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Turizm parametrelerinin şoklara duyarlılığını bununla birlikte kalıcı mı yoksa geçici mi olduğunu belirlemek turizm politikalarının geliştirilmesinde oldukça önemlidir. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’ye ait 1965-2018 dönem verileri ile turist sayısı, turizm gelirleri ve ortalama turist harcamalarındaki şokların araştırılmasıdır. Verilerin analizinde yöntem olarak Tek ve Çift Yapısal kırılmalı birim kök testleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen temel bulgu, turizm parametrelerinde yaşanan şokların kısa dönemde devam ederken uzun dönemde ortadan kalktığını göstermektedir. Şokların etkisi ve tarihleri, turizm plan ve politikalarının şekillendirilmesi için yol gösterici niteliktedir. * Bu çalışma Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü’nde yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezinden türetilmiştir.

Tarım toplumundan sanayi toplumuna geçiş ile birlikte üretim miktarları evrensel boyutta hız kazanan bir büyüme temposu yakalamıştır. Sanayileşmenin yanı sıra kentleşme ve nüfus artışı gibi faktörler de arz ve talep büyüklüklerinin değişiminde önemli rol oynamıştır. Üretimi artırmak için daha fazla doğal kaynak ve enerji kullanımı ise ekolojik dengeleri olumsuz yönde etkileyerek yaşam kalitesinin düşmesine neden olmuştur. Ancak belirli bir gelir düzeyine ulaştıktan sonra ülkeler, başlangıçta yarattıkları çevresel sorunları azaltmak için çözüm yolları arayışına girmektedirler. Bu çalışmada; ekonomik büyüme, ticari açıklık, elektrik tüketimi ve karbon dioksit salınımı (CO2) arasındaki ilişki, 1992-2014 dönemine ait verilerden hareketle BRIC-T ülkeleri için panel veri analizi kullanarak test edilmektedir. Bootstrap nedensellik bulgularına göre; Rusya’da gelir ve karbondioksit salınımları arasında çift yönlü, Hindistan’da elektrik tüketiminden ve Brezilya’da ise dışa açıklıktan karbondioksit salınımlarına doğru olmak üzere tek yönlü bağıntılar bulunmaktadır. Diğer yandan AMG testi ise Brezilya, Çin ve Türkiye’de elektrik tüketiminin; Rusya ve Çin’de dışa açıklığın ve Hindistan’da da gelirin CO2’yi artırdığını göstermektedir. Bunlardan farklı olarak Çin’de gelir artışı, CO2 değerlerinin azalmasına yol açmaktadır.

The main view of strategic management thinking is analysis of external and internal environmental conditions, and determination of the enterprise’s strategies in this context. In this manner, enterprises not only position themselves but also take positions. Enterprises also specify and implement their strategies according to their positions. The person who is responsible for the management process—which includes creation, implementation, and evaluation of the strategy of the enterprise or strategic business unit—is the strategic leader. The most important function of the strategic leader is that they assume a decisive role in the strategic management process. The leadership behavior they exhibit in the implementation of strategies is the main determinant in achieving success. However, it is thought that a strategic leader who adopts the mechanical point of view of the past will not be successful in today’s complex and chaotic environmental conditions. The main reason for this is that the business world is a complex, dynamic, and nonlinear system. An analysis made according to circumstances does not result in complex and nonlinear systems. In the story of Achilles, whom Homer described in his work, his mother’s efforts were unable to protect Achilles from death. In a strategic management process, if a strategic leader continues to think in a traditional way and exhibits modernist management behavior, he or she may meet the same fate as Achilles.

WOS: 000458113100009, This study deals with the tax resistance which has caused major changes in the history of mankind from the work of Henry Thoreau. In this study, the concept of passive resistance which is one of the tax resistance types is evaluated in the context of civil disobedience. The scope of this work constitutes Henry Thoreau's concept of disobedience which is first spread to individual but later social layers. The concept of civil disobedience in tax gives the impression that there are some common points in the cause and effect context where the taxpayers are faced with authority. In this sense, taxes, wars, and attitudes of individuals are historically meaningful., Bu çalışma insanlık tarihinde büyük değişikliklere sebep olan vergi direnci konusunu Henry Thoreau’nun eserinden hareketle ele almaktadır. Çalışmada, vergi direnç türlerinden biri olan pasif direnç kavramına sivil itaatsizlik kapsamında bir değerlendirme getirilmektedir. Çalışmanın kapsamını Henry Thoreau’nun başlangıçta bireysel ancak sonraları toplumsal bir zemine yayılan itaatsizlik kavramı oluşturmaktadır. Vergi özelinde sivil itaatsizlik kavramı, vergi ödeyenlerin otorite ile karşı karşıya geldikleri durumlarda, neden-sonuç ilişkisi içinde kimi ortak noktalar bulunduğuna dair izlenim vermektedir. Bu bağlamda vergi, savaş ve bireylerin tutumları tarihsel olarak bir anlam ifade etmektedir.

