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The research on the effect of ecological conditions and cultivars on the yield components of potatoes was conducted in Badovinci (Western Serbia) during the period 2008-2009. The following potato cultivars were included in the experiment: early ('Cleopatra', 'Anushka' and 'Presto'), medium early ('Kuroda', 'Omega' and 'Dita'), and medium late ('Desiree', 'Roko' and 'Jelly'). The four-replicate field trials were set up using the standard methodology according to the random block design. 18TThe research results suggest that genotype (G) and ecological conditions (E) significantly affect all yield components of potatoes. In both years, the highest yield was recorded18T in18T the medium late variety 'Desiree'18T 18T(18T28.30 t ha־¹), followed by the early variety 'Anushka' 18T(18T26.60 t ha־¹), 18Twhile the lowest18T 18Tyield18T was 18Trecorded18T 18Tin the medium early variety 'Omega' (18T13.35 t ha־¹). The 18Tresults obtained show that18T 18Tthe18T 18Thighest yields18T in Western Serbia were 18Trecorded in early varieties18T 18T('Cleopatra'18T, 'Anushka' 18Tand18T '18TPresto'18T) and 18Tmedium18T 18Tlate varieties18T 18T('18TDesiree'), which exhibited considerable18T resistance to high18T 18Tair temperatures18T and 18Tdrought stress18T. Komponente prinosa devet sorti krompira ispitivane su tokom 2008. i 2009. godine na lokaciji zapadne Srbije u selu Badovinci (75 m nadmorska visina, 44˚ 80' 05'N, 19˚ 35' 39'E). Za istraživanje korišćene su sledeće sorte krompira: rane (Cleopatra, Anushka i Presto), srednje rane (Kuroda, Omega i Dita) i srednje kasne (Desiree, Roko i Jelly). Sadnja je izvedena u prvoj dekadi aprila. Međuredno rastojanje bilo je 0,70 m a između biljaka u redu 0,30 m. Primenjena je standardna tehnologija gajenja krompira. Broj primarnih nadzemnih izdanaka određen je 65 dana posle sadnje krtola. Vađenje krompira izvršeno je početkom septembra kada je izvršeno i utvrđivanje broja krtola po biljci i ukupan prinos. 18TDobijeni rezultati ukazuju da su sorta (G) i agroekološki uslovi (E) značajno utiču na sve komponente prinosa krompira. U obe godine najveći ukupan prinos krtola zabeležen je kod srednje kasne sorte Desiree18T 18T(18T28,30 t ha־¹), zatim kod rane sorte Anushka 18T(18T26,60 t ha־¹), dok je najniži prinos krtola utvrđen kod srednje rane sorte 18TOmega (18T13,35 t ha־¹). Na osnovu rezultata dvogodišnjih istraživanja uticaja sorte i agroekoloških uslova na komponente prinosa u zapadnoj Srbiji, možemo izvesti sledeće zaključke: - Sorta i uslovi sredine pojedinačno i u interakciji značajno utiču na komponente prinosa18T; Za dobijanje visokih prinosa krtola u uslovima zapadne Srbije možemo preporučiti rane sorte (18TCleopatra, Anushka 18Ti18T P18Tresto18T), posebno u godinama sa malom količinom padavina, kao i srednje kasnu sortu 18T(18TDesiree), koja je pokazala dobru tolerantnost prema visokim temperaturama vazduha i suši.

Forage Sorghum is an annual herbaceous plant of the family grass. It is grown for feeding animals and people, and ranks among the millet grains. I disorders, sorghum is used as hay and to extract the starch, alcohol and glucose. Purpose of our paper is to determine which of the forage sorghum hybrids, among foreign selections, gives the best production results in the specific agroecological conditions on PSS Sremska Mitrovica experimental field and what are the possibilities of its use in our country. Five intraspecies hybrids (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor) and two intraspecies hybrids (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense) were analyzed in this paper. The difference in yield between the H7 hybrid that had the highest yield and H5 runner-hybrid was even 19 t ha-1, which indicates exceptionally high yield potential of H7 hybrid in biomass production. In specific agroecological conditions H7 hybrid gave the 96 t ha-1 of green fodder and 25.2 t ha-1 of dry matter. Po obimu proizvodnje sirak zauzima u svetu peto mesto među najvažnijim žitaricama, posle pšenice, pirinča, kukuruza i ječma. Značaj ove biljne vrste ogleda se u velikom broju mogućnosti njegove upotrebe, počev od ljudske ishrane, ishrane stoke, industijske prerade i proizvodnje energije. U našoj zemlji se malo gaji, površine se kreću u proseku oko 2.200 ha. Sirak će teško postati konkurencija kukuruzu iako su prinosi zelene krme veći nego kod kukuruza, mada nešto manjeg, ali sasvim zadovoljavajućeg kvaliteta. Prinosi zelene mase krmnog sirka kreću se od 40-50 t ha-1, u lošijim proizvodnim godinama, pa do 110-130 t ha-1 u navodnjavanju ili u povoljnim godinama. Cilj našeg rada bio je da ustanovimo koji od hibrida krmnog sirka, iz palete stranih selekcija, daje najbolje proizvodne rezultate u konkretnim agroekološkim uslovima na oglednom polju PSS 'Sremska Mitrovica' i koje su mogućnosti korišćenja njegovog gajenja kod nas. U ovom radu ispitivano je pet intraspecies hibrida (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor) i dva interspecies hibrida (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense). Tokom ispitivanja utvrđeni su: broj biljaka po hektaru, prosečna visina biljaka, prinos zelene krme i prinos suve materije za svaki od hibrida. Prinos suve materije po hektaru značajan je više sa aspekta proizvodnje biogasa, sa kojom stoji u pozitivnoj korelaciji. Prinos zelene krme bio je u korelaciji sa visinom biljaka i bio je veći kod intraspecies hibrida (H7, H5, H3 i H4), dok su najmanje prinose imali interspecies hibridi (H1 i H2). Razlika u prinosu između najprinosnijeg hibrida H7 i drugorangiranog H5 iznosi čak 19 t ha-1, što ukazuje na izuzetno visok potencijal rodnosti hibrida H7 u proizvodnji biomase. Kada je u pitanju visina biljaka, najviši i najrobusniji su hibridi čistog sirka, dok su H1 i H2 nešto niži, jer im je linija oca poreklom sudanska trava, pa su genetski predodređeni za manji porast u visinu. U konkretnim agroekološkim uslovima gajenja, hibrid H7 dao je 96 t ha-1 zelene krme, odnosno 25,2 t ha-1 suve materije.

