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Copyright of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches / İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 1941, the architectural project competition launched for the design of the proposed mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, or "Anıtkabir," attracted significant interest from Italian architects. The entry from Arnaldo Foschini was one of the three entries which won the first prize, with designs by other Italian architects -- Gino Franzi, Giuseppe Vaccaro, and Giovanni Muzio --being awarded honorable mentions. Marcello Piacentini, the most prominent figure of the Italian architectural scene during the Mussolini period, enthusiastically greeted the results, and the competition received significant coverage in the Italian daily press and architectural magazines. However, the real interest in the competition was behind the scenes and at much higher levels of the regime. The Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Popular Culture, which was responsible for propaganda activities abroad, closely monitored the competition process. High-level diplomatic contacts took place following the results in which the Italian Foreign Affairs lobbied the Turkish authorities in their realization of Foschini's winning project, as well as for the use of Italian construction materials and workforce and the awarding of other Italian entries. The study aims to uncover the political, economic, architectural, and cultural significance of the Anıtkabir competition from the perspective of Mussolini's Italy. The article also seeks to reveal the lobbying and propaganda activities carried out by Italian authorities regarding this competition. The research is based on archival studies conducted at the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archive, the Italian State Archive, and the Marcello Piacentini Archive Fund of the University of Florence. Analysis is provided in chronological order of the various archival documents discovered during the research, including official correspondences, reports, press releases, and personal letters. The study also examines Turkish and Italian architectural magazines and newspapers published during that period and includes Foschini's previously unpublished initial drawings for Anıtkabir. Finally, the article discusses Piacentini's approach to the competition and investigates the contributions of post-war Italy to the final project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Recent Period Turkish Studies / Yakın Dönem Türkiye Araştırmaları is the property of Recent Period Turkish Studies / Yakin Donem Turkiye Arastirmalari and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

İnsanlık tarihindeki en büyük harplerden biri olan II. Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından dünya tam bir kaos ortamına dönüşerek İttifak Devletleri’nin “süper güçleri” dünya haritasına yeniden şekil verme çabalarına ve liderlik yarışına hız vermiş durumdaydı. Savaşın bitmesiyle Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği (SSCB) ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD)’nin rekabetle sürdürdüğü yayılmacı politika “Soğuk Savaş dönemi”ni başlatmış oldu. Bu da Sovyetlerin, Sovyet karşıtı ülkelerde, özellikle ABD yanlısı bir politika izleyen Japonya’da illegal istihbarat ağının yeniden tesis edilerek faaliyete geçirilmesi meselesini gündeme getirmişti. Bu bağlamda planlanan gizli görevler için yeni hikâyeler, yeni kahramanlar kurgulanarak Soğuk Savaş ile birlikte Sovyetler için istihbaratta yeni bir dönem başlatılmıştır. Gizli ajanlardan uydurma kimlik ve hikâyeler yaratarak farklı istihbarat stratejileri kullanan Sovyet istihbarat servisi, böylelikle “casuslar” döneminin yeni bir hikâyesini inşa etmiştir. Dönemin şartlarından ötürü Japonya’ya sızabilmek kolay olmadığından detaylı işlenmiş bir plana ihtiyaç duyulmuştur. Bu planı gerçekleştirecek adı geçen istihbarat mensuplarının Doğu Türkistan doğumlu Enver Sadık ve Hatice Sadık adlı Uygur çifti kimliğine bürünerek evlenmesi ve bir süre “memleketlerinde” yaşayarak çevre edinmesi, bu sayede de Hong Kong üzerinden hedef ülkeye sızmaları amaçlanmıştır. Bu makalenin temel amacı “Soğuk Savaş” döneminde Japonya’da Sovyet istihbarat ağını yeniden canlandırıp SSCB'ye on yıldan fazla süreyle kıymetli bilgiler ulaştıran Sovyet istihbarat ajanları Şamil Hamzin (Halef) ve Bibiiran Alimova’nın (Bir) hayat hikâyesi ve Japonya serüvenini ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Bir ve Halef’in hikâyesi, SSCB’nin kapsamlı bir istihbarat stratejisi geliştirerek insan istihbaratı yöntemini etkili bir şekilde kullanmasının en başarılı örneklerinden biri olarak değerlendirilmiştir.