Bu çalışmada 6728 sayılı Kanunile 213 sayılı Vergi Usul Kanununa eklenen 370 inci madde, 482 nolu VUK GenelTebliğinin sahte ve muhteviyatı itibari ile yanıltıcı belge kullanımına yönelikaçıklamaları kapsamında ele alınmaya çalışılacaktır. Bu çalışmanın sınırları,370 inci maddenin mükellef ve idare açısından ne gibi düzenlemeler içerdiğineyönelik sorulara aranan yanıtlardan oluşmaktadır., In this study, item 370 added to Law No. 6728 and LawNo. 213 of Tax Procedure Code will be tried to be considered within the scopeof explanations Tax Procedure Code's General Notifications No. 482 for theartificial transaction. The limits of this study consist of answers toquestions about what sort of arrangements item 370 has in terms of taxpayer andadministration.

ÖZBu çalışmada, yurtiçi tasarruf oranları ile yurtiçi yatırım oranları arasındaki ilişki 1970-2015 dönemi yükselen ülkelerden oluşan 12 ülkelik bir panel veri seti ile yeniden ele alınmıştır. Bu amaçla kısa ve uzun dönem katsayılarını tahmin etmek için panel birim kök, FMOLS, DOLS, CCR ve panel nedensellik veri tahmin yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Basit regresyon modelinin sonucuna göre tasarruf tutum katsayının değerinin panel genelinde sıfıra yakın olduğu ancak her bir ülke için oldukça faklı sonuçlar içerdiği ortaya konulmuştur. Tahmin sonuçlarına göre tasarruf ile yatırımlar arasında istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı kısa ve uzun dönem ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir. Ek olarak FMOLS, DOLS ve CCR yöntemleri ile elde edilen sonuçlar birbirleri ile tutarlı olup söz konusu dönemde Türkiye için tam bir sermaye hareketliliğinden bahsedilmesi mümkün gözükmemektedirAnahtar Kelimeler: Feldstein- Horioka Hipotezi, Yatırım, Tasarruf, Panel Veri.Jel Kodları

Ar-Ge faaliyetleri sonucu gerçekleştirilen teknolojik ilerlemeler hem çıktı miktarı hem de işsizlik oranları üzerinde önemli etkiler meydana getirmektedir. Ancak Ar-Ge alanındaki çalışmaların işsizlik üzerindeki etkileri konusunda farklı yaklaşımlar bulunmaktadır. Bu yaklaşımlardan ilki; süreç inovasyonunun teknolojik işsizliği beraberinde getireceğini ileri sürerken; diğer yaklaşım ise ürün inovasyonu ile birlikte işsizliğin azalacağını kabul etmektedir. Bu çalışmada Ar-Ge harcamaları ile işsizlik arasındaki nedensel bağıntının G7 ülkeleri için 1990-2016 dönemine ait yıllık verilerden hareketle Kónya (2006) panel bootstrap Granger nedensellik testi kullanılarak analiz edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Nedensellik testi sonuçları; Almanya, Fransa, İtalya ve Japonya’da Ar-Ge harcamaları ile işsizlik arasında karşılıklı bir ilişki bulunduğunu göstermiştir. Diğer taraftan Kanada’da ve ABD’de ise Ar-Ge harcamaları ile işsizlik arasında tek yönlü bir bağıntı bulunmaktadır.