Owing to its characteristics, alfalfa(Medicago sativaL.) is the most important forageplant inour country.The great importanceof alfalfais reflectedin the production ofhigh-qualityfodder and alfalfaseeds, whichare a valuableandcompetitivecommodity on domesticand foreign markets. In this study, the presence of plant pathogenic genera of fungi on the seeds of five different alfalfa cultivars was investigated (Kruševačka 28, NS-Mediana, Zaječarska 83, Banjalučanka i Osječka-66) from three different lots (sites) of each cultivar. The detectedphytopathogenic fungion the alfalfa seeds caused a decrease in the overall germination, butthe present research results indicate a satisfactoryhealth statusof all alfalfacultivars and seed lots Plava lucerka (Medicago sativa L.) je zbog svih svojih osobina najvažnija krmna biljka u našoj zemlji. Veliki značaj lucerke se ogleda u proizvodnji kvalitetne kabaste hrane, ali je i seme lucerke vredna i tražena roba na domaćem i inostranom tržištu. Areal gajenja lucerke je na svim kontinentima u više od 80 zemalja, od umereno hladnog do tropskog pojasa. Široka geografska rasprostranjenost lucerke uslovljena je njenom velikom adaptabilnošću na različite klimatske i zemljišne uslove.U ovom radu je ispitivano prisustvo fitopatogenih rodova gljiva na semenu pet različite sorata lucerke (Kruševačka 28, NS-Mediana, Zaječarska 83, Banjalučanka i Osječka-66) sa po tri različite partije (lokaliteta) od svake sorte. Kod ispitivanih sorti identifikovani su sledeći rodovi gljiva: Alternaria spp.,Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp. i Mucor spp. Prisustvo identifikovanih rodova gljiva bilo je u rasponu od 0 % do 15,5%. Rod Mucor spp. najmanju prosečnu vrednost imao je kod sorte lucerke K-28 (0,08%), dok je najveću prosečnu vrednost imao kod sorte Zaječarska 83 (8,67%), a takođe kod iste sorte konstatovano je najveće prisustvo od (15,5%) na lokalitetu Veliki Izvor. Najveće prosečno prisustvo roda Fusarium spp. zabeleženo je kod sorte Zaječarska 83 (0,25 %). Na proučavanim sortama lucerke ispitani su korelacioni odnosi između parametara kvaliteta semena i prisustva patogena na semenu različitih sorata i partija lucerke. Negativna korelaciona međuzavisnost zabeležena je između ukupne klijavosti i prisustva gljive iz roda Fusarium spp. (r= - 0,415 *). Detektovane fitopatogene gljive na semenu lucerke su uticale na smanjenje ukupne klijavosti, ali ipak rezultati ovih ispitivanja ukazuju na zadovoljavajuće zdravstveno stanje svih sorata i partija semena lucerke.

Common vetch (Vicia sativaL.) in Serbia has the highest economic importance of the species Vicia. It is mostly cultivated jointly with cereals (oats, wheat, and triticale). It is rarely grown in pure culture due to flattening. Producers have noticed that the market offer various sized seed. We decided to examine the connection between seed size with seed germination and vigor. The paper presents two years results (2012 and 2013), of two cultivars of vetch seed (Vicia sativa L), and the three seed lots of each. Seeds of each lot are divided into three fractions (C- small5 mm. The germination and vigor of seeds are tested from all fractions (A, B, C).Germinated seeds were done in hot bed between the filter paper at 20°C in the dark; energy of germination was checkedon the fifth day, and the germination of the fourteenth day, in accordance with the ISTA rules. Seed size had a significant impact both on the germination, and on the seedling vigor. The impact of the year, the party of seed and the varieties had no significant effect (P≤0.05). Between seed germination and seedling vigor was found high correlation (r).

Field experiments were carried out during two growing seasons with annual caraway, at three localities, in order to determine the effect of different environmental conditions on the quality of seed as reproductive material. During the experiment, it was found that the quality of caraway seed was significantly lower in the hotter and drier year in comparison to the year with moderate conditions. Unfavourable weather conditions caused premature ripening and consequently thousand seed weight was low and lower amounts of essential oils were stored in the seed. By applying the linear regressions method it was established that the total variability of both thousand seed weight and the amount of essential oil per seed were due to its association with harvest index. Because of better characteristics of seed during the moderate year, the germination energy and total germination were significantly higher, and reproductive material was of good quality. Poljski ogled izveden tokom dve godine sa jednogodišnjim kimom na tri lokaliteta imao je za cilj determinaciju uticaja različitih ekoloških uslova na kvalitet semenskog materijala ove biljke. Utvrđeno je da je kvalitet semena kima značajno lošiji u godini koja je bila sušna i praćena visokim temperaturama u poređenju sa godinom sa umerenim vrednostima klimatskih parametara. Nepovoljni vremenski uslovi uzrokovali su prevremeno zrenje i kao posledica toga došlo je do obrazovanja male mase hiljadu semena i akumulacije manje količine etarskog ulja u semenu. Primenom modela linearne regresije ustanovljeno je da su varijabilnost mase hiljadu semena i količina etarskog ulja u semenu u direktnoj vezi sa žetvenim indeksom. Zbog boljih karakteristika semena formiranog u uslovima umerene godine, energija klijanja i ukupna klijavost su značajno veće, što je dovelo do toga da reproduktivni materijal iz te godine ima bolji kvalitet.

