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Bu çalışmanın amacı küçük ölçekli işletmelerde yetiştirilen farklı ırk ineklerde mastitis prevalansı, bu işletmelerden elde edilen süt örneklerinde bakteri üreme oranları ve süt bileşenine etki eden faktörlerin araştırılmasıdır. Bu çalışmada farklı ırklardan (Simental, Montofon ve Holstein) yaşları 2-8 arasında değişen, primipar ve multipar olan 211 inek kullanıldı. California Mastitis Test (CMT) sonucuna göre, 150 inek pozitif reaksiyon verirken (%71,09), 61 inek ise CMT negatif (-) reaksiyon verdi (%28,91). Çalışmada kullanılan 211 ineğe ait 844 meme lobundan 16 meme lobu kör olduğu için çalışma dışında tutuldu. Çalışmaya dahil edilen 828 meme lobundan 438 meme lobu (%52,90) CMT (-) ve 390 (%47,10) meme lobu CMT pozitif bulundu. CMT pozitif meme loblarında bakteri üreme oranı %92,11 olarak bulundu. En fazla Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) tespit edildi (%30,99). Yağ oranı en düşük CMT (-) (%4,48 ± 0,12)’de görüldü. Protein (%3,51 ± 0,02), laktoz (%5,28 ± 0,04), yağsız kuru madde (YKM) (%9,68 ± 0,07) ve mineral madde (%0,75 ± 0,01) oranları en düşük CMT (+++) grubunda görüldü. Dansite (1.033,22 ± 0,19 kg/m3) en yüksek CMT (-) grubunda bulunurken, elektrik iletkenliği de (4,69 ± 0,01 mS/cm) en yüksek CMT (+++) grubunda tespit edildi. En düşük yağ oranına (%3,86 ± 0,27) 3. laktasyonda rastlandı. Laktoz (%5,52 ± 0,04), YKM (%10,08 ± 0,07) ve protein (%3,66 ± 0,03) oranları 3. laktasyondaki ineklerde yüksek bulundu. Dahası, 3. laktasyondaki ineklerin süt elektrik iletkenliği (4,40 ± 0,03 mS/cm) en düşük değere sahipken, dansitesi (1.034,02 ± 0,44 kg/m3) yüksek bulundu. Kademeli meme formlarından (573,84 ± 63,11 hücre⁄ml) elde edilen sütlerde somatik hücre sayısı (SHS) yüksek bulunurken, laktoz oranı dışında süt kompozisyonu bakımından istatistiksel fark olmadığı anlaşıldı. Silindirik meme başı (383,02 ± 43,70 hücre⁄ml) ve düz meme ucu şekli (370,79 ± 43,61 hücre⁄ml) bulunan meme loblarından elde edilen sütlerde SHS düşük bulundu. Koltuk meme formunda (%15,2) bakteri üreme oranı düşük görülürken, sarkık (%27,6) ve kademeli (%29,9) meme formuna sahip ineklerde bakteri üreme oranları yüksek bulundu. Sonuç olarak, subklinik mastitisin yaygın olduğu ve bu hastalığa en çok S. aureus’un neden olduğu görüldü. Mastitisin azaltılması için koruyucu önlemlerin uygulanması özellikle de S. aureus’a karşı koruyucu önlemlerin alınması gerekmektedir. Koltuk meme formu ve silindirik meme başına sahip ineklerin yetiştiricilikte kullanılması, mastitisin azalmasına katkı sağlayacağı kanaatine varıldı., The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of mastitis in different breed cows raised in small-scale farms, bacterial growth rates in milk samples obtained from these farms, and the factors affecting the milk component. 211 cows were used in this study. According to the results of the California Mastitis Test (CMT), 150 cows have positive reaction, while 61 cows have a negative (-) reaction. Of the 828 quarters included in the study, 438 (52.90%) quarters were found to be CMT (-) and 390 (47.10%) quarters were found to be CMT positive. Of 390 positive quarters, 181 (46.41%) were determined as CMT (+), 96 (24.62%) as CMT (++), and 113 (28.97%) as CMT (+++). The lowest fat ratio was seen in CMT (-) (4.48% ± 0.12%). Protein (3.51 ± 0.02%), lactose (5.28 ± 0.04%), solid-non-fad (SNF) (9.68 ± 0.07), and mineral matter (0.75% ± 0.01%) rates were the lowest in the CMT (+++) group. Density (1,033.22 ± 0.19 kg/m3) was found in the highest CMT (-) group, while electrical conductivity (4.69 ± 0.01 mS/cm) was highest in the CMT (+++) group. The lowest fat rate is observed in the third lactation (3.86% ± 0.27). The rates of lactose (5.52 ± 0.04), SNF (10.08 ± 0.07), and protein (3.66% ± 0.03) were found to be high in cows of this lactation number. Moreover, the milk electrical conductivity of the cows with this lactation number (4.40 ± 0.03 mS/cm) had the lowest value, while the density was found to be high (1.034.02 ± 0.44 kg/m3). While the somatic cell count (SCC) was found to be high in milk obtained from rear-heavy udder form (573.84 ± 63.11 cells⁄ml), it was found that there was no statistical difference in terms of milk composition except protein ratio. SCC was found to be low in milk obtained from quarters with cylindrical teat (383.02 ± 43.70 cell⁄ml) and flat teat end shape (370.79 ± 43.61 cell⁄ml). Bacterial growth was low in trough-shaped udder form, while bacterial growth rates were found to be high in cows with pendulous and rear-heavy udders. As a result, it was seen that the prevalence of subclinical mastitis is high in Elazig province, therefore milk SCC is high and milk composition may be affected.

The aim of this study is to determine the opinions of university students on the consumption of milk and dairy products within the scope of animal welfare. The research was carried out with 361 randomly selected students from Samsun Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey, using a face-to-face questionnaire. In the study, the rate of students who think that, they do not have information about the presence and amount of cholesterol in milk and dairy products was 77.35%, milk and dairy products contain all the nutritional elements was 35.62%, UHT milk is not spoiled for a long time due to heat treatment was 28.90%, milk, cheese, yoghurt prices are normal were 63.34%, 40.41%, 68.31%, respectively, there was a welfare problem in farm animals was 56.00%. Also, the rate of students who want label information about milk and dairy products produced from animals raised under welfare conditions was 75.43%. The rates of students who can pay up to 10%, 11-25%, and more than 25% for milk and dairy products because they are suitable for animal welfare were determined as 64.74%, 26.14% and 9.12%, respectively. As a result, it was determined that university students' perceptions of animal welfare and their views on milk and dairy products consumption were generally at an acceptable level. However, more information and necessary training support should be provided to bring them to the desired level.