Buçalışma 1980-1989 Türkiye Ekonomisi değişim sürecini Katma Değer Vergisi Kanunun11/1-c maddesi kapsamında ve bu kanunun ortaya çıkış sürecini, gelişimini,nihai halini ve bu haline yönelik muhasebe kayıtlarını göstermeyiamaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada KDV kanununun yasalaşma sürecine yönelik yasalgerekçelerden hareketle ekonomik ve mali çıkarsamalar ve 11/1-c maddesineyönelik KDV Genel Uygulama Tebliğinin ilgili bölümleri göz önünde bulundurularakolası muhasebe kayıt örnekleri gösterilmiştir. Çalışmada sermaye birikimrejiminin ihracatçı lehine devlet eliyle sağlandığına yönelik çıkarsamayapılmıştır., Thisstudy aims to show the change process of the Turkish economy in 1980-1989within the scope of item 11/1-c of the Value Added Tax Law and with the help ofthe accounting for the emergence process, its development and its final status.In this study, the possible examples of accounting are shown taking intoconsideration economic and fiscal interests and related sections of the VATGeneral Practices Notification in 11/1-c in line with the legal grounds for thelegalization process of the VAT law. The result of the study, the inference hasbeen made that the capital accumulation regime is provided by the state infavor of the exporter.

The aim of this chapter is to investigate the potential impacts of globalization on tax revenues with reference to theoretical explanations within the context of tax and globalization. In the study, G10 country group and the data belonging to these countries between the years of 1990 and 2015 are used. In order to determine the relationships between tax revenues and globalization, cross-sectional dependency test, slope heterogeneous tests, and bootstrap panel Granger causality tests were used to understand the direction of causality between long-term coefficient estimations and variables. While the results of the long-run coefficient obtained from the study show differences according to the countries, a bi-directional causality relationship is determined between tax revenues and foreign trade. The diminishing effect of globalization found on the tax revenues of nation states considered within the scope of the study. It can be thought that these outcomes may provide some preliminary information to policymakers.

In this study, it isaimed to investigate the causality linkage between financial deepening andpoverty in the E7 countries for the periods of 2001-2006. The causality linkagethe variable was tested using the bootstrap panel Granger causality analysis.The results show that the trickle down hypothesis is valid only in one of theE7 countries, whereas the complementary hypothesis is valid in three of the E7countries. These results imply one way causality from private sector credits(DC) to poverty and from poverty to money supply (M2Y)., Bu çalışmada, E7ülkelerinde finansal derinleşme ve yoksulluk arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisinin2001-2016 dönemleri için araştırılması amaçlanmaktadır. Değişkenler arasındakinedensellik ilişkinin test edilmesinde bootsrap panel Granger nedensellikanalizi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar trickle down hipotezinin (damlamahipotezinin) sadece bir ülkede geçerli olduğunu diğer yandan tamamlayıcılıkhipotezinin (complementary hypothesis) ise üç ülkede geçerli olduğunugöstermektedir. Bu sonuçlar özel sektör kredilerinden (DC) yoksulluğa doğru tekyönlü, yoksulluktan para arzına (M2Y) doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisiniifade etmektedir.

Intralesional injection applications being used more frequently in the practice of dermatology were primarily developed in order to avoid systemic side effects of steroids. Intralesional applications enable the potent drugs to achieve local effect with regionally high concentrations but without systemic toxicities. Commonly known, chemotherapeutic agents have the potential for many side effects and cytotoxicities with systemic use. Intralesional use of chemotherapeutic drugs is becoming widespread in the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancers in which surgery is contraindicated or may result in functional or cosmetic loss. In this article, intralesional use of chemotherapeutic and biological agents, their advantages and disadvantages, administered dosages as well as efficacy and safety profiles were summarized and it was aimed to encourage intralesional applications to be more frequently used by all dermatologists.