In this paper are studied 15 cultivars of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) of different geographical origins. In the studied alfalfa cultivars were tested for correlations of some important traits in 2007. year. Morphological traits were studied: height of plants (cm), number of stems, number of internodes per stem, green mass yield per cutting and the total yield of green mass (g). In the first cut were recorded medium strong positive correlation between the height and yield of green mass (r = 0.76 *). Heritability properties of plant height was very high in the first year (2006, h = 80.52) in the first cut, while in the second year of investigation (2007, h = 56.96), in the second cut. Estimation of heritability properties for green mass yield varied according to age, the highest value was obtained in the first cut 2006. year (h = 72.75), indicating a high share of genotype, while the lowest value was obtained also in the first cut in the 2007. year (h = 29.55). Breeding material possesses desirable traits for breeding new cultivars and with the choice of an appropriate model of breeding possible selection activities cultivars for specific purposes.

A field study in central Srem (Serbia) evaluated during two seasons the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application (50, 100 and 150 kgha-1) and harvest time (from 70 to 110 days after the seeding) on fodder kale quality. Fodder kale was sown as a second crop in the conditions of irrigation. The goal of study was to evaluate the most important parameters of fodder kale quality (raw proteins and raw cellulose) depending on different nitrogen fertilization and harvest time. The average crude protein content increased (20.78-22,85 %) and the crude cellulose content decreased (15.12-13,96 %) as the nitrogen rates increased, directly due to the higher adoption of nitrogen and indirectly, by increasing the proportion of leaf dry matter in the total yield. The plants used in the first time of harvest had the highest leaf proportion and the highest protein content. Such trends changed in the last harvest time (by postponing the usage) when the crude cellulose content increased because of the leaf biomass reduction. The highest crude protein content (23.10 %) and the lowest crude cellulose content (13.63 %) in the fodder kale dry matter were obtained in the first harvest time (70 days after the seeding) using the highest nitrogen rate (150 kgha-1). U radu su izneti dvogodišnji rezultati ispitivanja uticaja različitih količina azota (50, 100 i 150 kgha -1) kroz tri roka korišćenja (od 70 do 110 dana nakon setve) na sadržaj sirovih proteina i sadržaj sirove celuloze u suvoj materiji stočnog kelja, gajenog kao postrni usev u centralnom Sremu, u uslovima navodnjavanja. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se ispita način reagovanja stočnog kelja na različite količine azota u različitim rokovima korišćenja, izraženog preko najvažnijih parametara kvaliteta. Parametri kvaliteta značajno su se menjali u zavisnosti od ispitivanih faktora. Prosečan sadržaj sirovih proteina je rastao (20,78 - 22,85%), a sadržaj sirove celuloze opadao (15,12 - 13,96%) primenom većih količina azotnog đubriva, zbog direktnog uticaja na veće usvajanje azota i indirektno povećanjem udela lisne mase u ukupnom prinosu. Biljke korišćene u prvom roku imale su najveći udeo lišća i najveći sadržaj proteina. Takva kretanja su izmenjena u poslednjim rokovima (odlaganjem korišćenja) kada dolazi do povećanja sadržaja sirove celuloze, zbog smanjenja udela lisne mase. Najveći sadržaj sirovih proteina (24,10%) i najmanji sadržaj sirove celuloze (13,63%) u suvoj materiji stočnog kelja, utvrđeni su u prvom roku korišćenja (70 dana od setve) na varijanti sa primenom najveće količine azota (150 Kgha-1).

Investigation of the influence seed tuber size and seed tuber pre-treatment on the total yield of early potato varieties Cleopatra conducted in Badovinci (western Serbia) during the 2007 and 2008 year. Examination were carried out by planting tuber weight 40 ± 5g, 60 ± 5 g i 80 ± 5 g. The research results indicate that the seed tuber size and pretreatment very significantly affected on all investigated characteristics potatoes. In both years the highest yield of tubers was established in the variant with the application of pretreatment and planting of the largest seed size fraction mass (80 g). Higher yields of potato tubers in moist conditions in western Serbia (Macva) of early varieties Cleopatra were achieved by planting larger mass of tubers (80 g) and removing the apical sprouts on tubers. Istraživanja uticaja krupnoće semenske krtole i predtretmana na ukupan prinos krompira rane sorte Cleopatra obavljena su u Badovincima (zapadna Srbija) tokom 2007. i 2008. godine. Ispitivanja su izvedena sadnjom krtola mase 40 ± 5 g, 60 ± 5 g i 80 ± 5 g. Krupnoća semenske krtole je važna osobina i merljiva komponenta kvaliteta, koja utiče na biološku sposobnost krtola, broj klica po krtoli, razvoj useva u polju i broj primarnih izdanaka (PNI) po biljci. Predtretman naklijavanja zauzima veoma značajno mesto u tehnologiji gajenja ranih sorti, ali i u proizvodnji kasnijih sorti. Naklijavanjem se doprinosi skraćenju vegetacionog perioda, bržem nicanju i porastu, obrazovanju većeg broja PNI po biljci, veće lisne površine i ukupne organske produkcije, većeg broja i krupnoće krtola, te visine i kvaliteta prinosa. Predtretman je podrazumevao uklanjanje vršne klice nakon klijanja krtola, čime se postiže formiranje većeg broja klica iz bočnih okaca. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju da su krupnoća semenske krtole i predtretman značajno uticali na sve ispitivane osobine krompira. Najveći prinos ustanovljen je na varijanti sa primenom predtretmana i sadnjom najkrupnije frakcija mase (80 g). Primena zalamanja apikalne klice direktno je uticala na razvoj većeg broja klica po krtoli, većeg broja PNI i većeg broja krtola po biljci i većeg ukupnog prinosa. Najjači uticaj zalamanja apikalne klice na ispitivane osobine utvrđen je kod najkrupnije semenske frakcije, odnosno da uticaj predtretmana slabi sa smanjenjem krupnoće semenske krtole. U uslovima semiaridne klime u zapadnoj Srbiji (Mačvi) za postizanje većih prinosa sorte Cleopatra preporučuje se zalamanje apikalne klice i sadnja krtola mase 80 g.

