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Amaç: Staphylococcus aureus, hastane kaynaklı ve toplum kökenli enfeksiyonların önemli bir nedenidir. S. aureus'un tıbbi implantlara ve konak dokuya tutunması ve olgun bir biyofilmin oluşması, kronik enfeksiyonların kalıcılığında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Çalışmamızın amacı, metisiline duyarlı S. aureus (MSSA) ve metisiline dirençli S. aureus (MRSA) izolatlarının biyofilm oluşturma potansiyelini belirlemek ve aralarındaki farkı gözlemlemektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmamıza Mikrobiyoloji laboratuvarına gönderilen çeşitli klinik örneklerden elde edilen toplam 200 S. aureus suşu (100 MRSA ve 100 MSSA) dahil edilmiştir. İzolatların tanımlanması Vitek MS (BioMerieux, Fransa) cihazı ile antibiyotik duyarlılıkları Vitek2 Compakt (BioMerieux, Fransa) otomatize sistemi ile belirlendi. Biyofilm üretimi, Mikrotitrasyon plak yöntemi kullanılarak çalışıldı. MSSA ve MRSA suşlarının biyofilm oluşturma yeteneği istatistiksel olarak incelendi. İstatistiksel anlamlılık düzeyi p

Amaç: Enfeksiyöz gastroenteritler, özellikle çocuklarda morbidite ve mortalitenin en önemli nedenlerinden biridir. Rotavirüs ve enterik adenovirüsler, enfeksiyöz gastroenteritlerin önemli viral etkenlerindendir. Çalışmamızda, akut gastroenterit ön tanısı ile laboratuvara gönderilen gaita örneklerinde; rotavirüs ve adenovirüs pozitifliği ile etkenlerin cinsiyet, yaş ve mevsimsel dağılımının belirlenmesini amaçladık.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Temmuz 2015-Haziran 2019 tarihleri arasında çeşitli kliniklerden akut gastoenterit ön tanısı ile mikrobiyoloji laboratuvarına gönderilen gaita örnekleri rotavirüs ve adenovirüs varlığı açısından incelendi. Gaita örneklerini incelemede kalitatif immunokromotografik yöntem ile çalışan Simple/StickRota Adeno (Operon, İspanya) kiti kullanılmıştır. Çalışma verilerini retrospektif olarak inceledik. İstatistiksel değerlendirmeler, “Ki-Kare (Chi square) testine” göre yapıldı.Bulgular: Çalışmaya dahil edilen 5294 örneğin, 472’sinde (%8.91) rotavirüs pozitifliği; 237’sinde (%4.4) ise adenovirüs pozitifliği saptanmıştır. Rotavirüs pozitifliği 13-24 ay arasında 104 (%22) ve 2-5 yaş arasında 116 (%24.5); adenovirüs pozitifliği 2-5 yaş arasında 38 (%16) ve 18 yaş üstünde 85 (%35.8) olarak saptanmıştır. Mevsimsel olarak rotavirüs enfeksiyonlarının 179’u (%37.9) ilkbahar, 153’ü (%32.5) kış; adenovirüs enfeksiyonlarının 65’i (%27.4) kış, 61’i (%25.8) yaz aylarında saptanmıştır.Sonuç: Viral gastroenterit etkenlerinden rotavirüs ve adenovirüs, dışkıda bakılan antijen testleriyle kolaylıkla tespit edilebilir. Rotavirüs ve adenovirüs pozitiflik oranlarının, yaş, cinsiyet ve mevsimsel dağılımlarının bilinmesi bölgesel ve ülke çapında verilere katkı sağlayacaktır.

