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The Ottoman Empire, which appeared on the stage of history as one of the principalities of Anatolia, was supported by strong and visionary statesmen in the process of becoming a great empire. The Çandarlı family, which played an important role in the establishment of the empire, raised influential rulers who served the sultans for about one hundred and fifty years. This family, which played an important role in expanding the state’s political administration organization and establishing the Ottoman identity in the cities. It also played a unifying role in society through its foundations. In this context, our study focuses on Çandarlı Mahmud Çelebi, the grandson of the founder of the family, Kara Halil Pasha, and the function of the foundation complex in İznik, which dates back to the 15th century. Using the Waqf Charter Book numbered 2149 in the ‘General Directorate of the Land Registry and the Cadastre of Books (TK.GK.d)’ classification of the Ottoman Prime Ministry Archives as the primary source, this study examines the political, social, and economic conditions in which Mahmud Çelebi lived and evaluated the means he had and the methods he used to save them. To this end, the life of Mahmud Çelebi and the historical environment of the century in which the foundation was established are discussed first, followed by an analysis of the foundation’s establishment, management, personnel, kitchen expenses, and sources of income. In this way, an attempt is made to understand the contribution of Mahmud Çelebi, a member of the Çandarlı family, who provided the first examples of Ottoman architecture to the political and social structure through his philanthropic work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When Ottoman harem women are mentioned, a few women with strong influence come to mind. However, in the Ottoman Empire, which was a longlived state, there were hundreds of women who lived with different titles. In the harem circle, excluding those who stand out for any reason, the most wellknown are the women who have their own foundations. In this study, foundations built in the name of two women who lived in periods when women were less active in state administration are examined. Moreover, these women have the same name as well as the bride and mother-in-law. One of them is Bayezid II's mother is Gülbahar Khatun, and the other one is Yavuz Sultan Selim's mother, Gülbahar Khatun. One of the common points of Gülbahar Khatun is the foundations built on their behalf by their sons. The work of having a foundation built in her name is one of the most basic ways for a person to become more visible in the public sphere, and one of these foundations was built in Tokat and the other in Trabzon. In this study, the relations of both foundations, which were built by their sons for the benefit of their mothers, with the peripheries of the regions where they established, and the roles they played in the development of the cities, will be tried to be revealed through the accounting records recorded in the 1592-93 fiscal period. In addition, in the same year, the economic potentials of the two foundations will be tried to be understood by comparing the income units and amounts of the foundations in different places, the expenditure items and the prices of the food products purchased in their kitchens. Starting from this point, it is aimed to evaluate Ottoman women's philanthropy in the triangle of foundation-citypeople. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orang Asal are the indigenous people of Malaysia. Orang Asal in Peninsular Malaysia are collectively known as Orang Asli. They are a marginalised population group. Health status among the indigenous is generally poor and shows an increasing trend of chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs).Thus, IMAM Response & Team Relief (IMARET), a medical-based Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) organises a mobile clinic which provides monthly free healthcare services to Orang Asli population. Drug Utilisation Evaluation (DUE) is an ongoing, systematic criteria-based programme of medicine evaluation to ensure appropriate medicine use. This study was conducted to determine the DUE on the physician prescribing pattern on NCD. The specific objectives are to identify the prevalence of NCD, to determine the appropriate medications used for NCD and to compare the physician prescribing pattern. This study was conducted as retrospective, descriptive and cross-sectional study between January 2017 to December 2018. The subjects were screened using convenience sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. It was carried out using prescription data collected in the mobile clinic. Hypertension was the most common prevalent among the Orang Asli (n = 48, 18.5%), followed by gout (n = 7, 2.7%), dyslipidaemia (n = 4, 1.5%), diabetes mellitus (n = 2, 0.8%) and asthma (n = 1, 0.4%). Drug therapy is a very important component in the disease management. The most common prescribed antihypertensive, anti-gout, anti-dyslipidemic, and anti-asthmatic agents were calcium channel blocker, colchicine, statin and short-acting beta-2 agonist (SABA) respectively. However, common prescribed anti-diabetic agents were biguanide and sulfonylurea. Oral nifedipine, perindopril, salbutamol and glibenclamide were not listed in National Essential Medicine List (NEML). In contrast, only oral glibenclamide was not listed in Ministry of Health (MoH) Medicine Formulary. Appropriate prescribing pattern among the physicians help to reduce the morbidity and mortality of NCDs among Orang Asli. Appropriateness of the prescribed medications is influenced by the limited availability of the medications. Rational and standard prescribing pattern by the physicians are needed to ensure effective and safe treatment for the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ergene Bridge was put into service in 1443. The imaret which was endowed by Sultan Murad II in 1447, was built in the center of Ergene town, that was established on the southeast end of the bridge. The bridge and the imaret provided the establishment and growth of the new town. In particular, the imaret complex provided the construction of important social, religious and economic charities and real estates that generates income in the center of the town, meeting the needs of