In 1939, the Soviet Union signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany, regulating their relations, but shortly after, it became involved in the war with the occupation of Poland. The sudden German attack in 1941 initiated the war, resulting in territorial losses for the Soviet Union and the advancement of Nazi forces towards Moscow. To motivate against the German occupation, the Soviet Union implemented an effective propaganda strategy, utilizing elements of sadness, humor, fear, and anger, with children prominently featured in these visuals. In this context, humor, sorrow, fear and anger appeals were used in the propaganda activities against Nazi Germany carried out by the Soviet Union. Children were also featured in some of the propaganda visuals, in which the Soviet Union benefited from the sorrow appeal. In the study, it was aimed to determine what kind of messages were given in the propaganda dimension in the images in which the Soviet Union brought children to the forefront in the context of the sorrow appeal of the Second World War. For this purpose, within the scope of the study, the images related to the subject were analyzed through Louis Hjelmslev’s Sign Model in the dimension of sorrow appeal. In the light of the findings obtained in the study, it was determined that the message that Nazi Germany caused children to be suffered was given in the propaganda images. In this context, it was concluded that the people of the Soviet Union were sought to be mobilized in order to end the occupation of Nazi Germany by harshly attacking Nazi Germany through the propaganda images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turcology Research is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Recent Period Turkish Studies / Yakın Dönem Türkiye Araştırmaları is the property of Recent Period Turkish Studies / Yakin Donem Turkiye Arastirmalari and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Education and training was one of the biggest issues facing the new Turkish state after the proclamation of the republic. This was because Turkish society was educationally advanced compared to the east, but far behind the west. With this awareness, important steps have been taken to structure and expand education and training since the proclamation of the republic. It is known that education and training, which was originally seen as a " education case", gained great momentum in terms of planning and investment during the Second World War. Turkey's military, political, diplomatic, economic and social structure during the Second World War is the subject of study in different disciplines. However, scientific studies on education and training activities during the Second World War period are limited. It is easily seen that the negative effects of the war, especially in economic terms, were reflected in all ministry budgets of the period. Before the war, Turkey took planned and radical steps in terms of education and training. In this respect, the answers to questions such as how the negative effects of the war were reflected on the general budget, what measures were taken, the development and change in education and training investments compared to the pre-war period are important. This idea inspired this study, and in the light of the government reports, parliamentary minutes and archival documents of the period, Turkey's education and training activities during the war years were grounded on the basis of the education level of the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Etkileşim: Academic Journal of Uskudar University Faculty of Communication is the property of Etkilesim and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ataturk Arastirma Merkezi Dergisi is the property of Ataturk Arastirma Merkezi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of Accounting & Finance Reviews / Muhasebe ve Finans İncelemeleri Dergisi is the property of Muhasebe & Finans Incelemeleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Modern Turkish History Studies / Cumhuriyet Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi (CTAD) is the property of Ataturk Institute for Modern Turkish History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turcology Research is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Humanitas: International Journal of Social Sciences / Uluslararasi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Humanitas: International Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Due to the Brexit agreement, the former French President Charles de Gaulle comes to the fore again. His veto of Britain’s application to join the EEC (in 1963 and 1967) becomes timely today. In the past, he was treated as an obstacle to the European unification process, but today he is seen as an insightful politician with intuitive thinking. On this basis, an overall re-evaluation of his political trajectory may be necessary. This article focuses upon the speeches de Gaulle gave in the Second World War and proceeds to some remarks on how he truly envisaged an integrated Europe during that period of time.