Bu çalışma Sındırgı Kaymakamlığı ve Balıkesir Üniversitesi arasında imzalanan protokol çerçevesinde hazırlanan “Sındırgı İlçe FÜTZ Analizi Projesi” sonuç raporu olarak yapılmıştır. 2007 yılında başlayan projenin birinci kısmı 2009 yılında tamamlanmış, beş yıllıkbir zaman dilimi sonrasında başlayan ikinci kısmı ise 2015 yılında başlayarak 2016 yılındatamamlanmıştır. Projenin çıkış noktası, iktisadi olarak bölge anlayışının değişmesi ile oluşan “Yeni Bölgecilik” anlayışı çerçevesinde, her bölge için standart bir genel stratejinin benimsenmesi yerine, bölgenin koşullarına uygun özel-benzersiz bir stratejinin benimsenmesigerektiği düşüncesidir. Sındırgı İlçesi’nin gelecek stratejilerinin belirlenmesine altyapı oluşturmak için hazırlanan bu çalışmada 2002 yılından başlayarak 2015 yılına kadar elde edilenveriler işlenmiş ve Nominal Grup Tekniği kullanılarak FÜTZ analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir.Çalışmanın sonucunda “Sosyal Değişim Stratejileri”, “Tarımsal Stratejiler” ve “Turizm Stratejileri” olmak üzere üç stratejik eylem alanı belirlenmiştir, This study has been conducted as a final report of “Sındırgı CountySWOT Analysis Project” organized under the protocol signed between Sındırgı Districtgovernorship and the Balikesir University. The first part of the project, started in 2007, wascompleted in 2009 and the second part starting in 2015 after a five-year period ended in2016. The starting point of the project is the thought of requirement for the adoption ofappropriate special-unique strategy for the conditions of the region, instead of adoptinga standard overall strategy for each region, within the frame of the “new regionalism”approach economically caused by a change in understanding of region. In this study,prepared to create the infrastructure for determination of the future strategies of SındırgıDistrict, the data obtained from 2002 until 2015 was processed and SWOT analysis was conducted using the Nominal Group Technique. As a result of this study, three fields ofstrategic action are identified, including “Social Change Strategies”, “Agricultural Strategy”and “Tourism Strategy”

Psoriasiform drug eruptions are very rare and generally characterized as erythematous, thick, dry, squamous, and demarcated plaques, resembling those of idiopathic psoriasis (1). Drugs may result in the exacerbation of pre-existing psoriasis or initiation of de novo psoriatic lesions (2). Apixaban, a reversible direct inhibitor factor Xa, is a novel anticoagulant, and its side effects mainly include clinically relevant major and non-major bleeding. Although

Background and Design: Acne scars on the face are still an important cosmetic problem. In this study, we aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of intradermal injections of autologous fibroblasts for the treatment of acne scars. Materials and Methods: This was an open, prospective, phase 3, pilot study. Six adults with acne scars (4 male, 2 female; age range: 21- 35 years) were included in this study. Autologous cultured fibroblasts (20 million/ml) were given as two doses administered with two weeks interval. Efficacy evaluation was performed 2, 4, 6, and 12 months after the first injections. Subjective improvement scores were noted by patient and clinicians at every follow-up visit. Results: An improvement in acne scars of more than 50% was observed in two of the 6 at 6 months while five of the 6 patients and clinicians also noted 50% to 75% improvement with the treatment at 12 months. The best results were obtained at 12 months. No serious side effects were detected. Conclusion: In this pilot study, intradermal injections of autologous fibroblast were found to be effective and safe for acne scars.

Background Topical drugs enhance the therapeutic effects of ultraviolet (UV)-based therapy for psoriasis. However, their efficacy has yet to be established in a clinical trial. Objectives This study aimed to compare the efficacy of targeted microphototherapy alone and in combination with psoralen or calcipotriol in the treatment of plaque-type psoriasis. Methods Thirty individuals, affected by plaque-type psoriasis, were treated with targeted narrowband UVB phototherapy alone (Group 1), in combination with psoralen gel (Group 2), or in combination with calcipotriol ointment (Group 3) three times per week based on predetermined minimal erythema doses for 10 weeks. Results All patients in each group completed the study. The percentages of improvement in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) and Psoriasis Severity Index (PSI) scores were 33.9% and 38.3% in Group 1, 29.9% and 29.8% in Group 2, and 67.2% and 59% in Group 3, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in improvement between Groups 1 and 2 (P > 0.05). Outcomes in Group 3 were found to be superior compared with those in the other groups. Conclusions The addition of calcipotriol ointment in targeted phototherapy enhances the therapeutic effects of phototherapy in the treatment of plaque-type psoriasis.