Bu araştırma, Malatya ilindeki koyunculuk işletmelerinde bazı yetiştiricilik uygulamalarının belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla 193 adet koyunculuk işletmesi araştırma kapsamında değerlendirilmiş ve sahipleriyle yüz yüze anket gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan araştırmada, koyunculuk işletmelerinin yetiştiricilik uygulamalarına ait bazı kriterler bakımından olumlu özelliklere sahip oldukları bununla birlikte bazı tercihler açısından ise birtakım eksikliklerinin bulunduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada, yetiştiricilerin %65.11’inin 100-299 baş koyun varlığına sahip oldukları, %79.58’inin sürülerini 6 ay ağıl ve 6 ay merada olacak şekilde yetiştirdikleri, %84.97’unun çobanlığı kendisinin yaptığı, %54.69’unun damızlık teminini kendi işletmesinden sağladığı, %57.59’unun ihtiyaç fazlası damızlık koyunları tüccarlara besi için sattıkları, %47.90’ının işletme kayıtlarını tuttukları, %98.92’sinin sağımı elle yaptıkları, %45.70’inin kuzuları 3 aylıkken sütten kestikleri, %96.77’sinin kuzularda doğal büyütmeyi tercih ettikleri, %80.42’sinin koyunlarına kaba yem olarak saman ve %79.46’sının kesif yem olarak arpa yedirdikleri, %90.86’sının ek yemleme yapmadıkları fakat yeme tuz ve mineral ilavesi yaptıkları, %90.32’sinin serbest aşım metodunu tercih ettikleri, %80.75’inin koçları ilk kez 2 yaşındayken damızlıkta kullandıkları, %88.65’inin koçları sürüde kızgınlık süresince tuttukları ve %72.59’unun 2-3 yılda bir dışarıdan damızlık koç aldıkları saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, Malatya ili koyun varlığında son 6 yılda az da olsa bir azalma meydana geldiği, işletmelerde yetiştiricilik uygulamalarına dair yöntemler ve tercihlerde nitelik ve nicelik bakımından değiştirilmesi ve geliştirilmesi gereken bazı hususlar olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Problemlerin çözümüne yönelik alınacak yapısal önlemler ile gerçekleştirilecek sosyal, teknik ve ekonomik iyileştirmeler yanında yetiştiricilere yönelik eğitim faaliyetlerinin artırılmasının daha kârlı, etkin ve başarılı bir yetiştiricilik yapılmasına imkân sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir., This research was carried out to determine some breeding practices in sheep farms in Malatya province. For this purpose, 193 sheep farms were evaluated within the scope of the research and a face-to-face questionnaire was conducted with their owners. In the research, it was determined that sheep farming enterprises have positive characteristics in terms of some criteria of breeding practices, however, there are some deficiencies in terms of some preferences. In the study, 65.11% of the breeders had 100-299 sheep existence, 79.58% raised their herds for 6 months in farms and 6 months in the pasture, 84.97% of them shepherds their own herd, 54.69% provided breeding animals from their business, 57.59% sold surplus breeding sheep to traders for fattening, 47.90% kept business records, 98.92% milked the sheep by hand, 45.70% weaned lambs when they were 3 months old, 96.77% preferred natural breeding in lambs, % 80.42 of them feed their sheep as roughage with straw and 79.46% of them feed as concentrate feed with barley, 90.86% of them do not feed additional but add salt and minerals to the food, 90.32% of them prefer the free-insemination method, 80.75% first used rams for insemination when they were 2-3 years old, 88.65% kept the rams in the herd during estrus, and 72.59% bought an outside breeding ram every 2-3 years. As a result, it has been determined that there has been a slight decrease in the presence of sheep in Malatya province in the last 6 years, and there are some issues that need to be changed and improved in terms of quality and quantity in terms of breeding practices in enterprises. In addition to the structural measures to be taken to solve the problems and the social, technical and economic improvements to be realized, it is thought that increasing the training activities for the breeders will enable a more profitable, effective and successful breeding.

The present study was conducted to investigate the milk and dairy product consumption of 361 randomly selected students from Ondokuz Mayıs University (OMU) through a questionnaire form applied through face-to-face interviews in the province of Samsun in Turkey. The rate of students who were consuming milk was 86.43% (86.14% in females, 86.79% in males, P=0.980), the rate of students who were consuming one glass of milk daily was 92.35% (94.47% in females, 89.61 % in males, P=0.201) and the rate of students who were consuming milk daily was 18.28% (19.80% in females, 16.35% in males, P=0.400). Of the students who do not drink milk, 71.59% (65.77% in females, 78.69% in males, P=0.134) stated that they did not have any reason for not consuming milk, or they did "not have the habit of drinking milk. Packaged milk (UHT, sterilized, pasteurized) was being consumed more (60.23%) than non-packaged milk (39.77%) (P=0.001). Female students (80.30%) and male students (79.74%) were found to prefer dairy products to milk (P=0.896). In conclusion, it was determined that generally, OMU students had a good level of milk and dairy product consumption. However, in particular, students' regular daily milk consumption habits were insufficient. Also, gender was found to influence preferences and consumption habits.

Bu çalışmada, gebe ve gebe olmayan ineklerde asprosin düzeylerinin tespit edilmesi, bazı biyokimyasal parametreler ile asprosin düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla 60 adet Simental ırkı inek, gebe olan (n=30) ve postpartum 15. günde (n=30) gebe olmayan inekler olmak üzere iki gruba ayrıldı ve ineklerden bir kez kan alınarak asprosin düzeyleri ve biyokimyasal parametreler ölçüldü. Ölçülen biyokimyasal parametreler Alkalen fosfataz (ALP), Amilaz, Kreatin kinaz miyokardial band (CK-MB), Kreatin kinaz N-asetil sistein (CK-NAC), Gama glutamil transferaz (GGT), Aspartat Aminotransferaz (AST), Alanin aminotransferaz (ALT), Direkt bilirubin, Total bilirubin , Kalsiyum (Ca), Kolin (CHO), Kreatin, Glikoz, Total protein, Üre, Albümin, Demir, Fosfor, Lacktat dehidrogenaz (LDH-P), High-density lipoprotein kolesterol (HDL-C), Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), Trigliserit, Magnezyum (Mg) ve Unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC)’dir. Asprosin düzeyleri ticari ELİSA kitleri kullanılarak, biyokimyasal parametreler ise otoanalizörde ölçüldü. Asprosin düzeyleri ve biyokimyasal parametreler hem grup için hem de gruplar arası karşılaştırılarak sonuçlar değerlendirildi. Elde edilen veriler ışığında gebe olmayan ineklerin direkt biluribin ve total biluribin miktarı gebe ineklerden yüksek, CHO, HDL-C, LDL ve asprosin miktarları ise düşük bulundu. Gebe ineklerin asprosin ile biyokimyasal parametreleri karşılaştırıldığında ise asprosin ile albümin, direkt biluribin, total biluribin ve kreatin miktarları arasında pozitif yönde korelasyon bulundu. Gebe olmayan ineklerde ise asprosin ile amilaz ve fosfor arasında negatif korelasyon, asprosin ile kreatin ve glikoz arasında pozitif yönde korelasyon gözlendi. Sonuç olarak, gebe ineklerde asprosin düzeylerinin daha yüksek olduğu ve bu hormonla biyokimyasal parametreler arasında negatif veya pozitif yönde korelasyonlar olabileceği kanaatine varıldı.

Bu araştırma, Elazığ İlindeki koyun yetiştiricilerinin sosyodemografik özelliklerini ve işletmelerdeki hayvan sağlığı faaliyetlerinin durumunu belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla 168 adet işletme araştırma kapsamında değerlen- dirilmiş ve sahipleriyle yüz yüze anket gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre %75.0’i 31-50 yaş aralığında ve %55.7’si beş ve daha fazla hane halkına sahip olan yetiştiricilerin %83.7’si ilkokul mezunudur. Tamamı ekonomik ne- denlerle koyunculuk yapan bu yetiştiricilerin %67.3 oranında koyunculuk yapmaktan memnun oldukları ve koyunculuğu %80.2 oranında sürekli yapmayı düşündükleri belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, %65.4’ü yerleşik ve yayla koyunculuğu biçiminde faaliyet yürüten işletmelerin %95.8’inde ayak yıkama havuzu ve banyoluk bulunmadığı, %80.9’unda sadece hastalık görüldüğünde veteriner hekimlik hizmeti alındığı saptanmıştır. Bu işletmelerin %66.7’sinde aşılama programlarına ria- yet edildiği ve %97.0’sinde sadece zorunlu aşıların yaptırıldığı, %65.9’unda ise aşıların yetiştiriciler tarafından yapıldığı belirlenmiştir. Yetiştiricilerinin %83.5’inin yetkililerden en öncelikli çözüm istedikleri sorunlarının mera problemi olduğu saptanan işletmelerin %39.8’inde paraziter hastalıkların, %27.8’inde ise enterotokseminin görülen en yaygın hastalık olduğu yetiştirici beyanlarından tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Elazığ’daki yetiştiricilerin koyunculuğu sürekli yapma ve kapasite artırma isteklerine rağmen, bu ildeki koyun yetiştiriciliğinin Türkiye’nin pek çok ilinde olduğu gibi bazı temel sorunlarının olduğu görülmektedir. Yetiştiricilere yönelik eğitim çalışmalarının daha fazla ve devamlı yapılması sayesin- de problemlerin zaman içerisinde büyük ölçüde çözüme kavuşabileceği kanaatine varılmıştır.