In this study the presence of seeds of various weed species in natural alfalfa seed of different cultivars from different localities. In all studied cultivars of alfalfa and in all localities was found 25 different weed species, of which 14 species were perennial weeds, while the other 11 were annual weed species. Since dangerous perennial weeds which proliferate by vegetative and generative identified by (Sorghum halepense and Cirsium arvense). The highest number of weed seeds had annual species Picris echioides L. cultivar K-22 at the site Ratari 446 seeds. Also a large number of seeds was determined and the perennial species Cichorium intybus L. in all the cultivars of alfalfa. The lowest number of seeds were found in the species Rumex sp. four seeds and only the cultivar NS-Mediana at the site Bačko Gradište I, as with species Conium maculatum seven seeds only in the cultivar K-28 at the site Banatsko Karađorđevo. Most weeds species present (nine) was found in alfalfa cultivars NS-Mediana at the site Bačko Gradište I, and while the lowest number of weeds species (two) was found in the cultivar Banjalučanka at the site Kozarska Dubica. U ovom radu ispitivana je zastupljenost semena različitih korovskih vrsta u naturalnom semenu različitih sorata lucerke sa različitih lokaliteta. Kod svih ispitivanih sorti lucerke i na svim lokalitetima identifikovano je 25 različitih vrsta korova, od toga 14 vrsta su bili višegodišnji korovi, dok su ostalih 11 bile jednogodišnje korovske vrste. Od opasnih višegodišnjih korova koji se razmnožavaju generativnim i vegetativnim putem identifikovani su (Sorghum halepense i Cirsium arvense). Najveći broj semena korova imala je jednogodišnja vrsta Picris echioides L. kod sorte K-22 na lokalitetu Ratari (446). Takođe veliki broj semena utvrđen je i kod višegodišnje vrste Cichorium intybus L. i to kod svih ispitivanih sorata lucerke. Najmanji broj semena utvrđen je kod vrste Rumex sp. (četiri semena) i to jedino kod sorte NS-Mediana na lokalitetu Bačko Gradište I, kao i kod vrste Conium maculatum (sedam semena) samo kod sorte K-28 na lokalitetu Banatsko Karađorđevo. Najviše prisutnih korovskih vrsta (devet) utvrđeno je kod sorte lucerke NS-Mediana na lokalitetu Bačko Gradište I, dok je najmanji broj korovskih vrsta (dve) konstatovan kod sorte Banjalučanka na lokalitetu Kozarska Dubica.

Examination is seed quality of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and red fescue (Festuca rubra) during the five years 2010 - 2014. The average established seed purity was over 98.40%, with varying by year from 96.7% to 99.2%. The greatest part of the impurities was inert matter, which are varied over the years in the range from 0.0% to 2.30%. Presence of weed seeds by year varied in the range from 0.0% to 0.50%. In the seeds of the tested grasses dominate the weeds from the family Asteraceae, Caryophillaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Polygonaceae. The most common weeds in the investigated grasses were Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album. Participation of other species by year ranged from 0.0% to 1.8%. Seed germination varied from 75 to 88%, the average was 83%. The number of abnormal seedlings was 4%, while the average number of ungerminated seeds was 13%. Ispitivanjem semena engleskog ljulja (Lolium perenne), italijanskog ljulja (Lolium multi­florum) i crvenog vijuka (Festuca rubra) u toku pet godina (2010 - 2014. godina) utvrđene su vrlo visoke vrednosti svih značajnih pokazatelja kvaliteta semena. Prosečna utvrđena čistoća semena bila je preko 98,40%, sa variranjem po godinama od 96,7 % do 99,2 %. Pri tome najveći deo primesa činile su inertne materije, koje su varirale po godinama u intervalu od 0,0 % do 2,30 %. Prisustvo semena korova po godinama je variralo u intervalu od 0,0 % do 0,50 %. U semenu ispitivanih trava dominiraju korovi iz familija Asteraceae, Caryophillaceae, Chenopodiaceae i Polygonaceae. Najzastupljeniji korovi u ispitivanim travama su Amaranthus retroflexus (obični štir) i Chenopodium album (obična pepeljuga). Učešće drugih vrsta po godinama kretalo se u intervalu od 0,0 % do 1,8 %. Klijavost semena varirala je od 75 do 88%, prosečno je iznosila 83%. Broj nenormalnih klijanaca bio je 4%, dok je prosečan broj neklijalog semena bio 13%.

This paper presents the germination three cultivars of alfalfa using different concentrations of PEG-6000 (Polyethylene glycol) and control. The aim of this study was to determine the tolerance of alfalfa under drought stress effects and the choice of optimal testing methods. Seed germination and establish the presence of hard seed alfalfa was done by the standard method without pretreatment and with pretreatment. Readout germination of alfalfa seeds was done after ten days, according to the Rules for testing seed quality of agricultural products. The concentration of PEG of 0.4 MPa has proven to be optimal for assessing the seed germination of alfalfa. The alfalfa cultivars have behaved differently towards different concentrations on PEG, indicating the possibility of correct selection of alfalfa cultivars for autumn sowing period (September) after seed harvest in August. Lucerka je najvažnija višegodišnja i višeotkosna krmna biljka, koja daje visoke prinose i odličan kvalitet krme u različitim ekološkim uslovima. Gajena u kombinovanoj proizvodnji (seme/krma) tokom višegodišnjeg korišćenja veoma je varijabilna prema visini prinosa semena (CV = 29,4% do 47,5%) dok je prema visini prinosa krme sa nižom varijabilnšću (CV=17,1% do 25,7%), i najmanjom varijabilnošću za kvalitet semena (klijavost CV=5,4% do 6,4%). U radu je prikazana klijavost tri sorte lucerke primenom različitih koncentracija PEG-6000 (Polyethylene glycol) i kontrole. Cilj ovog rada je utvrđivanje tolerantnosti lucerke prema efektu stresa na sušu i izbor najoptimalnije metode ispitivanja. Ispitivanje klijavosti i utvrđivanje prisustva tvrdih semena lucerke rađeno je standardnom metodom bez predtretmana i sa predtretmanom. Očitavanje klijavosti semena lucerke urađeno je nakon deset dana, prema pravilniku za ispitivanje kvaliteta semena poljoprivrednog bilja. Koncentracija PEG-a od 0,4 Mpa pokazala se optimalnom za ocenu klijavosti semena lucerke. Sorte lucerke su se različito ponašale prema različitim koncentracijama na PEG, što ukazuje na mogućnost pravilnog izbora sorti lucerke za jesenji setveni rok (septembar) nakon žetve semena u avgustu mesecu. Sorte lucerketolerantnije na PEG u jesenjem setvenom roku, kada je i najčešće uspešnije za zasnivanje lucerišta. Ove sorte bi bile pogodne i za prema stresu na sušu.