To evaluate and compare the safety and efficacy of 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution and salicylic and lactic acid (SAL + LAC) combination in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum (MC).26 patients with MC randomized into two treatment groups. 12 patients treated with 10% KOH solution and 14 patients treated with SAL + LAC combination for 6 weeks. Parents of patients were instructed to apply medication once daily only to lesions at study onset. Assessment of response of the treated lesions and side effects was performed at 2, 4 and 6 weeks of the treatment. Newly acquired lesions were not included in the study.At the end of therapy, 83.3% (n = 10) of KOH group demonstrated complete remission and 16.7% (n = 2) of them showed partial remission; four patients (33%) developed new lesions during the study. All the patients in the SAL + LAC combination group (100%) demonstrated complete remission of study entry lesions at the end of 6 weeks with five patients (35%) acquiring new lesions during the study. Minor side effects were observed in two groups.10% KOH solution and SAL + LAC combination were found to be equally effective in the treatment of MC in children.

Background Peeling skin diseases (PSD) refer to a group of rare autosomal recessive dermatosis which are characterized by spontaneous, continual peeling of the skin. Three different clinical pictures can be distinguished: Inflammatory PSD also referred to as peeling skin syndrome (PSS) type B, non-inflammatory PSD also referred to as PSS type A, and localized forms i.e. acral type PSS. Objective To characterize the clinical and histopathological features of PSD in Turkey. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and clinical photographs of patients who were given diagnosis of PSD and conducted histopathological evaluation of skin biopsies to identify the site of cleavage. Also we evaluated the cases including age, gender, age onset, clinical and histological findings, family history, associated disorders and PSD type. Results Twenty-one patients with PSD were seen at Gulhane School of Medicine in Ankara between the years 1994 and 2010 in this retrospective study. All patients were men. Their ages were between 20 and 26 years (22.44 ± 2.30, Mean age ± SD). Of the patients, eight cases (40%) were type A, eight cases (40%) were type B, and five cases (20%) were acral type PSS. Eleven cases (52%) had parental consanguinity. Keratoderma, cheilitis, keratosis pilaris, melanonichia, clubbing, hyperhidrosis, onychodystrophy were observed in eight cases as an accompanying disorder. Conclusions In this case series, PSD occurred rarely and also showed generally mild course of disease in Turkey and most likely related to consanguineous of marriages. Future investigations on PSD will contribute to our progressing alternative targets for pathogenesis-based therapy.

Topical antibiotics are the mainstay of therapy in mild to moderate inflammatory acne. Topical erythromycin is one of the most common prescribed topical antibiotics. Nadifloxacin, another topical antibiotic for acne, was recently introduced into the market in our country. In this study, we compared the efficacies and safety of topical nadifloxacin 1% cream and erythromycin 4% gel in acne. A total of 86 patients with mild to moderate facial acne were randomized into two treatment groups. The efficacies of the drugs were assessed by lesion counts. An acne severity index (ASI) was also calculated. In both groups, there was a significant reduction in lesion counts and ASI scores beginning from the first visit at week 4. This reduction continued throughout the 12-week study period. Both treatments were well tolerated. We conclude that when topically applied, both nadifloxacin 1% cream and erythromycin 4% gel are equally effective and safe treatments for mild to moderate facial acne.

Vitamin D was originally discovered as a factor that regulates calcium and bone metabolism. Recent advances in investigation have shown that vitamin D also functions as a regulator of cellular growth and differentiation in various tissues. Evidence has accumulated showing that the active form of vitamin D and its analogs suppress growth and stimulate the terminal differentiation of keratinocytes. Also, vitamin D stimulates the synthesis of melanin and release of interleukins. On the other hand, vitamin D has been used in the treatment of psoriasis, vitiligo and morfea for a long time. In this review, we summarize the fundamental features of vitamin D and the clinical application for psoriasis and other dermatological disorders.

Background: Since the mainstay of pathogenesis depends on autoimmune process, systemic steroids are widely used in the treatmentofalopeciawithvarioussideeffects.Toavoidsideeffects oflong-termsteroidtreatment,pulsemethylprednisolonetherapy appears to be a safe treatment option. Objective: The aim was to determine the effect of pulse methylprednisolone therapy for the treatment of adult alopecia areata. Methods: Demographical features of all patients were recorded before the treatment. Patients received methylprednisolone 500 mg intravenously for 3 consecutive days every month for 3 months. Patients were followed up for 3 months. Treatment responses were defined by complete regrowth (100%), significant regrowth (>50%) and minimal regrowth (