Copyright of Belgi Dergisi is the property of Pamukkale University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Belgi Dergisi is the property of Pamukkale University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kırıkkale University Journal of Social Sciences is the property of Kirikkale University Journal of Social Science (KUJSS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electronic Journal of Political Science Studies (EJPSS) is the property of Electronic Journal of Political Science Studies (EJPSS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Erciyes Akademi is the property of Erciyes Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bu kitap Ortadoğu’nun sosyo-mekansal oluşumuna dair bir yorum geliştiriyor. Köklü kentlerin ve bölgelerin dinamik modern dünya ekonomisine ve güçlü modern devletlere niçin, nasıl ve hangi aşamalarda biçim verdiğini soruyor. Buna karşılık kentler ve bölgeler yeniden nasıl biçimlendi ? Ve Ortadoğu örneği bize dünyanın bütünü hakkında neler anlatıyor ? Bu kitap bu sorulara yanıt vermek için dönüştürücü bir zaman dilimine odaklanıyor. Bu, ekonomik küreselleşmenin açıkça Batı merkezli olan şeklinin ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile başka yerlerde modern devlet oluşumunun 19. Yüzyılın üçüncü çeyreğinde başlıyor. Söz konusu zaman dilimi, 1918’de Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun parçalanması ve Ortadoğu’da Avrupa hakimiyetinin yayılmasıyla birlikte biteceğine, belli sayıda Ortadoğulu devletin bağımsızlığını kazandığı 1940’lara kadar devam ediyor. Kitabın ekseni: Ortadoğu’nun merkezindeki, Bilad’üş-Şam. Onun Avrupalılar için adı 1918’de Suriye’ydi. Bu kitap Bilad’üş-Şam’dan ötesini, komşu Mısır, Irak ve Türkiye’yi, diaspora topluluklarını ve emperyal ya da ulus-ötesi çeşitli bağlantıları da ele alıyor. Ayrıca, bölgeye, kentlere ve onların bağlarına, küresel ekonomik güçlere, Osmanlı ve Avrupalı emperyal devletlere ve Blad’üş-Şam’da geçerli olan Osmanlı sonrası ulus devletlere derinlemesine bakıyor.

Copyright of Universal Journal of History & Culture is the property of Universal Journal of History & Culture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The main purpose of the study is to measure the geopolitical weight of Europe in the Tehran Conference process. From 28 November 1943 to 1 December 1943, a total of nineteen meetings were held in four days between leaders and senior staff. Three methods were designed based on these interviews to determine the geopolitical weight. In the first method, the main geographical regions discussed in the interviews were identified and the percentage was determined. In the second method, the number of times the names of geographical regions were mentioned in the minutes was determined and the percentage was determined for these data. The third method is the decisions taken at the end of the conference. The first method constitutes 40% of the overall analysis, the second method 40% of the overall analysis, and the last method 20% of the overall analysis. When the three analysis methods are combined, the geographical weight percentage in the Tehran Conference is determined and the centers of gravity are shown on the map. Looking at the findings in the study, it was seen that the topics discussed at the Tehran Conference did not fully overlap with the current conflict zones in Europe. In this conference, Turkey's geopolitical weight was much more than countries like itself that were out of the war. Featured topics; Turkey's entry into the war and Operation Overlord. In addition, it was frequently discussed in the negotiations in Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Beykoz Akademi Dergisi is the property of Beykoz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Cografya Fakültesi Dergisi DTCF Dergisi is the property of Ankara Universitesi Dil ve Tarih-Cografya Fakultesi (DTCF Dergisi) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Social Sciences (IJSS) / Uluslararasi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of