properties of the complex have been investigated by both absorption and emission spectroscopy. The binding parameters for the fluorescence Scatchard plot were also determined. Further, the interaction of the complex with bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been investigated using absorption and emission spectroscopy. The thermodynamic parameters, free energy change (G), enthalpy change (H), and entropy change (S), were calculated by the van't Hoff equation and discussed. The distance between BSA and the complex has been obtained according to fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Conformational changes of BSA have been observed from synchronous fluorescence. Antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of the complex were determined by various in vitro assays such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radicals (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals (ABTS(+)), and reducing ability determination by H2O2 scavenging methods.

Bu çalışmada, biyolojik sistemlerde önemli oldukları için Cu(II) iyonu ve L-amino asitler (L-fenilalanin, L-tirozin, L-triptofan) ile düzlemsel yapılı diiminlerin(1,10-fenantrolin, 4,7-dimetil-1,10-fenantrolin, 5-nitro-1,10-fenantrolin) oluşturduğu kompleksler araştırıldı. İlk olarak, 25oC ve I=0,1 M KCl iyonik ortamında, sulu çözeltide oluşan ikili ve karışık ligant komplekslerinin kararlılık sabitleri, potansiyometrik yöntem ile belirlendi. Komplekslerin kararlılık sabitleri, potansiyometrik titrasyonlardan elde edilen verilerin BEST bilgisayar programına uygulanması ile hesaplandı. Karışık ligant sistemlerinde sadece metal ile ligandlar arasında etkileşim olduğu ve ligandların kendi aralarında etkileşimin olmadığı kabul edilerek ?logK değerleri bulundu. SPE bilgisayar programı ile çözelti ortamında bulunan türlerin dağılımı belirlendi.İkinci olarak, Cu(II) iyonunun 1,10-fenantrolin, 4,7-dimetil-1,10-fenantrolin, 5-nitro-1,10-fenantrolin ve L-tirozin ligandları ile oluşturduğu ikili ve karışık ligant kompleksleri sentezlendi. Elde edilen komplekslerin yapıları, elementel analiz, IR spektroskopisi ve tek kristal X-ışını kırınımı yöntemi ile aydınlatıldı ve komplekslerin termik davranışları araştırıldı. Üçüncü olarak, sentezlenen komplekslerin DNA ile etkileşimlerini belirlemek için, fizyolojik şartlarda, elektronik absorbsiyon spektroskopisi yöntemi kullanıldı ve komplekslerin DNA'ya bağlanma sabitleri(Kb) hesaplandı. Ayrıca, elde edilen komplekslerin akciğer kanser hücre örneklerinde sitotoksisite ölçümleri yapıldı. In this study, as they are important in biological systems Cu(II) ions and L-amino acids (L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, L-tryptophan) with complexes are formed of a planar structure diimines(1,10-phenanthroline, 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline) were investigated. Firstly, in I = 0,10 M KCl ionic medium and at 25 ? C, stability constants of binary and mixed ligand complexes in aqueous solution were investigated by potentiometric method. Stability constants of the complexes were calculated with by applying to the computer program BEST of potentiometric titrations data. ?logK values were calculated in mixed ligand complexes which is interaction between metal and ligands, but is not interaction between ligands were accepted. The distribution of the species in solution was determined with the computer program SPE.Secondly, the binary and ternary mixed ligand complexes formed with 1,10-phenanthroline, 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline and L-tyrosine ligands of Cu(II) ion were synthesized. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffractometry and the thermal behaviour of the complexes were investigated. Thirdly, under physiological conditions, interaction of complexes with DNA is investigated by electronic absorption spectroscopy and DNA binding constants(Kb) of complexes were calculated. In addition, obtained complexes were measured in A549 cancer cell cytotoxicity. 158