In the present study, the grain yield of maize hybrids from different maturity groups at different crop density. Research were carried out 2012 on the site of Sremska Mitrovica. Observed hybrids are characterized by a high genetic potential for yield and belong to different groups (FAO 400, 500 and 600). The difference in yields between maturity groups were statistically significant. The highest average yield was produced by FAO 500. The highest yields were obtained using FAO 600 and NS FAO 500 (6120 kg ha-1, 6030 kg ha-1) at medium density crop of 64 935 plants per hectare. Effect of plant density, unfavorable weather conditions in the year, was such that the average yield of maize increased to medium densities, after which there was a decrease in yield. U radu je proučavan prinos zrna kukuruza kod NS hibrida različitih grupa zrenja pri različitim gustinama useva. Ispitivanja su vršena 2012. godine, na lokalitetu Sremska Mitrovica. Posmatrani hibridi kukuruza odlikuju se visokim genetskim potencijalom rodnosti i pripadaju različitim grupama zrenja (FAO 400, 500 i 600). Razlike u prinosima između grupa zrenja bile su statistički značajne. Najveći prosečan prinos zrna ostvario je hibrid FAO 500. Najveći prinosi ostvareni su sa hibridima FAO 600 i FAO 500 (6120 kgha-1, 6030 kgha-1) pri srednjoj gustini od 64 935 biljaka po hektaru. Efekat gustine useva, u klimatski nepovoljnoj godini, bio je takav da su prosečni prinosi zrna hibrida kukuruza rasli do srednje ispitivane gustine, nakon čega je došlo do smanjenja prinosa.

The paper presents the results of two years of research conducted in eastern Serbia (2007-2008). Tests were conducted with domestic varieties K-14, which was developed at the Institute for Forage Crops, Krusevac. At two different densities B1 (the inter-row distance of 12.5 cm and 15 kg ha-1 seed) and B2 (25 cm row spacing and 7.5 kg ha-1 seed) following components of yield were observed: plant height (cm), number of generative stems, inflorescence length (cm), number of branches in umbel; seed yield (kg ha-1) The following parameters of seed quality were: 1000 seed weight (g), germination energy (%), germination of seeds (%). Interdependence of the traits was determined by simple correlation coefficients (r). The highest seed yield was recorded in density B2. Variability of seed yield was high (CV = 49.9%), because influence of year and plant density. Seed yield achieved the strongest positive correlation (p ≤ 0.01), with generative stems (r=0.994). Also strong dependence was found between plant height and number of generative stems (r=0.977). Rad prikazuje rezultate dvogodišnjih ispitivanja sprovedenih u istočnoj Srbiji (2007­ 2008). Ispitivanja su izvedena sa domaćom sortom K-14, koja je stvorena u Institutu za krmno bilje, Kruševac. Na dve različite gustine: B1 (setva na međuredno rastojanje 12,5 cm i sa 15 kg ha-1 semena) i B2 (25 cm međuredno rastojanje i 7,5 kg ha-1 semena) praćene su sledeće komponente prinosa: visina stabljike (cm), broj generativnih stabljika, dužina cvasti (cm), broj grana u cvasti, prinos semena (kg ha-1). Praćeni su sledeći parametri kvaliteta semena: masa 1000 semena (g), energija klijanja (%), ukupna klijavost semena (%). Međuzavisnost ispitivanih osobina utvrđena je prostim koeficijentima korelacije (r). Veći prinos semena ostvaren je sa gustinom B2. Varijabilnost prinosa pod uticajem godine i gustine, bila je visoka (CV =49,9%). Prinos semena ostvario je najjaču pozitivu korelativnu međuzavisnost (p≤0,05) sa generativnim stabljikama (r=0,994). Takođe jaka zavisnost utvrđena je između visine stabljika i broja generativnih stabljika (r=0,977).