Fluoroquinolones, are effective agents both against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Quinolones show bactericidal effect as a result of inhibition of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV enzymes. Main quinolo resistance mechanisms are chromosomal mutations in these enzymes and decreased intracellular accumulation due to efflux pumps or decreased membrane uptake. Recently a new quinolone resistance mechanism mediated by plasmids has been defined. These plasmids carry genes called as qnr. Qnr genes do not cause quinolone resistance but they cause decreased quinolone susceptibility and lead to higher minimum inhibitory concentrations. Currently there are qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD and qnrS genes. This study was aimed to investigate the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants in carbapenem resistant Enterobacterales isolates. A total 154 carbapenem resistant Enterobacterales isolates were included in the study. Presence of qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD and qnrS genes were investigated by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The results of the PCR amplification revealed that qnrA was detected in two isolates (E6, E85) (1.29%), qnrB was detected in 12 isolates (8.4%) (E32, E43, E46, E61, E62, E84, E94, E149, E 166, E167, E177, E179) and qnrS was detected in six isolates (E15, E25, E57, E63, E70, E80) (4.54%). And one isolate (E9) was both positive for qnrB and qnrS. QnrC and qnrD were not detected in any isolates. Transferable quinolone resistance due to the dissemination of qnr genes may have important impacts in terms of infection control and treatment problems. Survey of plasmid mediated quinolone resistance will help to determine the size of the issue and guide the measures that should be taken to avoid escalation of resistance and dissemination problem.

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen, and carbapenem resistance is an emerging problem. The determination of resistance genes is vital for epidemiological purposes, and the early determination of carbapenemase production methods is also recommended. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the presence of VIM, NDM, IMP, GES, SPM, GIM, and SIM genes in P. aeruginosa isolates. Methods: In this study, 200 carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates were included. The DNA extraction of the carbapenem-resistant isolates was performed using the boiling method. Following the DNA extraction, optimization was conducted using the original primers. After optimization, the VIM, NDM, IMP, GES, SPM, GIM, and SIM genes were examined using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Results: The isolates were mainly identified from the tracheal aspirate cultures (34.5%). The PCR method revealed the presence of VIM in one of the P. aeruginosa isolates, and the NDM gene in one isolate using. None of the isolates was positive in terms of the IMP, GES, SPM, GIM, and SIM genes. Conclusions: In our study, two carbapenemase genes (VIM and NDM) were detected in the P. aeruginosa isolates.

Introduction: Carbapenem resistance is an emerging problem in Enterobactarales. We aimed to investigate the presence of carbapenemase genes blaNDM, blaKPC, blaVIM and blaOXA-48 and evaluate the phenotypic blue-carba method and carbapenem inactivation method (CIM) in Enterobacterales isolates. Methodology: Total of 153 Enterobacterales isolates were tested in the study. Presence of blaNDM, blaKPC, blaVIM and blaOXA-48 genes was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Carbapenemase production of the isolates was also tested by blue-carba method and CIM. Results: The presence of blaOXA-48 gene was detected in 110 (71.4%) and blaNDM gene was detected in 2 (1.3%) of the Enterobacterales isolates by PCR method. None of the isolates were positive for blaKPC and blaVIM genes. The 121 (78.54%) of the isolates were found to be positive by blue-carba method and CIM. And 105 (68.18%) of the isolates were determined as positive by both PCR, blue-carba and CIM. Conclusions: In our study, 112 (72.7%) of the Enterobacterales isolates were found to be positive for carbapenemase genes (blaoxa-48 and blaNDM), and 121 (78.57%) of different isolates were found to be positive for blue-carba and CIM. However, 105 (68.18%) of the carbapenem resistance isolates found to be positive for all three methods.

Introduction: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, a non-fermentative bacterium, predominantly causes opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals and those receiving long-term, large-dose, broad spectrum antimicrobial agents. It is inherently resistant to most of the available antimicrobial agents. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), ceftazidime (CAZ), and levofloxacin (LVX) are the drugs of choice used for the infection treatment. The study aims to investigate the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants of QnrA, QnrB, QnrC, QnrD, QnrS, and OqxAB genes in S. maltophilia isolates. Materials and Methods: A total of 122 S. maltophilia isolates from various clinical specimens were tested in the study. The susceptibility of TMP/SMX and LVX was determined by disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration value of CAZ was determined by the gradient diffusion test. Qnr (A, B, C, S, D) determinants and OqxAB were investigated using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. OqxA was investigated in the isolates and the presence of OqxB in OqxA-positive isolates. Results: Five (4%) of the S. maltophilia isolates were resistant to TMP/SMX. Levofloxacin and CAZ resistances were determined as 6.5% and 56.5%, respectively. QnrS was detected in two of the isolates, and OqxA gene was found in three isolates. However, these isolates were not OqxB positive. One of these three positive isolates has been previously found to be QnrS-positive. Conclusion: In our study, QnrS was detected in two and OqxA gene in three of the S. maltophilia isolates.