Bu çalışmada 1989 göç dalgasıyla Türkiye'ye gelen ve Bursa ili Mudanya ilçesine yerleşen Bulgaristan göçmenlerinden, eğitimine Bulgaristan'da başlayan ve Türkiye'de devam eden çocukların eğitim durumları ele alınmıştır.Bir alan araştırması olan bu tez çalışmasında sırasıyla kaynak araştırması, literatür taraması, gözlem, mülakat ve anket uygulaması gerçekleştirilmiştir.1989 yılındaki göç ile Bulgaristan'dan Türkiye'ye gelen ailelerin çocuklarına sağlanan eğitim olanakları ele alınmış ve bu bireylerin bugün geldikleri noktadaki eğitim düzeyine bağlı sonuçlar tartışılmıştır. Veriler sosyolojik bir bakış açısıyla değerlendirilmiştir. This thesis deals with the educational status of Bulgarian Immigrants whose education had already begun in Bulgaria and continued in Turkey, and who were settled in Mudanya District of Bursa during the waves of mass migration from Bulgaria to Turkey in 1989.During working on my thesis which is mainly a field study; source research, literature search, observation, one-to-one interviews, and survey conducts have been done respectively.Educational opportunities provided to these immigrants are considered, and correlated with these individuals? current level of education. Obtained data are evaluated with the sociological point of view. 166

Three novel water-soluble copper(II) complexes - {[Cu(phen)(trp)]ClO4 center dot 3H(2)O}(n) (1), {[Cu(4-mphen)(trp)]ClO4 center dot 3H(2)O}(n) (2) and [[Cu(dmphen)(trp)(MeOH)][Cu(dmphen)(trp)(NO3)]]NO3 (3) (phen: 1,10-phenanthroline; 4-mphen: 4-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline; dmphen: 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline; trp: l-tryptophan) - have been synthesized and characterized using various techniques. Complexes 1 and 2 are isostructural, and exist as one-dimensional coordination polymers. Complex 3 consists of two discrete copper(II) complexes containing [Cu(trp)(dmphen)(MeOH)](+), [Cu(trp)(dmphen)(NO3)] and one nitrate anion. The binding interaction of the complexes with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) was investigated using thermal denaturation, electronic absorption and emission spectroscopic methods, revealing that the complexes could interact with CT-DNA via a moderate intercalation mode. The binding activity of the complexes to CT-DNA follows the order: 3 > 2 > 1. The pUC19 DNA cleavage activity of the complexes was investigated in the absence and presence of external agents using the agarose gel electrophoresis method. Especially, in the presence of H2O2 as an activator, the pUC19 DNA cleavage abilities of the complexes are clearly enhanced at low concentration. Addition of hydroxyl radical scavenger dimethylsulfoxide shows a marked inhibition of the pUC19 DNA cleavage activity of the complexes. In vitro cytotoxic effect of the complexes was examined on human tumor cell lines (Caco-2, A549 and MCF-7) and healthy cells (BEAS-2B). The potent cytotoxic effect of complex 3, with IC50 values of 1.04, 1.16 and 1.72 mu M, respectively, is greater relative to clinically used cisplatin (IC50 = 22.70, 31.1 and 22.2 mu M) against the Caco-2, A549 and MCF-7 cell lines.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) is one of the mammalian serine proteases participated in the pathogenesis of diseases and DPP-IV inhibitors are now widely used as antidiabetic drugs. A new water soluble ternary copper (II) complex,-[Cu(py-phen) (phe) (H2O)]NO3·H2O-(py-phen:pyrazino[2,3f][1,10]phenanthroline, phe:phenylalanine), has been synthesized and characterized by CHN analysis, ESI-MS, FTIR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Fluorescence spectroscopy was researched to study the interaction between the complex and bovine serum albumin (BSA) and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). Chromophore of BSA and DPP-IV enzyme is changed upon addition of the complex. Additionally, the complex was shown to have promising inhibitory activities against DPP-IV with lower IC50 value. This study may provide new insights into the development of effective agents against diabetes. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.