the local population and quests. The foundation established by the sultan for the imaret, became a financial power in the realization of the services of the charities and the continuation of the activities of the real estates that generates income. The employees, who are the most important elements of the foundation and payment of their salaries, the care of charities and real estates that generates rental income and the fulfillment of the needs of the needy living in the town have been thanks to the foundation revenues. In this point, the revenues, from the taxes and agricultural products of the villages subject to Ergene and Malkara to the foundation had a higher share than the foundation's revenue real estates that generates income in Edirne and Ergene. In this research, we will evaluate and try to explain the services of the imaret at the point of feeding and sheltering people, its effect on social welfare activities, the problems experienced accounting of the foundation, and the approach of the foundation governance to administrative issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Architectonics & Architecture / Építés - Építészettudomány is the property of Akademiai Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Ottoman Literature Studies / Divan Edebiyatı Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Ottoman Literature Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to comparatively examine five large foundation imarets which have important places in the Ottoman civilization imagination, in terms of their economic capacities. The Puplic kitchens, which have become distinguished and institutionalized not only in our own history but also in world history, have not been adequately studied in terms of neither our architecture nor our cultural history. Moreover, they have been devalued by someone via abstract and general approaches, such as the old institutions in which the lazy are fed. However, looking at the historical data, the public kitchens provided a wide-based employment area from the foundation of the Ottoman Empire to the beginning of the twentieth century and met the daily food needs of the employed and the needy. It has shown that they play an important role by preventing social turmoil and the impotence of the people. It has shown that they play an important role by preventing social turmoil and the desperation of the people. In addition, it is a fact that by converting issues such as the amount of food required per person into a written text, it brought a standardization in terms of the protection of nutrition culture and public health. In this context, Sultan Mahmud (Hagia Sophia), Nuruosmaniye, Prince Mehmed, Atik Valide Sultan and Cedid Valide (Tiled) Imaret, which are located on both sides of the city and have great contributions to the development of the city, have been compared in terms of their economic capacities. An important aspect of the research is the use of data from the years 1827-1828, which coincides with the first years after the foundation of Evkaf Nezareti. Leaving the criticism aside that foundations were financially and administratively poorly managed in the nineteenth century. These data, foundations, XIX. In addition to being a response to the criticism that they were financially and administratively mismanaged in the 19th century, it showed that these five soup kitchens maintained their place in the field of activity to a great extent despite the difficult market conditions. In addition, food price change charts prepared with data obtained from different foundation accounting records provide useful data for economic history and city history research. In addition, food products consumed in public kitchens provide historical information to new scientific fields such as gastronomy, nutrition and dietetics. Finally, it is expected that it will bring an important historical perspective to research fields such as Turkish food culture history and taste perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Academic Studies of Turkish-Islamic Civilization / Türk Islam Medeniyeti Akademik Arastirmalar Dergisi (Timad) is the property of Necmettin Erbakan University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Usually, of most studies on the Ottoman architecture in the Balkans are done by comparing between the numbers of buildings then and now. This paper discusses such method with regard to its comparative advantage and maximising its use in understanding Ottoman architecture. With Greece as a case study, the present paper identifies change in the quantity of Ottoman buildings considering the archetypal, functional, chronological, and geographical evidence, in the changing context of the nature of the Ottoman rule over centuries.The scholar provides new statistics presenting the numbers of Ottoman buildings in Greece over centuries, with special reference to three periods: the second half of the 17th century (time of EvliyâÇelebi), the late period of the Ottoman rule in Greece (based on Iyverdi’s statistics, the Ottoman slanames, and Kamûs-ülÂ'lâm of Şemseddin), and the existing architectural heritage in light of the recent publications and fieldworks’ results. Through statistical methods, this research identifies quantitative change of several types of buildings, proper to each region or in Greece as a whole.It observes the growth or decay of the pace of construction on the basis of three main factors: type of building, period, and region. The most significant results come from the comparison between the numbers of the Ottoman buildings in Greece dating to Evliyâ’s time at the end of the 17th century and the last decades of the Ottoman rule.The statistic table and the two charts with function and region indexes clarify to what extent the change in the number of buildings according to their function and region summarises the different phases of the Ottoman rule and the nature of each phase. The paper shows that the change in the numbers of buildings according to their function summarizes the alteration in nature of the Ottoman policy over the centuries, and the numbers of extant buildings strongly relate to the history and site of the corresponding regions. The paper clarifies that the reasons beyond the demolition of ottoman buildings in Greece include both human and natural factors, and concludes with a recommendation of preserving and reuse of extant ottoman structures.