The aim of this research was to determine the status of sheep existence, herd structure, and basic breeding activities in farms in Elazig province. In the research, 167 sheep farms were evaluated, the farms were visited and a face-to-face survey was conducted with the breeders. In the study, 61.7% of the farms have 7-17 rams, 83.9% of breeders used female yearling lamb for first breeding when they were 12-17 months old, 100% used male yearling lamb for the first insemination when they were 1.5-2 years old, 71.7% of the breeders from their own farms, 83.7% of the rams keeping the herd during estrus, 73.1% using salt and mineral addition for food, 77.7% of women and men milking together, 78.2% of them evaluating milk as the cheese was determined as positive and sufficient. For all that, record keeping on only 66.1% of farms, 90.4% prefer the free-breeding method, 89.9% apply natural rearing to the lambs, 55.7% of the breeders only give straw to their sheep as roughage, 44.6% not doing additional feeding, 78.4% obtaining the feed they need from the factories, 97.6% milking by hand, and 89.3% shearing with scissors were determined as the current disadvantages and inadequacies. As a result, as well as maintaining the adequate-positive breeding activities in the enterprises in Elazig province, which has an important potential in terms of the number of sheep and breeding opportunities by eliminating the identified deficiencies and negativities it has been concluded that the income and economic gain can be increased.

Devre kesiciler normal işletme şartlarında devreyi açma-kapamaya, normal olmayan (kısa devre yapması ve aşırı akım geçmesi) şartlarda ise devreyi otomatik olarak kesmeye yarayan mekanik açma-kapama düzenekleridir. Devre kesicilerin açma-kapama özelliğinin yanında en önemli fonksiyonu, normal dışı şartlarda devreyi korumasıdır. Alçak gerilimde kullanılan koruma yöntemleri genel olarak termik-manyetik ve elektronik koruma mekanizmaları ile sağlanmaktadır. Termik koruma, uzama katsayısı farklı olan iki metalin birleştirilmesi ile oluşan bimetalin ısı etkisinde şekil değiştirmesiyle sağlanmaktadır. Bimetal ısındığında uzama katsayısı büyük olan metal diğerinin üzerine doğru bükülür ve devre kesici mekanizmasının açılmasına yardımcı olur. Devre kesicilerde manyetik koruma, akımın oluşturduğu manyetik alan etkisindeki metal parçaların mıknatıslanması prensibi ile çalışan mekanik bir sistem ile yapılmaktadır. Kısa devre şartlarında ise manyetik korumanın yanı sıra limitör özelliği (akım sınırlama) en önemli koruma sistemidir. Limitör özelliği sabit kontağa verilen U formu ile hareketli ve sabit kontaklardan zıt yönde akım akmasına neden olmaktadır. Limitörün bu özelliğinden dolayı kısa devre sırasında sabit ve hareketli kontaklarda oluşan manyetik alan etkisiyle zıt bir kuvvet oluşmaktadır. Kısa devre akımında oluşan bu zıt kuvvet sabit kontak ve hareketli kontağın birbirinden hızlı bir şekilde ayrılmasını sağlamaktadır. Limitörsüz olan devre kesicide bu süre daha uzun olmakta ve bu süre içerisinde geçen yüksek akım şalterin koruduğu devreye zarar verebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, farklı tiplerde limitör özelliğine sahip olan ve limitör özelliğine sahip olmayan devre kesicilere IHP (International High Power Test Laboratory) laboratuvarında kısa devre deneyleri yapılmıştır. Limitörlü ve limitörsüz olarak farklı devre kesicilere yapılan kısa devre deneylerindeki açma süreleri ve ark sırasında açığa çıkan enerji miktarları karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak limitör özelliğine sahip devre kesicinin açma süresinin daha kısa ve daha az ark enerjisi ile açtırma yaptığı görülmüştür. Ancak limitör özelliğine sahip olmayan devre kesicinin ise açma süresinin daha uzun ve daha çok ark enerjisi ile açtırma yaptığı görülmüştür.

Some problems that do not cause death in spring and summer are in winter, colony losses occur mostly during wintering and the fact that winter losses still cannot be reduced to below 8-10% requires new researches in beekeeping. The use of different hive types suitable for the conditions of the beekeeping region affects the health and life force of the bees as well as the amount of honey and other bee products to be obtained. This research was carried out to determine the effects of wintering honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies on beehive frame numbers and hive weights in wooden based (WB) and screened-pollen trapped plastic based (SPTPB) wooden hives. The current research was carried out in the İnönü University Apiculture Development Application and Research Center. A total of 21 honeybee colonies were used as bee material in the study. Colonies were wintered in 12 WB and 9 SPTPB wooden hives. While the wintering ability was calculated as 42.03% in WB hives and 47.27% in SPTPB wooden hives, the colony loss in all beehives was determined as 55.35%. Differences between the number of bee frames before and after wintering in each hive type were statistically significant at different levels (p = 0.041-0.007). It was determined that the wooden hives and SPTPB wooden hives retain 51.60% and 51.89% respectively of their weight at the beginning of the winter. In this study, differences between WB and SPTPB wooden hive types were not found statistically significant in terms of hive weights both before and after wintering (p>0.05). However, differences among the beehive weights of each beehive type before and after wintering were found statistically significant at different levels (p = 0.028-0.008). As a result, it was concluded that both types of hives can be preferred in beekeeping by considering other yield characteristics, cost, longevity and health conditions., Arıcılıkta ilkbahar ve yazın ölüme neden olmayan bazı problemlerin kışın olması, daha çok kışlatma sırasında koloni kayıplarının meydana gelmesi ve kış kayıplarının hala % 8-10’un altına düşürülememesi bu konuda yeni araştırmaların yapılmasını gerektirmektedir. Arıcılık yapılan bölgenin koşullarına uygun farklı kovan tiplerinin kullanılması arıların sağlığı ve yaşam gücü üzerinde etki gösterdiği gibi elde edilecek bal ve diğer arı ürünlerinin miktarını da etkilemektedir. Bu araştırma, balarısı (Apis mellifera L.) kolonilerinin; ahşap tabanlı (AT) ve ızgaralı-polen tuzaklı plastik tabanlı (IPTPT) ahşap kovanlarda kışlatmanın arılı çerçeve sayılarına ve kovan ağırlıklarına etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Mevcut araştırma İnönü Üniversitesi Arıcılık Geliştirme-Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi’ne ait arılıkta yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada arı materyali olarak toplam 21 adet balarısı kolonisi kullanılmıştır. Koloniler, 12 adet AT ve 9 adet IPTPT ahşap kovanda kışlatılmıştır. Kışlatma kabiliyeti AT kovanlarda % 42.03, IPTPT kovanlarda % 47.27 olarak hesaplanırken, tüm kovanlardaki koloni kaybı % 55.35 olarak belirlenmiştir. Kovan tiplerinin kışlatma öncesi ve sonrasına ait arılı çerçeve sayıları arasında farklılıklar istatistiki olarak farklı düzeylerde önemli tespit edilmiştir (p = 0.041-0.007). Kovan ağırlığı bakımından yapılan hesaplamalarda ise AT kovanların kışa girişteki ağırlıklarının % 51.60’ını, IPTPT kovanların ise % 51.89’unu muhafaza ettikleri saptanmıştır. Bu çalışmada hem kışlatma öncesi hem de kışlatma sonrasında kovan ağırlıkları bakımından AT ve IPTPT kovan tipleri arasında farklılıklar istatistiki olarak önemli bulunmamıştır (p>0.05). Ancak, her bir kovan tipinin kendi içerisinde kışlatma öncesi ve sonrasına ait kovan ağırlıkları arasında farklılıklar ise istatistiki olarak farklı düzeylerde önemli tespit edilmiştir (p = 0.028-0.008). Sonuç olarak diğer verim özellikleri, maliyet, uzun ömürlülük ve sağlık koşulları da dikkate alınarak her iki kovan tipinin de arıcılıkta tercih edebileceği kanaatine ulaşılmıştır.