Two new water-soluble copper(II) complexes, [Cu(dmphen)(2)(NO3)]NO3 (1), [Cu(dmphen)(tyr)(H2O)] NO3 center dot H2O (2) and the diquartemary salt of dmphen (dmphen = 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline and tyr = L-tyrosine), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR and IR spectroscopy, thermal analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The CT-DNA binding properties of these compounds have been investigated by absorption, emission spectroscopy and thermal denaturation measurements. The supercoiled pBR322 plasmid DNA cleavage activity of these compounds has been explored by agarose gel electrophoresis. The cytotoxicity of these compounds against MCF-7, Caco-2, A549 cancer cells and BEAS-2B healthy cells was also studied by the XTT method. Complexes 1 and 2 exhibit significant cytotoxicity, with lower IC50 values than those of cisplatin.

New binary copper(II) complexes – [Cu(4-mphen)2(NO3)]NO3·H2O (1), [Cu(5-mphen)2 (NO3)]NO3·H2O (2), the known complex [Cu(dmphen)2(NO3)]NO3 (3) and [Cu(tmphen)2 (NO3)]NO3·H2O (4) - (4-mphen: 4-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 5-mphen: 5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline, dmphen: 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, tmphen: 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline), have been synthesized and characterized by CHN analysis, ESI-MS, FTIR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Interaction of these complexes with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) has been investigated by absorption spectral titration, ethidium bromide (EB) and Hoechst 33,258 displacement assay and thermal denaturation measurement. These complexes cleaved pUC19 plasmid DNA in the absence and presence of an external agent. Notably, in the presence of H2O2 as an activator, the cleavage abilities of these complexes are obviously enhanced at low concentration. Addition of hydroxyl radical scavengers like DMSO shows significant inhibition of the DNA cleavage activity of these complexes. BSA quenching mechanism was investigated with regard to the type of quenching, binding constant, number of binding locations and the thermodynamic parameters. The experimental results suggested that the probable quenching mechanism was an unusual static process and hydrophobic forces play a dominant role. The CT-DNA and BSA binding efficiencies of these complexes follow the order: 4 > 3 > 1 > 2. Furthermore, in vitro cytotoxicities of these complexes on tumor cells lines (Caco-2, MCF-7 and A549) and healthy cell line (BEAS-2B) showed that these complexes exhibited anticancer activity with low IC50 values. The effect of hydrophobicity of the methyl-substituted phenanthrolines on DNA and protein binding activities of these complexes is discussed.

One-dimensional (1-D) coordination polymer and mononuclear copper(II) complexes, ([Cu(nphen)(asn)]ClO4)(n) (1) and [Cu(nphen) (gln)(H2O)]ClO4 center dot H2O (2) (nphen = 5-nitro-110-phenanthroline, asn = asparagine, gln = glutamine), have been synthesized and characterized by IR spectroscopy, ESI-MS, CHN analysis, and singlecrystal X-ray diffraction. These binary and ternary complexes of copper(II) with nphen, asn, and gln have been investigated using potentiometric methods in 0.1 MKCl aqueous ionic media at 298.2 K. The protonation constants of the ligands and the stability constants of 1 and 2 have been calculated from the potentiometric data using the "BEST" software package. The potentiometric results have been analyzed using the "SPE" software package, and the distribution curves for the copper-containing species have been determined for the ternary systems. The CT-DNA-binding properties of these complexes have been investigated by thermal denaturation measurements and both absorption and emission spectroscopy. Further, the interaction of these complexes with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA) has been investigated using absorption and emission spectroscopy. The thermodynamic parameters, free energy change (Delta G), enthalpy change (Delta H), and entropy change (Delta S) were calculated by the van't Hoff equation and discussed. The distances between the serum albumins and 1 and 2 have been obtained according to fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Conformational changes of serum albumins have been observed from synchronous fluorescence technique. The antimicrobial activity of the complexes has also been tested on some bacteria. The effect of different amino acids on the copper(II) complexes are discussed.