The aim of this study was to determine the effect presence populations of yellow potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis (Wollen, 1923; Behrens, 1975) on the yield 15 different varieties of potatoes, during 2008. Investigations were carried out in the locality Planina mountain Jagodnja, near Krupanj, West Serbia. The susceptible potato varieties on y-PCN pathotype Ro1: Desiree, Cleopatra, Riviera, Romano and Virgo, which was exhibited a high degree sensitivity to y-PCN pathotype Ro1 in the locality Planina. Potato cultivars: Agria, Arnova, Kuroda, Rocco, Amorosa, Sante, Tomensa, Jelly, Navigation and Eldena, which are declared as resistant on Ro 1 y-PCN, has been resistant-on root system we not found female and cysts of y-PCN, and in soil male of y-PCN. The lowest yield was observed for suscep­tible varieties Romano (15.2 t ha-1) and Cleopatra (16.7 t ha-1), and the highest yield for resistant varieties Naviga (44.8 t ha-1) and Eldena (33.3 t ha-1). Obtained results indicate the practical importance of growing resistant varieties in the infected areas of Mačva District in order to achieve higher yields of potatoes and eradicate the quarantine nematode G. rostochiensis. Tokom 2008. godine ispitivan je uticaj prisustva populacije žute krompirove cistolike nematode Globodera rostochiensis (ž-KCN) patotip Ro1 na prinos 15 različitih sorti krompira. Istraživanja su izvedena na lokalitetu Planina na Jagodnji kod Krupnja u zapadnoj Srbiji. U istraživanjima korišćene su sledeće osetljive sorte krompira prema ž-KCN Ro1: Desiree, Cleopatra, Riviera, Romano i Virgo, koje su ispoljile visok stepen neotpornosti (osetljivosti) prema Ro1 ž-KCN u ispitivanom likalitetu. Sorte deklarisane kao otporne prema Ro1 ž-KCN ispoljile su visok stepen otpornosti prema ovom patotipu ž-KCN u lokalitetu Planina (Agria, Arnova, Kuroda, Roko, Amorosa, Sante, Tomensa, Jelly, Naviga i Eldena). Najmanji prinos utvrđen je kod osetljivih sorti Romano (15,2 t ha-¹) i kod sorte Cleopatra 16,7 t ha-¹, dok je najveći prinos krtola krompira ustanovljen kod otpornih sorti Naviga 44,8 t ha-¹ i Eldena 33,3 t ha-¹. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na praktični značaj gajenja otpornih sorti na zaraženom području u Mačvanskom okrugu u cilju postizanja većih prinosa krompira i iskorenjavanja karantinske nematode G. rostochiensis.

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the origin of planting material and size of seed tubers, on the productive properties of most commonly grown potato cultivars Cleopatra, Jaerla, Desiree and Kennebec in Western Serbia (Macva). Potato seed-producing crop, from which the planting material came from, was grown during 2007 at two sites with different altitude: a plain region 72 m a.s.l. and a mountainous region 1100 m a.s.l. Evaluating the presence of the two most widespread potato virus (PYV) and (PLRV in our conditions was performed by ELISA test. The investigation was carried out by planting the following mass of planted material: 50 ± 5g, 70 ± 5g, 90 ± 5g and 110 ± 5g in 2008 year. Planted tubers originating from 72 m a.s.l. produced a total yield of 29.10 t ha1- .The difference was higher than the variant with planted tubers originating from 1100 m a.s.l. by 1.30 t ha1- (4.50 %). The highest total yield of 30.80 t ha1- was achieved by planting the largest mass (110 g) and the lowest 25.50 t ha1- by planting the smallest mass (50 g) of the tuber. Cilj rada je bio da se utvrdi uticaj porekla sadnog materijala i veličine semenske krtole na produktivne osobine četiri najčešće gajene sorte krompira Cleopatra, Jaerla, Desiree i Kennebec u uslovima Zapadne Srbije (Mačve). Proizvodnja sadnog materijala krompira izvedena je 2007. godine u dva lokaliteta različite nadmorske visine (nv): ravničarskom 72 m i planinskom regionu 1100 m (nv). Ocena prisustva dva i najraširenija virusa krompira u našim uslovima (PYV) i (PLRV) izvršeno je ELISA testom. Istraživanja su izvedena sadnjom semenskih krtola prosečne mase 50 ± 5g, 70 ± 5g, 90 ± 5g i 110 ± 5g tokom 2008. godine. Sađenjem krtola poreklom sa 72 m nv. u proseku ostvaren je ukupan prinos od 29,10 t ha1-. Razlika je veća od varijanti gde su sađene krtole poreklom sa 1100 m nv. za 1,30 t ha1-, ili za 4,50 %. Najveći ukupan prinos krtola od 30,80 t ha1- dobijen je sadnjom najkrupnije frakcije prosečne mase 110 g, a najmanji 25,50 t ha 1- sadnjom najsitnije frakcije prosečne mase 50 g.

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the origin of planting material and size of seed tubers, on the productive properties of most commonly grown potato cultivars Cleopatra, Jaerla, Desiree and Kennebec in Western Serbia (Macva). Potato seed-producing crop, from which the planting material came from, was grown during 2007 at two sites with different altitude: a plain region 72 m a.s.l. and a mountainous region 1100 m a.s.l. Evaluating the presence of the two most widespread potato virus (PYV) and (PLRV in our conditions was performed by ELISA test. The investigation was carried out by planting the following mass of planted material: 50 ± 5g, 70 ± 5g, 90 ± 5g and 110 ± 5g in 2008 year. Planted tubers originating from 72 m a.s.l. produced a total yield of 29.10 t ha1- .The difference was higher than the variant with planted tubers originating from 1100 m a.s.l. by 1.30 t ha1- (4.50 %). The highest total yield of 30.80 t ha1- was achieved by planting the largest mass (110 g) and the lowest 25.50 t ha1- by planting the smallest mass (50 g) of the tuber. Cilj rada je bio da se utvrdi uticaj porekla sadnog materijala i veličine semenske krtole na produktivne osobine četiri najčešće gajene sorte krompira Cleopatra, Jaerla, Desiree i Kennebec u uslovima Zapadne Srbije (Mačve). Proizvodnja sadnog materijala krompira izvedena je 2007. godine u dva lokaliteta različite nadmorske visine (nv): ravničarskom 72 m i planinskom regionu 1100 m (nv). Ocena prisustva dva i najraširenija virusa krompira u našim uslovima (PYV) i (PLRV) izvršeno je ELISA testom. Istraživanja su izvedena sadnjom semenskih krtola prosečne mase 50 ± 5g, 70 ± 5g, 90 ± 5g i 110 ± 5g tokom 2008. godine. Sađenjem krtola poreklom sa 72 m nv. u proseku ostvaren je ukupan prinos od 29,10 t ha1-. Razlika je veća od varijanti gde su sađene krtole poreklom sa 1100 m nv. za 1,30 t ha1-, ili za 4,50 %. Najveći ukupan prinos krtola od 30,80 t ha1- dobijen je sadnjom najkrupnije frakcije prosečne mase 110 g, a najmanji 25,50 t ha 1- sadnjom najsitnije frakcije prosečne mase 50 g.