This study was carried out to determine the structural characteristics of sheep farms in Elazığ province. For this purpose, 167 farms were included in the research and visited, evaluated on-site, and a face-to-face survey was conducted with their owners. According the study, 56.3% of the breeders owned their own land, 60.0% owned 10.1-50 decares of land, 86.2% of the barns were detached, 10.8% were adjacent to the house, 88.0% were closed type, 42.5% were on the north-south long axis, 60.0% were brick-briquettes walled, 66.9% were soil ground, 62.9% had adequate ventilation shafts, 84.5% had sufficient windows. In addition, 94.5% of the farms use troughs as sheep irrigation equipment, 55.8% prefer wooden mangers, 76.6% of the farms had two barn doors, 86.2% had 1 m2 or less walking area per sheep. But there was no feed mill/mixer in 88.5% and no shade/porch in 47.2%. As a result, it is expected that the sheep breeding in the province will reach the desired level by considering the identified problems and proposed solutions through this study by both the breeders and the relevant institutions and organizations. It is recommended to increase incentives, support and interest-free loans in order to eliminate structural problems in businesses., Bu çalışma Elazığ ilinde bulunan koyunculuk işletmelerinin yapısal özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla 167 çiftlik araştırmaya dâhil edilerek ziyaret edilmiş, yerinde değerlendirilmiş ve sahipleri ile yüz yüze anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Araştırmada işletmelerin %56,3'ünün kendi arazisine, %60,0'ının ise %10,1-50 dekar araziye sahip olduğu belirlendi. Çalışmada ağılların %86,2'sinin müstakil, %10,8'inin eve bitişik, %88,0'inin kapalı tip, %42,5'inin kuzey-güney uzun aksında, %60,0'ının tuğla-briket duvarlı, %66,9'unun toprak zeminli olarak yapıldığı; %62,9’unda yeterli havalandırma bacası ve %84,5’inde yeterli pencere bulunduğu belirlendi. Ayrıca çiftliklerin %94,5’inde koyun sulama ekipmanı olarak yalak kullanıldığı, %55,8’inde ahşap yemlik tercih edildiği, çiftliklerin %76,6’sında iki ağıl kapısı, %86,2’sinde koyun başına 1 m2 veya daha az gezinti alanı bulunduğu, %88,5’inde yem hazırlama değirmeni/mikser, %47,2’sinde ise gölgelik/sundurma bulundurulmadığı tespit edildi. Sonuç olarak hem yetiştiriciler hem de ilgili kurum ve kuruluşlar tarafından bu çalışma ile tespit edilen sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri dikkate alınarak İlde koyun yetiştiriciliğinin uygun düzeye getirilmesi beklenmektedir. İşletmelerde yapısal sorunların giderilmesi için teşvik, destek ve faizsiz kredilerin artırılması önerilmektedir.

The aim of this study was to determine the genetic variation of Colored horses by using microsatellite markers. In the study, samples from a total of 28 Colored horse were genotyped using 17 microsatellite markers, 12 of them are recommended by the International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG) and the other 5 loci included by the StockMarks Genotyping Kit. A total of 129 different alleles were identified and the average number of alleles was 7.588.The heterozygosity value (Ho) was 0.286 as the lowest (LEX3) and 0.929 (HTG10) as the highest among the markers; the expected lowest heterozygosity value (He) was determined as 0.607 (HTG4) and the highest one was 0.876 (VHL20). The mean Ho and He values were calculated as 0.729 and 0.771, respectively. On a population basis, the mean FIS and FIT values were 0.047. The mean PIC value was 0.741. In the phylogenetic tree formed by the neighbour joining tree (NJT), it was determined that the horses were generally categorized into 3 groups. Although statistically significant results (P = 0.01008) were found in the studies investigating whether the population of Colored horses had the risk of extinction or not, it was determined that the data showed normal L distribution indicating no risk of recent extinction. It was determined that the Colored horses had a genetically important potential.

Chaos and chaotic systems, one of the most important work areas in recent years, are used in areas such as cryptology and secure communication, industrial control, artificial neural networks, random number generators and image processing. The most basic structure used in these studies is a chaotic oscillator design that produces a chaotic signal. Chaotic oscillators are expressed by using differential equations. Numerical algorithms such as Euler, Heun, fourth order Runge-Kutta-4 (RK4), fifth order RK5-Butcher and Dormand-Prince are used for solving these differential equations. When the current literature is searched, chaotic oscillator designs are found by Euler, Heun, RK4 and RK5- Butcher method. However, FPGA-based chaotic oscillator design studies have not been found using the Dormand-Prince method, which produces more accurate solutions than other methods. In this work, self-excited attractor chaotic system was first designed in 16I-16Q, 14I-14Q, 12I-12Q, 10I_10Q, 8I-8Q IQ-Math number standards on FPGA using Dormand-Prince numerical algorithm and encoded in VHDL language. Xilinx ISE Design Tools were used to design the chaotic system. The design was synthesized and tested for the Xilinx Virtex-6 FPGA chip. Using the Xilinx ISE design tool, the chip statistics and maximum operating frequency obtained after the "Route-Place" operation are presented. In future work, safe communication and real random number generator applications can be realized by using the Dormand-Prince based oscillator design presented in this study. This research has been supported by grant number 18.FEN.BİL.50 from Afyon Kocatepe University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit.

In this study was aimed at reducing uterine damage and increasing fertility after uterine torsion in pregnant animals. With this aim, uterine torsion was experimentally formed in 35 rats that were between 18-19 days pregnant. The animals were randomly divided into five groups, and melatonin was administered prior to torsion, at the time of torsion, and detorsion (10 mg/kg/gün IP). Ovario-hysterectomy operation was performed on all animals on the first day following parturition. Subsequently, from the obtained uterus samples, determination of the levels of asymmetrical dimethyl arginin (ADMA), symmetrical dimethyl arginin (SDMA), and arginine was made using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and levels of Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), TLR4 (Toll Like Receptor 4) and NFκB (Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) were measured using the Western blot technique. The contraction-relaxation responses of the myometrium were also determined in the organ baths. According to the results of the western blot, higher protein expressions than those of the control group were determined in the second, third, fourth, and fifth groups in Hsp90, TLR4, NF-κB. The lowest values of arginine and ADMA were found in Group 3, whilst the lowest SDMA value was determined in Group 1. It was determined that melatonin reduces tissue damage secondary to torsio uteri and, furthermore, that administration of this hormone at the time of torsion formation was more effective than its administration at the time of detorsion.

We investigated the use of melatonin to improve fertility and reduce uterine damage caused by torsion of the uterus in pregnant rats. We used 35 pregnant rats at gestational age 18 days. The animals were randomized into five groups. Group 1 was anesthetized only. Group 2 was subjected to experimental uterine torsion of 360 degrees and the torsion was corrected after 6 h. Group 3 was subjected to uterine torsion of 360 degrees, the torsion was corrected after 6 h and melatonin was administered at the time of correction. Group 4 rats were subjected to 360o uterine torsion and melatonin was administered 6 h later at the time of correction. Group 5 was administered melatonin followed by uterine torsion of 360 degrees followed by correction of torsion 6 h later. Samples were obtained from the uterine horns on the day 1 postpartum. We used Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase 3 staining to measure apoptosis in the uterine tissues. The mRNA levels of Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinases 1 (ROCK1), homeobox D10 (Hox4 HoxD10), TLR4, NF kappa B1, caveolin 1 (Cav1) heat shock protein 90 alpha (cytosolic), class B member 1 (Hsp90ab1) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis (qRT-PCR). Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase 3 were detected using immunohistochemistry. No difference was observed among groups with respect to abortion, neonatal mortality or congenital abnormalities. Compared to the control group, the mRNA levels of Rock1, Hox4, TLR4, NF kappa B1, Cav1 and Hsp90 genes were decreased significantly in the study groups; the decrease was greater in groups 3 and 4, which were treated with melatonin. The greatest amount of Bax staining was found in group 1 and the least amount of Bcl-2 staining was found in groups 4 and 5; the greatest amount of caspase 3 staining was found in group 2. Our findings indicate that melatonin reduced uterine torsion related tissue damage and that its application during torsion was more effective than application following removal of torsion.