Spitz nevus is a benign, usually acquired melanocytic tumor which is seen especially in children and adolescents. It usually appears as a pink or light-brown, smooth-surfaced, well-circumscribed and asymptomatic papulonodular lesion. A large group of dermatologic disorders should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Herein we present a case of Spitz nevus with a two month history of a nodular lesion on the earlobe which mimicks cutaneous leishmaniasis clinically. (Turk J Dermatol 2010; 4: 55-7)

This skin disorder may present in an inherited or anacquired form. Previously, the acquired form of CL wassubdivided into two groups, respectively, type 1, a gener-alized acquired elastolysis, and type 2, Marshall’ssyndrome. Marshall’s syndrome is characterized by post-inflammatory elastolysis associated with various inflam-matory dermatoses.

The term of inequality has great importance on integrating women concept into socio-economic life in different cultures that has been addressed differently. Societal Gender Equality is one of the most controversial issues, and this study examines the origin of this concept. Also, the study seeks an answer for whether there is a relationship between the status of women in business life and Turkey’s Human Development Index regarding possible economic policies to be created. In the analysis, the years between 1990 and 2010 have been investigated, and ADF stationary test, casualty and least square method are used. As a result, a meaningful relation has been found between human development index and the employment rate of women. Moreover, the hypothesis that claims human development index is a result of women employment is accepted. Keywords: Gender equality, Human Development Index, employment of women. JEL Classification: J16, J71, C22

In this study, weaimed to investigate comparatively how nail psoriasis respondsto treatment with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a antagonistagents. A total of 28 patients were enrolled into the study withmoderate to severe nail psoriasis, who had failed to respondto, were contraindicated for, or were intolerant of other sys-temic therapies. Three patients had psoriatic nails without skinlesions who were diagnosed with peculiar clinical features. Thelocal ethics committee approved the study and writteninformed consent was obtained from all patients.Before treatment, complete blood count (CBC), routineblood tests, serological markers for hepatitis, anti-HIV anti-body, antinuclear antibody, chest radiography and purified pro-tein derivative test were checked. Routine blood tests, CBCand chest radiography were repeated every 3 months duringthe study period.Participants were randomized into three treatment groups.Patients in the etanercept group (n = 9) received 50-mg s.c.injections twice every week for the first 12 weeks, and onceevery week thereafter. Patients in the adalimumab group(n = 8) received an initial 80 mg s.c. injection, and 40 mg atweek 1, then 40 mg every other week thereafter. Patients inthe infliximab group (n = 11) received i.v. infusions (5 mg/kg) atweeks 0, 2 and 6 and every 8 weeks through to week 46.Patients were evaluated at 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 weeks withNail Psoriasis Severity Index (NAPSI) and modified NAPSI(mNAPSI) scores.At the end of 48 weeks of treatment, NAPSI improvementswere 53.8%, 57.3% and 40.4%, and mNAPSI improvementswere 48.6%, 59.6% and 40.4% in adalimumab, etanercept andinfliximab treatment groups, respectively (Table 1). Each treat-ment group was found effective in comparison with baselineand there was no statistically significant difference betweenthe groups in terms of effectiveness. No significant side-effectswhich require cutting off the treatment were observed duringthe study, except for toxic hepatitis in one patient in the ada-limumab treatment group. Upon discontinuation of therapy,laboratory findings of this patient returned back to normalspontaneously.Kyriakou et al.

Having emerged as a result of the combination of human sociability and the Internet, social media can create opportunities in different fields for enterprises. Social media is substantially used as customer communication and marketing based in the world of business administration. At this point, social media’s potential in the corporate level interaction of the enterprises with their investors and the alternatives of usage in terms of finance are overlooked. From this point forth, the financial performances of the enterprises with and without social media activities which operate in Istanbul Stock Exchange have been analyzed in this study. As a result of the study, it was determined that Market Value, Net Sales, Net profits and Free Float Rate of the enterprises with social media activities statistically differed from the enterprises without social media activities when compared to Market Value.