International Journal of Social Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ataturk Yolu Journal / Atatürk Yolu Dergisi is the property of Ataturk Yolu Journal / Ataturk Yolu Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of MEMLEKET: Politics & Administration / Siyaset Yönetim is the property of Local Governments Research, Assistance & Education Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Journal of Erciyes Communication / Erciyes İletişim Dergisi is the property of Erciyes University, Faculty of Communication / Erciyes Universitesi Iletism Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Ataturk Yolu Journal / Atatürk Yolu Dergisi is the property of Ataturk Yolu Journal / Ataturk Yolu Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Journal of Erciyes Communication / Erciyes İletişim Dergisi is the property of Erciyes University, Faculty of Communication / Erciyes Universitesi Iletism Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Kimyadaki gelismeler, Birinci Dunya Savasi’nda zehirli gazlarin kullanilmasina olanak saglamis, ancak 1925 yilinda Cenevre’de imzalanan protokol bile bunlarin kullanimini durduramamistir. Bunun uzerine cesitli ulkelerde gerek halki bilinclendirmek gerekse de olasi bir savas durumunda korunmayi saglamak icin kurslar, egitimler duzenlenmeye baslanmistir. Genc Turkiye Cumhuriyeti de bu ulkelerden biridir. Cumhuriyet yonetimi, yaklasmakta olan Ikinci Dunya Savasi’na giden yolu dikkatle izlemis ve kendi icinde gerekli onlemleri almistir. Oncelikli olarak, konferanslar duzelenmis, orta ve lise okullarinin mufredatlarina zehirli gazlardan korunmaya yonelik dersler konulmustur. Bu cercevede, doktor, eczaci, ogretmen, kimyager gibi belirli meslek mensuplarinin zehirli gazlar hakkinda ozel kurslarda egitilerek bunlarin yoneticilere, memurlara, itfaiyecilere ve genel halk icin acilan kurslarda ders vermeleri saglanmistir. Bu makalede, Avrupa’da zehirli gazin kullanimi hakkinda bilgi verildikten sonra, birinci ve ikinci dunya savaslari arasindaki donemde Turkiye’de zehirli gazlar uzerine duzenlenen yasa ve talimatnameler ele alinacaktir. Ardindan zehirli gazlar konusunda yapilan sosyal duzenlemeler ve zehirli gazdan korunma kurslari incelenecektir.

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The axis and allied powers, mainly Germany and Britain, used propaganda in Turkey throughout Second World War in an attempt to persuade Turkey to become an ally. Britain was at the forefront of this movement and held films, conferences, language courses etc at the British Council, which was established in 1934, to promote English language, cultural accumulation, art and architecture. The council, the first office of which was opened in Ankara in 1940, succeeded in strengthening the diplomatic relationships between the two countries by extensively raising public opinion across the country through its activities. Exhibitions, which are a highly effective method of communication for large groups, were organized in the capital Ankara by the British Council during and after Second World War as a vehicle of cultural propaganda to exhibit art and graphics, architecture, educational institutions, books, urbanism, furniture and photography. The pro-British exhibitions provided the opportunity to establish close relations with Turkish Government officials; and so can be seen to have served Britain's propaganda efforts to secure Turkey as an ally, both during and after the war. Although Britain actually failed to persuade Turkey to become a war ally, these exhibitions carried out by the British Council did succeeded in introducing the English language, culture and lifestyle to the country, and thus creating positive Turkish-British relations even after the war. While the British Council continues to conduct such activities, the exhibitions held by the British Council, which are the subject of the study, are limited to those of the 1940s. The study uses archive documents, news in