ΔΕΝ ΔΙΑΤΙΘΕΤΑΙ ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ, This study aimed to investigate the effects of Alchemilla vulgaris (A. vulgaris) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and biochemical parameters in broilers exposed to high environmental temperature conditions. A total of 45 broilers of 21 days of age (Ross 308) were used and grouped as the control group (C), and the groups with the addition of 1% (G1), or 3% (G2) A. vulgaris to chicken diet, respectively. In this study, the body weights of heat stressed broilers were significantly different on the 35th day and onwards. Feed intake was higher in the control group. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was better in groups G1 and G2 compared to control on the 36th and 42nd day, the FCR was better on the 21st- 42nd days. The highest hot and cold carcass performance were observed in group G2 (79.72±0.93% and 78.02±0.99, respectively), and the lowest values were observed in group C (76.26±1.13% and 75.70±1.20%, respectively). A. vulgaris, reduced serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as numerically, and suppressed lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner. It had significant effects on monocytes (MON %, MON count), platelets (PLT), and plateletcrit (PCT) parameters only. In conclusion, the deleterious effects of high environmental temperature in broilers could be partially reversed by A. vulgaris addition to the diets between days 21 and 42.

This study presents a Dormand-Prince-based hybrid chaotic True Random Number Generator Design (TRNG) that can be used for secure communication and cryptographic applications on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). In this design, a chaotic oscillator unit has been implemented with an FPGA-based Sprott-Jafari chaotic oscillator model suitable with IQ-Math fixed point number and IEEE 754-1985 floating point number standards. Random numbers have been produced with the quantization of the results generated by the chaotic oscillator. XOR has been performed with FPGA-based ring oscillator structure on the post-processing unit so as to enhance the randomness. The differential equation of the chaotic system used in the TRNG design was modelled using Dormand-Prince numerical algorithm method. The design on FPGA has been realized in two separate number formats including 32-bit (16I16Q) IQ-Math fixed point number standard and 32-bit IEEE 754-1985 floating point number standard. The realized design has been coded in VHDL, a hardware description language, and the Xilinx ISE 14.7 program has been used for the system design. The TRNG design has been synthesized and tested for the Virtex6 (XC6VLX240T-1FF1156) FPGA chip. The maximum operating frequencies of the TRNG in 32-bit IQ-Math fixed point number standard and 32-bit IEEE 754-1985 floating point number standard reach 344.585 MHz and 316 MHz, respectively. The throughputs of the TRNG in 32-bit IQ-Math fixed point number standard and 32-bit IEEE 754-1985 floating point number standard have been obtained as 344 Mbit/s and 316 Mbit/s, respectively. 1 Mbit sequence has been generated by using TRNG system. Randomness analysis of the generated numbers has been performed in accordance with the NIST 800-22 tests and the generated numbers have successfully passed all of the tests.

Polycystic ovary syndrome represents a significant cause of female infertility. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), kisspeptin 1 (KISS-1), and kisspeptin 1 receptor (KISS1r) in rat models of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and controlled ovarian stimulation (COS). For this purpose, 28 rats were assigned into four groups. Estrus and Diestrus groups consisted of rats in estrus and diestrus phases, respectively, while COS and PCOS groups consisted of rats with induced COS and PCOS, respectively. The serum AMH, KISS-1, and estradiol levels, and ovarian KISS1r levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, histopathological analysis of the ovary tissue was done and ovarian KISS-1 expression was determined by immunohistochemical assay. The results revealed that ovarian KISS1r levels were higher in the Estrus (1271.43±51.98 pg/mL) and COS (1191.43±85.67 pg/mL) groups, compared to Diestrus and PCOS groups. The highest level of AMH was found in the Estrus group (16.91±2.12 ng/mL). The results indicate that AMH had no effect on the development of COS and PCOS, while KISS-1 was found to affect the development of COS in rats.

Potential for mitigating effects of heat stress through dietary Alchemilla vulgaris (AV) supplementation during the late laying period of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were investigated. A 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of environmental temperature (ET) regimes and levels of dietary supplementation with AV (0%, 1%, and 3%) was used in a 75-day experiment. Twenty-five quail were randomly assigned to each treatment with five replicate cages of five birds. The birds were housed in temperature-controlled rooms at 22 ± 2 °C for 24 h/day (TN) or 34 ± 2 °C between 09h00 and 17h00 followed by 22 ± 2 °C for 16 h/day (HS). The interaction of ET and supplement regimes was rarely significant. In HS quail supplemented with 1% AV, egg production was reduced and FCR was increased compared with the other treatments. Dietary AV was found to reduce egg production in TN conditions, but 3% AV supplementation in the HS group prevented decreased egg production and improved FCR. Various indicators of egg quality were significantly affected by supplementation with AV at certain times during the experiment. Most effects of HS on egg quality were manifest in the first 15 days of ET regimes. Although HS significantly decreased eggshell weight until 31–45 days, AV supplementation improved it on the 45th day and then maintained it through the end of the experiment. Thus, AV may mitigate some effects of HS by partially preventing decreased egg production and increased FCR during the late laying period of Japanese quail.Keywords: Coturnix coturnix japonica, flavonoids, supplement

Saat, Nevzat (Balikesir Author), This study aimed to determine the distribution of pulsed wave Doppler ultrasonographic features of milk veins in lactating cows corresponding to udder health and the results of California Mastitis Test (CMT). Clinically healthy Simmental cows aged 3-5 years within the first 12 weeks of postpartum period were used for the study. End Diastolic Velocities (EDV), Systolic Peak Velocity (SPV), and Time-Averaged Maximum Velocity (TAMV) were the measured Doppler features of the milk veins. Numerical scales for Pulsatile Index (PI) and Resistant Index (RI) were devised in accordance with blood flow parameters. The animals were allocated to two groups according to CMT results as CMT positive (n=21) and CMT negative (n=5). No differences were found between the group regarding to PI, RI, EDV, or SPV (p>0.05). However, TAMV was found to be lower in CMT-positive animals (7.52 +/- 0.85 cm/sec) compared to CMT-negative (13.90 +/- 3.56 cm/sec) animals (p=0.021)., Bu araştırmada laktasyondaki ineklerde süt veninin pulsed wave doppler ultrasonografi özelliklerinin meme sağlığı ve California Mastitis Test (CMT) sonuçlarına göre dağılımı ve bu dağılıma etki eden faktörlerin belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Çalışmada klinik açıdan sağlıklı, Simmental ırkı, 3-5 yaşlı ve postpartum 12 hafta içinde olan inekler kullanıldı. Süt veninin doppler özellikleri olarak End Diastolic Velocities (EDV, Diyastol Sonu Kan Akım Hızı), Systolic Peak Velocity (SPV, En Yüksek Sistolik Kan Akım Hızı) ve Time-Averaged Maximum Velocity (TAMV, Zaman Ortalamalı Maksimum Kan Akım Hızı) ölçüldü. Kan akış parametrelerine bağlı kalarak Pulsatil İndeks (PI) ve Rezistans İndeks (RI) skalası çıkarılarak numerik bir ölçeklendirme yapıldı. Hayvanlar CMT sonuçlarına göre CMT pozitif (n=21) ve CMT negatif (n=5) olmak üzere ikiye ayrıldı. Buna göre PI, RI, EDV ve SPV açısından gruplar arasında fark bulunmadı (p>0.05). Ancak TAMV CMT pozitif (7,52 ±0,85 cm/s) hayvanlarda CMT negatif (13,90 ±3,56cm/s) hayvanlara nazaran daha düşük bulundu (p=0.021).