Copyright of Vakıflar Dergisi is the property of T.C. Vakiflar Genel Mudurlugu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The historiography of many places in Greece have, generally spoken, a big "Black Hole" as the Greek historian Stephanos Gerasimos called it. The biggest hole is in the four or five centuries of their history in the Ottoman centuries. This is not only the case in Greece but also in the literature produced in Western countries. Famous Encyclopaedians like the German Brockhaus Enzyklopädie might the cited as a good example. The equally famous Encyclopaedia Brittanica is not better either, etc. In the last 20 years the picture is slowly changing for better, resulting that in many places it now looks like Swish Chees, punctured with many small holes that almost every year gets less. In the present study at least one hole with be eliminated with help of a new, hitherto fully unknown document.It begins with a two page survey of the main outlines of the history of the great Greek island of Lesbos, also known as Mytilini. It is followed by a short overview of the Ottoman administrative records about the island.The central piece is a large document found in the still difficultl to enter Archive of the Topkapi Palace in Istanbul which describes in details the functioning of the greatest Ottoman foundation on the island: the Medrese, Imaret and Derwish convent all three accomodated in one monumental building in the middle of the great Castle of Mytilini. In three pages it gives an aside view of the functioning of the compound, how the staff was financed and especially the large amounts of foodstufs (rice, wheat, vegitables, honey etc.) consumed day to day and gives a representative view of an institution that played such an important role in the social contact of the island's population. We should not forget that on the island were a number of these soupkitches. The Imaret founded by the Lady Üm Gülsüm in 1792 distributing food and new dresses for poor children and distribution of sweet dishes to everybody during the Bayrams and other festivities.(B.O.A. "Vakfiyeler, Dosya 1, Gömlek 29.) It should also be remembered that as a rule nobody was refused entrance, neither “rich or poor, Muslim, Christian, Jew or pagan” as the western traveller found to their great astonishment.

XVI. yüzyılda İstanbul'da mevcut Halveti tekkeleri beslenme ihtiyaçlarını karşıladıkları yer açısından kendi matbahı olan tekkeler, beslenme ihtiyacını mensup olduğu külliyenin imaretinden karşılayanlar ve beslenme ihtiyacını nereden karşıladığı bilinmeyen tekkeler olarak üç gruba ayrılıyordu. Tekkelerin sağladığı beslenme imkanlarından ise tekke personeli, şayet tekke külliye içinde bulunuyorsa külliyenin diğer birimlerindeki görevliler, tekkenin etrafında yaşayan fakir fukara, tekkede konaklayan misafirler, mübarek gün ve gecelerde tekkeye gelen giden herkes istifade edebiliyordu. Tekkelerin geniş toplumsal kesimlere hizmet vermesi birçok kişinin tekkelerle irtibata geçmesini sağlıyordu. Vakfiyelerde beslenme için ayrılan tahsisat, yemek hazırlayan görevliler, matbahta kullanılan alet ve edevat gibi hususlarda ayrıntılı açıklamalar yapılmaktadır. Ancak tekke matbahlarının fiziki özellikleri konusunda kısıtlı bilgiler vardır. Tekke matbahları imaret gibi faaliyet gösteren devasa büyüklükte yapılar olabildiği gibi daha mütevazı boyutlarda da olabiliyordu. Matbahlar mekânsal açıdan incelendiğinde genellikle tekke matbahının selamlık ünitesi birimlerinin yakınına yerleştirildiği tespit edilmektedir. Vakıf belgelerinde matbah dışında taamhane, kilar, fırın gibi beslenme birimlerden de bahsedilmektedir. Bu yapılar da çoğunlukla tekke matbahının yanında konumlandırılıyordu.

Copyright of Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art & Communication is the property of Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art & Communication and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Like any other imaret in the Ottoman Empire that of Sofu Mehmed Paşa located in Sofia and designed by the great architect Mimar Sinan provided shelter, help andfree food for the waqf staff, the guests and travelers, the poor and the needy. The paper presents the menu and the recipes of the dishes, the beneficiaries and their portions provided by the soup kitchen whose capacity of work allowed approximately 250 people to be fed. However, the main purpose is not only to introduce data about the services of the imaret according to the founder's will, but also to establish the functioning of the imaret as revealed in contemporary sources both during the periods of financial stability and during the economic crisis or damages which interrupted and caused changes in the charitable practice of the foundation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Turkish Research Institute / Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Arastirmalari Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of International Social Research is the property of Journal of International Social Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture / Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sarı Ahmed Pasha, who lived in 15th century, was an Ottoman statesman known by his philanthropy. He built a complex of buildings in which a mosque, a school, a madrasah, an imaret, a hammam and a caravanserai were located and he established a foundation for the purpose of maintain these buildings in a good condition. The established foundation and the buildings had a great role in the development of Akhisar. With its 530 years of history, the heritage of the Sarı Ahmed Pasha foundation is still with us today and it is quite rich. The foundation still continues its function of serving community. This study will provide contributions to enlighten the cultural history of the centers of, mainly, Akhisar, and of Manisa, Göl Marmara, Bergama, Edremit, Kemer, and Ayazmend as well as serving original information about Ahmed Pasha's biography and his works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Social Research is the property of Journal of International Social Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)