periodical publications and information obtained from exhibition catalogues to address questions such as the dates of the exhibitions, the areas and works exhibited, the views of the Turkish government, the public, and the press of these exhibitions, as well as the relevance of the exhibitions in their period and how they compared to similar activities by other countries. The study, which is entitled "The Cultural Propaganda Exhibitions of the British Council in Ankara in the 1940's" and focuses on the exhibition activities organized by the British Council in Ankara during the 10-year period between 1940-1950, concludes that reasons such as the propaganda that occured during World War II, the changing global political balances after the war, and the increasing importance of alliances, all lead the delegation to conduct an intense program of activities in Turkey during those years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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19. Yüzyıl’da Avrupa teknik, teknolojik ve ekonomik alanlarda gösterdiği hızlı ilerleme ve Endüstri Devrimi’nin etkisiyle dünyanın lideri konumuna gelmiştir. Batı ülkelerinin Endüstri Devrimi ile ortaya çıkan hammadde ve iş gücü gereksinimi ise sömürge ülkelerden sağlanmıştır. İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonucunda dünyadaki güç dengelerinin değişmesi Avrupa ülkelerinin güç kaybetmelerine neden olmuş, sömürgeleştirdikleri ülkeleri ellerinde tutamaz hale gelmişlerdir. İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında dünyada ortaya çıkan iki süper güç ABD ve SSCB kendi sistemlerinin dünyaya egemen olması için çabalamışlardır. Bu tablonun dışında kalan ve henüz gelişme aşamasında olan ülkeler Üçüncü Dünya Ülkeleri olarak adlandırılmışlardır. ABD ve SSCB’nin önerdiği kodlar dışında yeni ve farklı bir yaklaşım geliştirmeye çalışan Üçüncü Dünya Ülkeleri, siyaset zeminindeki gelişmelere paralel olarak sanatsal anlamda da faaliyetler göstermişlerdir. Bu çalışmada, İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında dekolonizasyon süreci ile birlikte bağımsızlığını kazanan Üçüncü Dünya Ülkeleri’nin geliştirdikleri sinema dili, yönetmenliğini Ousmane Sembene’nin yaptığı Xala filmi özelinde ele alınmıştır. Xala’nın Birinci, İkinci ve Üçüncü sinema bağlamındaki yerini saptamayı amaçlayan bu çalışmada nitel metin çözümlemelerinden biri olan tarihsel film eleştirisi kullanılmıştır. Xala’nın, İkinci sinemanın olanaklarının bir kısmını kullanarak, Üçüncü sinema anlatısı olmaya aday bir film olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

1814-1964 arasında İngiliz himayesinde olan; Tunus, Libya ve İtalya arasındaki konumu sebebiyle “Akdeniz’in kalbi” olarak bilinen Doğu Akdeniz’deki en önemli Müttefik limanı Malta, stratejik önemi dolayısıyla İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında Müttefiklerle Mihverlerin mücadele sahası içinde yer almıştır. Bu bağlamda Haziran 1940’tan Aralık 1942’ye kadar Almanlar ve İtalyanlar havadan ve donanmalarıyla Malta’ya yaklaşık 2000 bomba atmışlardır ki adadaki en ağır bombardıman 1942’de yaşanmıştır. Afrika Cephesindeki Alman güçlerine götürülecek yardımların İngiliz engeline takılmasını önleme amaçlı planlanan Mihverlerin Malta Operasyonu, İngiltere’nin karşılık vermesiyle bastırılabilmiştir. Almanya ve İtalya’nın harekâtı sonrasında Müttefikler de Malta üzerinden Mihverleri bombalamaya başlamıştır. Böylece Akdeniz’in kontrolünü ele geçiren ve Afrika’daki Montgomery-Rommel mücadelesini kazanan taraf Müttefikler olmuş ve Alman ordusu Afrika’dan çekilmiştir. Bu çalışmada İkinci Dünya Savaşı boyunca Mihver ve Müttefiklerin Malta üzerindeki mücadeleleri, adanın stratejik konumunun yol açtığı zorluklar, savaşa dahil olmayan insanların hastalıklarla, açlıkla mücadeleleri anlatılacaktır. Mücadeleler esnasında Malta halkının yaşadığı sıkıntılardan bahsedilip savaşın insanlar üzerindeki etkisi anlatılarak İkinci Dünya Savaşı döneminin Türkiye’de bilinmeyen ve çalışılmamış bir meselesi işlenecektir.