Bu derleme, sığır karkaslarının kalitelerine göre sınıflandırılmasını ele almak, özellikle Avrupa Birliği(AB) ülkelerinde kullanılan EUROP sistemi (E=excellent, U= very good, R=good, O=fair, P=poor) hakkındabilgi sunmak ve bu konuda Türkiye’deki mevcut durumu değerlendirmek için yapılmıştır. Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde(AB) karkasın konformasyon ve yağlılık düzeyini esas alan “S-EUROP” sistemi kullanılmaktadır. Karkasınkalite sınıflandırılmasında karkasa ait ticari özelliklerin dikkate alınması önemlidir. Bu sistemde sığırın cinsiyetive yaşı önemlidir ve karkas konformasyonu 6 sınıfa ayrılmakta (S= Süper (Etçi ırklar ve çift kaslı ırklarda),E=mükemmel, U=çok iyi, R=iyi, O=orta, P=kötü), yağlılık durumu ise 5 kategoride değerlendirilmektedir(1=yağsız, 2=az yağlı, 3=orta yağlı, 4=yağlı, 5=çok yağlı). Türkiye’de, AB ülkelerinde uygulandığı şekliylekaliteye göre sığır karkaslarının sınıflandırılmasını ve fiyatlandırılmasını sağlayan bir sistem bulunmamaktadır.AB üyeliğine aday ülke olan Türkiye’de müktesebat uyumu nedeniyle EUROP sisteminin kullanılmasının dahauygun olacağı öngörülmektedir.

Bu derleme, sigir karkaslarinin kalitelerine gore degerlendirilmesi icin Amerika Birlesik Devletleri Tarim Teskilati (USDA) tarafindan kullanilan karkas derecelendirme sistemi hakkinda bilgi vermek amaciyla hazirlanmistir. Bu sistemde sigir karkaslari kalitesine gore en iyi, ustun (cok iyi), seckin (iyi), standart (orta derecede iyi), orta dusuk kalite, dusuk kalite, en dusuk kalite-1 ve en dusuk kalite-2 (konservelik) olarak siniflandirilmaktadir. Bu siniflandirma kalite derecelendirmesi ve verim derecelendirmesi ile yapilmaktadir. Kalite derecelendirmesi karkasa ait ticari ozelliklerin yaninda etin sululuk, renk, tekstur, cignenebilirlik, lezzet ve aroma gibi unsurlarini tanimlamaktadir. Verim derecelendirmesi ise kesilen sigirin yas ve cinsiyeti ile birlikte etin olgunlugunun, mermerlesme derecesinin ve karkasin et kemik oraninin degerlendirilmesidir. Amerika Birlesik Devletleri’nde sigirlarda karkas derecelendirme sistemi, uretici fiyatlarini belirlemek icin arac olarak siklikla kullanilmaktadir. Sistemin bircok olumlu yonlerine ragmen, subjektif tarafi bulunmaktadir. Tuketicilerin satin alma sirasinda, karkas kalitesiyle ilgili kararlarini etkileyebilecek ilave bilgileri elde etmek ve sistemin daha etkin sekilde kullanilmasini saglayabilmek icin mevcut sistemlerin gelistirilmesine ihtiyac bulunmaktadir.

The clinical effects of aglepristone treatment to induce parturition in ewes and their newborns were reported. Three experimental groups were defined: group AG5 (n = 5), group AG10 (n = 5), and group CG (n = 5) in which ewes were injected twice with 5, 10 mg/kg of aglepristone, and saline solution of ewes, respectively. Different parameters associated with parturition in ewes and their newborns were investigated. Serum progesterone, oxytocin, and free and conjugated total estrogens were measured after treatments until parturition. No statistical difference was found from first aglepristone administration to onset of lambing between AG5 and AG10 (23.90 +/- 6.20, 40.00 +/- 6.71 hours). Parturition induction in two groups shortened the gestational length significantly compared with the control group (P = 0.003). Dystocia was observed in two ewes in group AG10. The placental weight showed statistically significant difference only between the AG10 and CG (P = 0.039), but no difference was observed in the placental expulsion period between the groups. Decrease in food consumption 24 to 36 hours after parturition in all ewes and skin necrosis in an ewe in group AG5 were observed. Progesterone concentration was significantly lower in AG5 than that in ewes in group AG10 and CG (P < 0.05). No difference was observed in concentrations of free total estrogens and oxytocin between groups. The body temperature of lambs was significantly different between AG10 and CG groups both right after (P = 0.011) and 12 hours after parturition (P = 0.014). The lambs in CG had the highest mean birth weight (4.29 +/- 0.28 kg), which was significantly different from the induced groups. No significant difference of blood pH and blood gases values between groups was identified both at birth and 12 hours after parturition for lambs. Significant differences could clearly be observed in total protein and blood urea nitrogen and total protein findings 12 hours after parturition (P < 0.05), whereas no difference was found in blood glucose, albumin, inorganic phosphor, triglyceride, or total cholesterol parameters. The results of this study show that the administration of aglepristone to induce parturition can precisely control lambing time without any side effects in either mothers or lambs.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of en bloc ovariohysterectomy on the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance, as well as on visceral organ and brain histopathology in rats. A total of 28 Sprague Dawley female rats aged 3-4 months and weighing 200-250 grams were used in the study. Fourteen of them were pregnant. The 14 non-pregnant rats were divided into two groups: the control group (Group 1, n:7) and the ovariohysterectomized group (Group 2, n:7). All rats underwent en bloc ovariohysterectomy on gestational day 20-21. The 14 pregnant rats were divided into two groups: those with live infants were grouped as Group 3 and those with dead infants were grouped as Group 4. All the rats (n: 28) were decapitated at the end of one month, blood samples were obtained, and the organs were isolated. The Th1 [interleukin 2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)] and Th2 [interleukin 4 (IL-4), and interleukin 10 (IL-10)] levels in the blood sera were measured by the ELISA method, and histopathological analysis was performed on the isolated tissues. The differences between the groups were found to be insignificant with regard to IL–2, IL–4, and TNFα levels (p>0.05). However, a significant difference was observed for IL-10 levels between Groups 3 and 4 (p

This research communication aims to test the hypothesis that B-Mode, colour Doppler ultrasonographic measurements and characteristics can identify mastitis in dairy cows. A total of 102 lactating cows were divided into 3 groups: cows in which all mammary quarters were CMT-negative, cows with CMT-positive mammary quarters and cows with clinical mastitis in at least one quarter. Colour Doppler ultrasonography measurements of the supramammary lymph nodes revealed that distortion-type vascular morphology, the rate of type 4 vascular densities and the incidence of mixed-type vascular distributions were highest in the clinical mastitis group, whereas the frequency of avascularity in supramammary lymph nodes was highest in the CMT-negative group. All differences were significant. In conclusion, the use of B-mode and colour Doppler ultrasonographic measurements of the supramammary lymph nodes can provide useful information about the current condition of mastitis in cows, although its diagnostic potential remains to be determined.