Küreselleşme kavramı geniş bir anlam içermesine rağmen ülke ekonomilerinin dışa açıklığı anlamında da kullanılabilir. Dünya ekonomisinde 1980 yıllarda başlayan serbestleşme süreci Sovyet Bloğuna dair son dönem siyasi gelişmeler ile de yakından ilgilidir. Dünya ticaretine entegrasyonu oldukça önemli olan yükselen ülkeler ve ekonomileri, ticaretin serbestleşmesi ve küresel sisteme entegrasyon açısından özel bir konumda sahiptiler. Küreselleşen dünya ekonomisinde, faklı yapıdaki ülkelerin dünya ekonomisine entegrasyonunda üstesinden gelmek zorunda oldukları sorunlardan birisi de ticari dışa açıklığın ekonomik büyüme üzerine olan etkilerinin tam olarak anlaşılabilmesidir. Bu bağlamda iki değişken arasındaki karşılıklı veya tek yönlü ilişki ülke ekonomilerinin sağlıklı bir şekilde anlaşılması açısından önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışma yükselen ekonomilerde ticari dışa açıklık ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi 18 yükselen ülke ekonomisine ait 1992-2015 dönem verileri ile incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla ticari dışa açıklık ve kişi başı gayri safi yurt içi hâsıla arasındaki ilişki çeşitli ekonometrik testler ile sınanmıştır. Çalışmada, serilerin durağanlığına dair 1. nesil panel birim kök testleri tercih edilmiştir. Diğer yandan seriler arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisinin anlaşılması için Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel nedensellik testi ve yatay kesit bağımlılığını da göz önünde bulunduran Emirmahmutoğlu-Köse ve Kónya panel nedensellik testleri tercih edilmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen birim kök test sonuçlarına göre, ticari dışa açıklık ile ekonomik büyüme değişkenleri birinci farkında durağan olmaktadır. Bu sonuçlar her iki değişkeninde ekonomik şoklardan etkilendiğini ancak çeşitli politik veya ekonomik araçlarla tekrar dengeye geldiğini göstermektedir. Diğer yandan nedensellik testlerine ilişkin sonuçlar arasında Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel nedensellik testi panelin genelinde kişi başı gayri safi hasıladan (Gdpp) ticari dışa açıklığa (Open) doğru nedenselliğin olduğunu göstermektedir. Buna ek olarak küreselleşme sürecinde ülkelerin bir birleri ile ekonomik etkileşimleri göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, Emirmahmutoğlu-Köse ve Kónya nedensellik testlerine ait bireysel nedensellik testi sonuçları Çin ve Romanya’da ticari dışa açıklıktan kişi başına gayri safi hasılaya doğru, Filipinlerde ise kişi başı gayri safi hasıladan ticari dışa açıklığa doğru nedenselliğin olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu sonuçlara göre özellikle Çin, Romanya ve Filipinler iki değişken arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisinde diğer ülkelere göre ön plana çıkmaktadır., Although the concept of globalization does not have a broad meaning, it can also be used to mean the trade openness of the country's economy. The liberalization process that started in the 1980s in the world economy is closely related to the recent political developments of the Soviet Bloc. Emerging countries, where integration of world trade is very important, have a special position in terms of trade liberalization and integration into the global system. One of the problems that the globalized world economy has to come from its superior in the integration of the countries in the different structure to the world economy is the full understanding of the effects of the trade openness on economic growth. In this context, the mutual or unidirectional linkage between the two variables is important for the understanding of the country's economy. This study aims to investigate the relationship between trade openness and economic growth in emerging economies with data from the 1992-2015 period of the emerging economies. For this aim, the linkage between trade openness and per capita gross domestic product has been tested with various econometric tests. In the study, first-generation panel unit root tests were chosen for the stability of the series. On the other hand, Emirmahmutoğlu-Köse and Kónya panel causality tests were chosen for the understanding of the causality relation between the series, taking into account the Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test and the cross-section dependency. According to the unit root test results show that the trade openness and the economic growth variables are at the first level. These events show that the series is affected by economic shocks however they are rebalancing through various political or economic instruments. On the other hand, among the results of causality tests, Dumitrescu-Hurlin shows that per capita GDP leads to trade openness throughout the panel causality test in panel common. In addition, given the economic interactions of some of the countries in the globalization process, the individual causality test results of the Emirmahmutoğlu-Köse and Kónya Panel Causality Tests show that in China and Romania there is a unidirectional causality between per capita GDP and trade openness. The results of the same test show that in the Philippines, the per capita GDP is the reason for the trade openness. According to these results, China, Romania, and the Philippines are at the lead of the causality linkage between the two variables in contrast with other countries.