Morphological and cultural characteristics of Monilinia laxa isolates were studied on PDA and MEA media. The appearance of colonies (color, texture, rosettes, rosettes with black arcs), as well as conidial sze were identified. Growth of mycelium was monitored on both media, while sporulation was followed on PDA medium. Isolates formed aeriform (puffy) mycelium, with significant variations in color on different mediums, but variations in color are present within isolates grown on same medium. On MEA medium isolates are somewhat brighter then isolates grown on PDA medium. All isolates are more or less rosette, but not all of them form black arcs. Conidial size is also characteristic that is variable compared to isolates and medium. Mycelial growth is slightly lower on MEA medium. Morfološke i odgajivačke karakteristike izolata Monilia laxa proučene su na KDA i MEA hranljivoj podlozi. Determinisani su izgled kolonija (boja, tekstura, rozetavost, formiranje koncentričnih prstenova), kao i dimenzije konidija. Od odgajivačkih karakteristika proučen je porast micelije i sporulacija. Porast micelije je praćen na obe hranljive podloge, a sporulacija samo na podlozi KDA. Svi izolati formiraju vazdušastu miceliju, sa značajnim variranjem u boji na različitim podlogama, ali je variranje u boji prisutno i između izolata gajenih na istoj podlozi. Na MEA podlozi izolati su nešto svetliji u odnosu na izolate sa KDA podloge. Svi izolati su više ili manje intenzivno rozetavi, ali ne formiraju svi prstenove. Veličina konidija je takođe karakteristika koja varira u odnosu na izolat i podlogu. Porast micelije je nešto manji na MEA podlozi.

Investigation of the effect Alternaria alternata on seed germination of wheat were tested on three varieties of Victory, Renaissance and NS 40 S. Seed germination is the ISTA rules, in order to elucidate the effect of primary and secondary infection pathogen A.alternata on seed natural and conditioned seeds were placed tests with seeds untreated, treated with NaOCl and fungicide Tycoon included. The high rate of seed germination was found in all three experiments. The correlation coefficient between secondary infection of seedlings with A.alternata and germination of wheat was -0.69 to -0.76, depending on the variety, indicating that the rate of infection has no significant effect on seed germination. Ispitivanje uticaja gljive Alternaria alternata na klijavost semena pšenice testirano je na tri sorte Pobeda, Renesansa i NS 40 S. Prema ISTA pravilima, a u cilju utvrđivanja uticaja primarne i sekundarne infekcije patogena A.alternata na klijavost naturalnog i dorađenog semenskog materijala, postavljeni su testovi sa semenom bez tretiranja, tretirano sa NaOCl i fungicidom Tycoon-om. Visoka stopa klijavosti semena je utvrđena u sva tri eksperimenta. Koeficijent korelacije između sekundarne zaraze klijanaca sa A.alternata i klijavosti semena pšenice iznosio je -0.69 do -0.76 u zavisnosti od sorte, ukazujući da infekcija nema značajan uticaj na klijavost semena.

Wheat germination could be affected by different factors, including location. Start growth of seedlings present the energy transformations and the seed substance conversion. The aim of the experiment was to examine differences in germination and growth of wheat seedlings, originating from five fields with similar characteristics, with application of thermodynamic parameters of free energy and entropy. Variations in energy and total germination of wheat seed was under 10%. After eight days of germination testing, the relation between root and shoot at level of fresh and dry matter was 1:1, while only at seedlings from one field it was 1:2 in fresh and 1.5:1 in dry matter. The present differences could be the consequence of the different energy using in seedling. Hydrolysis intensification based on spontaneous reactions and increased order in four days old seedlings could result in increased germination. On the other hand, variations in energetic potential, order degree and hydrolysis of seed substance may not take off biosynthetic reactions in root and shoot. Present data towards that variation in growth of seedlings originating from seeds from different fields could be mainly connected to variations in energy potential inputted by water, but not by synthesized substance. Minimal differences between the individual fields could affect quality of the produced seed material, what was particularly underlined by application of thermodynamic parameters as quality indicators. Brojni faktori utiču na klijavost semena pšenice, među koje spada i lokacija. Početni rast klijanaca predstavlja rezultat energetskih transformacija i konverzije semene supstance. Cilj ogleda je bio da se ispitaju razlike u klijavosti i razvoju klijanaca pšenice poreklom iz semena dobijenog sa pet različitih parcela (koje imaju slične osobine), uz primenu termodinamičkih parametara slobodne energije i entropije. Variranje u energiji klijanja i ukupnoj klijavosti semena pšenice nije bilo veće od 10%. Nakon osam dana od početka testiranja klijavosti kod većine klijanaca je odnos između korena i izdanka na nivou sveže i suve materije bio 1:1, dok je jedino kod klijanaca poreklom iz semena samo sa jedne parcele ovaj odnos na nivou sveže materije bio skoro 1:2, a na nivou suve materije 1,5:1. Navedene razlike mogu biti posledica različitog iskorišćenja energije od strane samog klijanca. Intenziviranje hidrolize, na bazi spontanih reakcija, kao i povećane uređenosti kod klijanaca starih četiri dana bi moglo da rezultira nešto većom ukupnom klijavošću. Sa druge strane, variranja u energetskom potencijalu, stepenu uređenosti sistema i hidrolizi semene supstance ne moraju da se odraze i na biosintetske reakcije u korenu i izdanku. Navedeni podaci upućuju da su variranja u rastu klijanaca poreklom iz semena sa različitih parcela uglavnom vezana za variranja energetskog potencijala koji je unet sa vodom, a ne i sintetisane supstance klijanaca. Minimalne razlike između pojedinačnih parcela mogu uticati na kvalitet proizvedenog semenskog materijala, što je posebno naglašeno primenom termodinamičkih parametra, kao pokazatelja kvaliteta.