Bu araştırma, Malatya ilindeki sığırcılık işletmelerinin biyogüvenlik bakımından mevcut durumlarını tespit etmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla belirlenen ilçelerden tesadüfi örnekleme metodu kullanılarak seçilen 172 adet sığırcılık işletmesi sahibine yüz yüze anket uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada, hayvanların Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı veri tabanına kaydedilmesi %98,8, tüberküloz kontrol ve test kayıtlarının tutulması %97,7, hasta hayvanların kaydının tutulması %34,3, hayvan sevklerine ait belgelerin muhafazası ve hayvan hareketlerinin kaydının tutulması %51,7, şap hastalığı aşısının düzenli yapılması %97,7, barınak ve çevresinin temizliği %95,3, uygun ve yeterli gübre çukurunun varlığı %21,5 ve farklı türden hayvanların bir arada bulundurulması %9,9 oranlarında tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgulara göre; işletmelerde, hayvan sağlığı ve ahır hijyenine dayalı biyogüvenlik uygulamaları bakımından birçok parametrenin “kabul edilebilir” noktada olduğu, ancak bazı barınak şartları bakımından dikkat çekici düzeyde yetersizlikler bulunduğu belirlenmiştir. Özellikle, durakların uygun ölçü ve niteliklere sahip olmadığı, uygun olanların ise sadece %9,9 oranında kaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Çok düşük olan bu oran işletmelerin bu açıdan ciddi bir eksiklik ve olumsuzluk taşıdığını göstermektedir. Biyogüvenlik kurallarının uygulanması kârlılık, sürdürülebilir üretim ve halk sağlığı açısından gerekli olduğundan, mevcut olumsuzlukların giderilmesi için önlemler ivedilikle alınmalıdır. Biyogüvenlikle ilgili iş ve işlemlerin daha bilinçli yapılması için, yetiştiricilere yönelik eğitim ve bilgilendirme çalışmalarına önem verilmelidir. Yetiştirici birlikleri, işletmelere hizmet veren serbest veteriner hekimler ve Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığının ilgili birimleri konu üzerinde hassasiyet göstermelidirler. Bakanlık teşkilatlarının görevlerinden olan hayvanların tanımlanması ve tescili, hayvan sevklerinin tanzimi, işletmelerin biyogüvenlik çerçevesinde izlenmesi ve aşılama programlarının takibi daha etkin biçimde yapılmalıdır. Gerektiğinde idari yaptırımlar uygulanmalıdır. This research was conducted to determine the biosecurity conditions of cattle farms in Malatya. 172 breeders are interviewed by using the random sampling method in selected cattle farms in specific districts. It is found out that the record of animals in Ministry of Food, Agriculture And Livestock database is 98.8%, the tuberculosis control and test records is 97.7%, the record of sick animals is 34.3%, keeping the animal movement documents and the recollection of them is 51.7%, regular vaccination of FMD is 97.7%, the shelter and it’s environment sanitation is 95.3%, the appropriate and adequate septic tanks existence is 21.5% and keeping different animal species is 9.9%. When animal health and shelter hygiene conditions are evaluated, it is determined that several parameters are “acceptable”, however, the others are considerably insufficient. It is stated that the stalls have inadequate measures and qualities, but the accepted ones are only 9.9%. This low ratio indicates that farms are seriously inadequate and problematic. Precautions should be taken to obtain profitability, sustainable production and public health immediately. Thus, it is necessary to care training and informing of farmers to have conscious work and applications. Breeding associations, free veterinarians serving the farms and the Ministry’s related units should carefully work for the subjects. Animal identification and registration, reporting of animal movement, controlling farms for biosecurity and vaccination programmers should efficiently be conducted. Administrative sanctions must be applied when needed.

The aim of the present study was to develop a new animal model for use in uterine torsion, uterine ischemia‐reperfusion, and fetal hypoxia studies in rats. A total of 14 pregnant rats on their 18th‐19th gestational days were used. The animals were randomly divided into two groups: those undergoing the shame operation (group 1), and those in which a 360 uterine torsion was performed using a novel technique, which was corrected 6 hours later (group 2). Subsequently, seven female and seven male rat pups aged 1 month were separated from the mothers in each group. The female rats were monitored until puberty via measuring the vaginal apertures. The 1‐month old male rats and the female rats on reaching puberty were decapitated and histopathological tests were performed on the dissected organs, including the cerebral, visceral and genital organs. At the end of the study, no differences were observed between the groups with regard to abortions, offspring death rates and congenital abnormalities. It was observed that the time to reach puberty in female rats born from mothers with uterine torsion was longer, but the difference was statistically insignificant. No microscopic lesions were detected in the cerebral, visceral or genital organs of the offspring. Accordingly, it was concluded that offspring of mothers with the uterine torsion were not affected, at least in the short term. It was generally concluded that this animal model is appropriate for use in uterine torsion and ischemia‐reperfusion studies, but is not appropriate for fetal hypoxia studies.

Kantitatif bir karakter olan atların yarış ve yarışma performansı genetik ve çevresel faktörlerin etkisinde şekillenmektedir. Bu nedenle bireyler ve populasyonlar arasında varyasyon bulunmaktadır. Genetik etki, tayın anasından ve babasından aldığı genlerden dolayı sahip olduğu genotip kapasitesini ifade etmektedir. Performansı etkileyen çevresel faktörler arasında; cinsiyet, yaş, doğum ağırlığı, mesafe, handikap ağırlığı, pist tipi ve parkur yapısı, ana yaşı, konulan ikramiye, koşan at sayısı, atın pistteki koştuğu yer, binici deneyimi gibi faktörler yer almaktadır. Bu derlemenin amacı, atların yarış ve yarışma performanslarını etkileyen genetik ve çevresel faktörler hakkında bilgi sunmaktır. Race and competition performance of horses, a quantitative character, is shaped by the influence of genetic and environmental factors. For this reason there are variations between individuals and populations. The genetic effect refers to the genotype capacity that is possessed by the gene from the mother and father of foal. Many environmental factors that affect performance include gender, age, birth weight, distance, handicap weight, runway type and structure, maternal age, prize, race or competition season, number of running horses, starting place, rider experience. The purpose of this review is to demonstrate factors affecting race and competition performance of horses.

A new protocol with aglepristone to induce parturition in ewes with pregnancy toxemia has been reported in the present manuscript. Four experimental groups were defined: Group AG5 (n = 10), Group DEX (n = 10), Group NC (n = 5) and Group PT (n = 5) in which ewes were injected twice with 10 mg/kg of aglepristone and 5 ml dexamethasone in first two groups, respectively; whereas negative control and pregnancy toxemia groups received no treatment for parturition induction. Different clinical parameters associated with parturition in ewes and their newborns were investigated. Blood hematology and biochemical measurements were carried out both in ewes and lambs. Blood pH values of lambs were recorded during the study. The injection time-lambing time, injection time-vaginal discharge intervals, placental expulsion periods, placental weight and vaginal delivery interval between lambs, hematological and biochemical results were not statistically different among the groups (p 0,05). Increased NEFA and β-HBA concentrations accompanied the disease and all ewes in AG, DEX and PT Groups developed clinical pregnancy toxemia (NEFA; P = 0,009) and β-HBA; (P = 0,039). The differences in rectal body temperature of lambs were not significant (p 0,05), whereas birth weight was found statistically significant among groups (p 0,05). Blood pH, biochemical and hematologic measurements of lambs had also significant differences depending on different time points. Parturition pathology by means of incomplete cervical dilatation was severely observed in DEX Group. The results of this study show that aglepristone application in pregnancy toxemia to induce parturition could precisely control lambing time without any side effects in either mothers or lambs. Apart from these, it could be speculated that dexamethasone seems to induce parturition causing crucial pathologies, which results in important and risky changes in newborns' life. Incomplete cervical dilatation and continued ineffective uterine contractions could be a major factor of newborn losses because of placental separation and cessation of blood supply.

Background: Estrous synchronization is one of the primary applications performed to improve the fertility and to consolidate the parturition times in dairy cattle farms. Since the primary objective is to increase fertility regardless of the method of synchronization used, the effect of this process on the udder health and the quality of milk is generally ignored. Therefore, in the present study, the aim was to investigate the effect of different estrous synchronization methods t on the milk quality in a dairy cattle farm.Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, a total of 100 Simmental cows the same farm under good management practices were used. The animals were randomly divided into 4 groups of 25 cows each. The animals in the 1st group were used as a control group without any treatment. Progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (PRID) was inserted to the animals in the 2nd group, double dose of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2-alpha) with 11 days apart was applied to the animals in the 3rd group, and the Ovsynch protocol was applied to the animals in the 4th group. Starting from the first day of the applications, milk samples from each milk tank belonging to the groups were taken, kept frozen for 3 months and analyzed for the levels of fat, nonfat solids, density, protein, lactose and minerals over the course of one month. According to the results, the minimum milk fat content was found in the PRID group as 2.47 ± 0.354%, and the highest value was in the PGF2-alpha group as 3.58 ± 0.207%. The difference in milk fat ratio between the groups was found to be significant (P < .05). However, the differences between the groups for other parameters were not significant (P > .05).Discussion: Among the reasons for the low values of the milk fat rates obtained in the present study than the mean values of all lactation milk fat rates of the Simmental breed, the effect of the lactation period in which the milk samples were collected comes to mind. Because, as we know, the first 45-60 day period following the start of lactation after parturition in cattle is accepted as the period in which daily milk yield reaches to the maximum level of the lactation period. This period lasts for a certain period of time, and then starts to decrease gradually. Among the non-hereditary factors, the most important factor causing changes in the composition of the milk and its amount is the lactation period. In this study, the significant difference in the milk fat rates between the control and the application groups is quite remarkable compared to the low level of milk fat rates in the milk in all groups. According to the multiple comparison test results to determine which groups these differences arise from, the difference was found to be particularly between the PGF2-alpha group and PRID group. In this study, no significant effects of different synchronization methods on all components of the milk except the milk fat and the density values were determined. But results indicate that Ovsynch group was the synchronization group that caused the minimum change in milk fat compared to the other groups.