New copper(II) complexes-dimeric-[Cu(nphen)(gly)(H2O)](+) (1) and [Cu(dmphen)(gly)(NO3)(H2O)] (2) (nphen = 5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline, dmphen = 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, and gly = glycine)-have been synthesized and characterized by CHN analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques, FTIR, EPR spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The CT-DNA-binding properties of these complexes have been investigated by thermal denaturation measurements and both absorption and emission spectroscopy. The DNA cleavage activity of these complexes has been studied on supercoiled pUC19 plasmid DNA by gel electrophoresis experiments in the absence and presence of H2O2. Furthermore, the interaction of these complexes with bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been investigated using absorption and emission spectroscopy. The thermodynamic parameters, free-energy change (Delta G), enthalpy change (Delta H), and entropy change (Delta S) for BSA + complexes 1 and 2 systems have been calculated by the van't Hoff equation at three different temperatures (293.2, 303.2, and 310.2 K). The distance between the BSA and these complexes has been determined using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Conformational changes of BSA have been observed using the synchronous fluorescence technique. In addition, in vitro cytotoxicities of these complexes on tumor cell lines (Caco-2, A549, and MCF-7) and healthy cells (BEAS-2B) have been examined. The antimicrobial activity of the complexes has also been tested on certain bacteria cells. The effect of mono and dimeric in the above complexes is presented and discussed. New copper(II) complexes-dimeric-[Cu(nphen)(gly)(H2O)](+) (1) and [Cu(dmphen)(gly) (NO3)(H2O)] (2) (nphen = 5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline, dmphen = 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline and gly = glycine)-have been synthesized and characterized by CHN analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques, FTIR and EPR spectroscopy. They have been tested for their in vitro DNA/BSA interactions by the spectroscopic methods. These complexes exhibited higher cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities. Complex 1 shows better DNA / BSA interactions in comparison to complex 2.

Protonation constants of methyl/nitro substituted 1,10-phenanthrolines {(m/n-sphen): 4-methyl-phenanthroline (4-mphen), 5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline (5-mphen), 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dmphen), 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (tmphen) and 5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline (5-nphen)] and the amino acids (aa) l-tyrosine (tyr) and glycine (gly), and their corresponding binary and ternary stability constants with Cu(II), were determined in aqueous 0.1 mol center dot L-1 KCl ionic media at 298.15 K. The protonation constants of the ligands and the stability constants of the binary and ternary complexes of Cu(II) with the ligands were calculated from the potentiometric data using the "BEST" software package. The species distribution diagrams were obtained using the "SPE" software package under the experimental conditions described. The order of stability of the ternary complexes in terms of the primary ligands is [Cu(tmphen)(aa)](+) > [Cu(dmphen)(aa)](+) > [Cu(4-mphen)(aa)](+) > [Cu(5-mphen)(aa)](+) > [Cu(5-nphen)(aa)](+). The stability constants of the ternary complexes decrease in the following order: [Cu(m/n-sphen)(gly)](+) > [Cu(m/n-sphen)(tyr)](+), which is identical to the sequence found for the binary complexes of Cu(II) with gly and tyr.

A new copper(II) complex, [Cu(Bphen)(Leu)(NO3)(H2O)] (Bphen=4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, leu=L-leucine), has been synthesized and characterized by IR spectroscopy, CHN analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The CT-DNA binding properties of the complex have been investigated by both absorption and emission spectroscopy. The binding parameters for the fluorescence Scatchard plot were also determined. Further, the interaction of the complex with bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been investigated using absorption and emission spectroscopy. The thermodynamic parameters, free energy change (G), enthalpy change (H), and entropy change (S), were calculated by the van't Hoff equation and discussed. The distance between BSA and the complex has been obtained according to fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Conformational changes of BSA have been observed from synchronous fluorescence. Antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of the complex were determined by various in vitro assays such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radicals (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals (ABTS(+)), and reducing ability determination by H2O2 scavenging methods.