Seed vigour of four soybean genotypes was studied by a standard and the Cold test method on three soil types. A low temperature and worse substrates caused the reduction of germination, length of the hypocotyls, seedling primary roots and the emergence rate. Seed germination on sand under Cold test conditions was lower by 7-22% in addition to optimum conditions, depending on a genotype. Germination values were lower when the soil was used as a substrate (alongside of sand). The emergence rate was more affected by a substrate (sand and soil) than by temperatures. The initial growth intensity (determined over lengths of roots and hypocotyls) was significantly decreased under unfavourable temperature and the soil conditions. The chernozem was the most favourable, while the pseudogley was the most unfavourable type of soil. Seed vigour testing under optimum conditions provides the information on maximum possible germination and initial growth. Because of that, it is necessary to apply testing methods like field conditions, to get more reliable prognosis about the initial plants growth and development. Ispitivana je životna sposobnost semena četiri genotipa soje, standardnom i Cold test metodom na tri tipa zemljišta. Niska temperatura i nepovoljniji substrat su uticali na smanjenje nicanja, dužine hipokotila i primarnog korena i brzinu nicanja. U zavisnosti od genotipa, nicanje u pesku u uslovima Cold testa bilo je niže za 7-22% u odnosu na optimalne uslove. Nicanje je bilo slabije kada je kao substrat korišćeno zemljište (u odnosu na pesak). Na brzinu nicanja je više uticao substrat nego temperatura. Intenzitet početnog rasta (određen preko dužine korena i hiopkotila) se značajno smanjio u nepovoljnim uslovima temperature i zemljišta. Černozem je bio najpovoljniji a pseudoglej najnepovoljniji tip zemljišta. Testiranje životne sposobnosti semena u optimalnim uslovima daje informacije o maksimalno mogućoj klijavosti i početnog rasta. Zbog toga je neophodno primeniti metode testiranja približne poljskim uslovim, da bi prognoza o početnom rastu i razviću biljaka bila pouzdanija.

A dynamics of seed mass defect and a previous process of the water input during germination was determined by a trial with five soybean cultivars and four sunflower hybrids, following the ISTA Rules. It was noticed that leaching, which led to the mass defect (smDef), was permanent during 8 and 10 days of soybean and sunflower germination, respectively. The two confronted processes, the liquid input and the solid output, could be operable at the level of a thermodynamic parameter of Gibbs free energy (G), i.e. net supplemental free energy (netGspl). Hence, this type of free energy - net supplement, differentiates in two examined plant species (between the first and the last day of germination): soybean in a range from -53.23 to -69.82 J mol-1 seedling-1 and sunflower from -46.35 to -91.94 J mol-1 seedling-1. Furthermore, the daily change of net supplemental energy underlined the three points ingenotypes of both species: after the first, before the last day of germination and in the maximum (-67.50 and -75.25 J mol-1 seedling-1 in soybean, then, -94.97 and -103.79 J mol-1 seedling-1 in sunflower) between the 4th and the 7th day of germination depending on a genotype. U ovom radu izneta su kvantitativna određivanja dinamike gubitka mase semena tokom klijanja kod pet sorti soje i četiri hibrida suncokreta po ISTA pravilima. Kako je metoda određivanja masenog defekta semena davala i dinamiku usvajanja vode, ta dva podatka prevedena u Gibsovu slobodnu energiju omogućila su operaciju sa dva suprotstavljena procesa: usvajanja tečne i ispuštanja čvrste supstance, koje su oduzimanjem dale neto energiju unetu u sistem seme-klijanac. Pokazalo se da neto, dopunska slobodna energija u opsegu od -53.23 do -69.82 J mol-1 klijanac-1 za soju (od prvog do osmog dana) i od -46.35 do -91.94 J mol-1 klijanac-1 za suncokret (od prvog do desetog dana), daje razliku između dve ispitivane vrste. Dalje, dnevna promena neto, dodatne energije razdvaja genotipove kod obe biljne vrste u tri tačke: posle prvog dana, pre zadnjeg dana i maksimum (-67.50 i -75.25 J mol-1 klijanac-1 za soju, a -94.97 i -103.79 J mol-1 klijanac-1 za suncokret), između četvrtog i sedmog dana, što zavisi od genotipa.

In recent times the large-scale participation of maize in processing has increased. Considering the directions of nutritive and technological studies in the following period, significant changes' in its consumption are expected. The achievements in breeding provide, via specific-purpose growing of hybrids of special and unique grain traits, the expansion of the range of highly valuable food and ecologically safe products. Recognizing obtained results as well as perspectives of the research development, the aim of the present study was to analyze the chemical composition and quality of seeds of ZP maize hybrids with specific properties. The comparative survey of chemical composition and seed quality of three different maize hybrids with specific properties (ZP 74b, ZP 611k and ZP 633) and a hybrid of a standard chemical grain composition (ZP 434) is presented in this paper. U novije vreme naročito u svetskim razmerama zapaža se sve veće učešće kukuruza u preradi. S obzirom na pravce nutritivnih i tehnoloških istraživanja u narednom periodu očekuju se značajnije promene u njegovoj potrošnji. Dostignuća u oplemenjivanju omogućavaju da se namenskim gajenjem hibrida posebnih i jedinstvenih karakteristika zrna značajno proširi asortiman visokovredne hrane i ekološki bezbednih proizvoda. Sagledavajući do sada ostvarene rezultate kao i perspektiva razvoja istraživačkog rada na unapređenju proizvodnje i korišćenja kukuruza za cilj ovog rada je postavljeno da se ispita hemijski sastav i kvalitet semena ZP hibrida specifičnih svojstava. U radu je dat uporedni prikaz hemijskog sastava i kvaliteta semena tri različita hibrida specifičnih svojstava (ZP 74b, ZP 611 k i ZP 633) ijednog hibrida standardnog hemijskog sastava zrna (ZP 434).