Beden kondisyon skoru atin bedenindeki yaglanma seviyesini olceklendiren bir sistemdir. Atlarda canli agirlik bir irk ozelligi olup, irklar arasinda canli agirlik bakimindan varyasyon bulunmaktadir. Ayrica atlar bireysel farkliliklari nedeniyle verim fonksiyonlari icin optimum beden kondisyonunda da degiskenlik gosterirler. Gunumuzde beden kondisyonunu belirlemede en yaygin kullanilan sistem 1-9 puanlik bir cetvel uzerinde olusturulmus sistemdir. Bu sistem, sirt ve bel bolgesi birlesme yeri, kuyruk sokumu cevresi, scapula gerisi, kaburgalarin uzeri, cidago ve boyun bolgesinde depolanan yag miktarina gore degerlendirilme yapilmasini saglamaktadir. Kondisyonun derecesi; besleme sekline ve yetistirme amacina gore degisir. Beden kondisyonu kisa zamanda degisiklik gostermez, onemli artislar yavasca gerceklesebilir. Kondisyon verim yonune gore besi kondisyonu, sut kondisyonu, yaris kondisyonu, damizlik, mera, sergi kondisyonu gibi isimler alir. Genel olarak yuksek performansa sahip atlar daha dusuk beden kondisyonuna sahiptirler. Beden kondisyonunun dogru tespiti, atlarin beden yagi duzeylerini beklenen verim ozelligine gore olusturmak icin gerekli rasyonun duzenlemesine imkân verir. Dengeli besleme yapilmamasi, atlar icin buyuk onemi olan hiz, dayaniklilik, buyume, dol verimi ve vucut seklinde istenilen verimin alinamamasina neden olur. Bu derlemede, atlarda beden kondisyon puanlamasina iliskin bilgiler ozetlenmistir.

PURPOSE : To evaluate the effects of platelet rich plasma (PRP) on the healing of fascia wherein peritonitis has been created. METHODS: Twenty eight Wistar Albino rats were divided into four groups. Only a primary fascial repair following laparotomy was performed on Group 1, a primary fascial repair performed and PRP treatment applied following laparotomy on Group 2, and a fecal peritonitis created following laparotomy and a primary fascial repair carried out on Group 3. A fecal peritonitis was created following laparotomy and primary fascial repair and PRP treatment on the fascia was carried out on Group 4. RESULTS: TNF-α was found to be significantly lower in the control group (Group 1). It was detected at the highest level in the group in which fecal peritonitis was created and PRP applied (Group 4). TGF-β was determined as being significantly higher only in Group 4. Histopathologically, the differences between the groups in terms of cell infiltration and collagen deposition were not found to be significant. CONCLUSION: When platelet rich plasma was given histologically and biochemicaly as wound healing parameters cellular infiltration, collagen accumulation, and tissue hydroxyiproline levels were not increased but neovascularization, fibroblast activation and TNF Alfa levels were increased and PRP accelerated wound healing.

Bu araştırma, arı yetiştiricilerin sosyo-ekonomik ve demografik özellikleri, arıcılıkta destekleme, örgütlenme ve denetim ile arı ürünlerinin ticaret ve pazarlanması kapsamında Malatya ili arı yetiştiriciliğinin durumunu yetiştiricilerin görüşleri doğrultusunda değerlendirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla Arıcılık Kayıt Sistemi’ne (AKS) ve Arı Yetiştiricileri Birliği’ne kayıtlı 1205 adet işletmeden tesadüfi şekilde seçilen 149 adet arıcılık işletmesinin sahibine yüz yüze anket uygulanmıştır. Yapılan çalışmada, arıcıların %95,3’ünün erkek ve %21,5’inin lise mezunu oldukları, başlangıçta %38,3’ünün 1-10 adet, mevcutta ise %38,5’inin 51-100 adet kovana sahip oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada, yetiştiricilerin %58,9’unun koloni başına destek uygulamasından, %61,5’inin Arı Yetiştiricileri Birliği’nin hizmetlerinden, %87,8’inin ise Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı’nın son beş yıldaki teşvik, destek, araştırma, mevzuat ve uygulama politikalarından memnun olmadıkları belirlenmiştir. Mevcut çalışmada, kaliteli damızlık bulunmaması (%68,45), bal dışında diğer arı ürünlerinin pazarının gelişmemiş olması (%42,95) ve yüksek girdi fiyatları (%41,61) arıcılıktaki en önemli ve öncelikli sorunlar olarak saptanmıştır. Arıcılıkta en büyük gider kaleminin arı besleme ve yem (%56), bal pazarlamada en çok uygulanan yöntemin yetiştiricilerin perakende usulü satış yapması (%90,6) ve yetiştiricilerin Bakanlık’tan en fazla beklentisinin mevcut desteklerin miktarının artırılması (%80,54) olduğu belirlenmiştir. Malatya İlinde daha verimli ve kârlı arıcılık yapılabilmesi için; ortaya konulan sorunların çözümü dâhilinde doğru ve yerinde beşeri, idari ve iktisadi stratejilerin belirlenip işletmelerde temel yapının ve uygulamaların buna göre şekillendirilmesi gerekmektedir., This research was conducted to determine the situation of beekeeping in respect to socio-economic and demographic characteristics of breeders, supporting, organization and controlling of beekeeping, trade and marketing of bee products in the scope of breeder’s perception and ideas in Malatya. For this reason, face to face interviews with 149 beekeepers were applied by using in selected randomly registered beekeepings to Beekeeping Registration System (BRS) and Beekeepers Association. In this study, it is found out that 95.3% of beekeepers are men and 21.5% are high school graduates, the ratio of beekeepers having 1-10 hives at the beginning is 38.3% and having 51-100 hive snow is 38.5%. In this study, it is calculated that the breeders who are discontent with the supporting of percolony is 58.9%, with the services of the Beekeepers Association is 61.5% and with the application of Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock in the last five year about encouaring, supporting, research, legislation, and application is 87.8%. The deficiency of qualified studs as 68.45%, lack of bee product marketing except honey as 42.95%, high in put prices as 41.61% are stated as the most significant and primary problems.The most important cost in bee feeding and fodder (56%), the most popular marketing in retail method of breeders in marketing (90.6%), the most important expectation of beekeepers in increasing current suppoting from the Ministry (80.54%) are stated. In order to have a profitable and efficient beekeeping in Malatya, establishing right and proper strategies of social, administrative and economic and shaping fundamental structure and application in terms of the stated issues in beekeepings are necessary.

The objective of the present study was to determine the polymorphism in the prolactine receptor (PRLR) gene in Chios, White Karaman and Awassi, which are native sheep breeds in Turkey. By means of PRLR gene sequence homology between sheep and humans, two primer pairs were designed for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification within intron 1 and exon 10 of the PRLR gene in sheep. A total of 160 amplicons (99 for intron 1 and 61 for exon 10) were subjected to DNA sequence analysis. For intron 1, 6 different haplotypes were determined. For exon 10, 7 different haplotypes were obtained. Some variations determined for exon 10 (g.14A>T p.Q14L; g.160G>A p.D160N; g.166G>A p.E166K; g.167A>T p.E167V; g.176A>T p.H176L; g.206G>A p.S206N; g.208G>A p.G208R) led to changes in the amino acids, but no amino acid changes were determined in g.2A>T, g.81A>G, g.138A>G, g.186C>T, g.207T>C. It was noted in particular that White Karaman and Awassi were similar to each other in both PRLR exon 10 and intron 1 haplotypes, whereas the Chios breed had a different variation.