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Tehničko rešenje „Postupak formulacije biocida-rodenticida, namenjenim za primenu u uslovima povišene relativne vlažnosti i temperature“ predstavlja nov tehničko-tehnološki postupak čijom se primenom u procesu proizvodnje rodenticidnih mamaka, biocida, omogućava formulisanje mamaka sa višestruko poboljšanom upotrebnom vrednošću u odnosu na do sada prisutne mamke, odnosno omogućena je proizvodnja mamaka kojima se efikasno sprovode mere suzbijanje jedinki sivog pacova na staništima koja se karakterišu povišenom temperaturom i relativnom vlažnošću. Nov postupak formulisanja rodenticida-biocida obuhvata smernice, odnosno informacije neophodne za proces formulacije rodenticida-biocida, a koji se odnose na kombinaciju komponenti biocidnog preparata, veličinu osnove nosača aktivne supstance rodenticida, vrstu i količinu konzervansa kao i postupak homogenizacije osnovnih komponenti rodenticidnih preparata. Krajnji proizvod ovog postupka jeste rodenticid-biocid, mamci koji u dužem vremenskom periodu zadržavaju upotrebnu vrednost i kojima se unapređuje program suzbija sivog pacova na staništima koja se karakterišu povišenom temperaturom ili relativnom vlažnošću. Primenom poboljšanog programa suzbijanja sivog pacova, ostvaruje se značajan doprinos u ukupnom unapređenju bezbednosti hrane, povećanju konkurentnosti i tehničko-tehnoloških procesa rada svih činilaca agro-industrije, kao i unapređenju zaštite javnog zdravlja stanovništva.

Implementation of plant extracts that are rich in phytochemicals and have the allelopathic potential for weed management could help reduce the use of chemical herbicides. The present study investigated the herbicidal potential of walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaf extract (WLE) against two weeds, Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Chenopodium album L., by testing in vitro their seed germination and seedling growth, and then evaluated in vivo the oxidative stress of potted plants. The effects of the walnut leaf extract were also tested on maize (Zea mays L.) to eliminate possible negative impacts on a cultivated plant. Total phenolic acids and total flavonoid content in the extract were determined in prior bioassays, followed by separation and analysis of flavonoids and phenolic acids by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Phytochemical analysis revealed that the obtained extract was notably rich in phenolic compounds, while HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of (+)-catechin, luteolin, myricetin, rutin, (-)-epicatechin, genistin, protocatechuic acid, and caffeic acid as major extract components. The results obtained in bioassays revealed a significant negative impact of the walnut leaf extract on germination and seedling growth of the tested weeds, as well as significant oxidative stress in weeds grown in pots. Although it affected the maize seedling growth in vitro similar to the tested weeds, maize germination was less sensitive to treatment, and the extract did not have a significant negative impact in terms of oxidative stress in maize plants grown in pots. The findings show that walnut leaf extract may have a promising role in replacing chemical herbicides in maize.

Secondary plant metabolites with allelopathic activity or phytotoxicity could be biotechnologically important, serving as a source of allelochemicals, and thus contributing to the agro-industrial sector. The objective of this study was to use the obtained common walnut (Juglans regia L.) and bitter dock (Rumex obtusifolius L.) leaves extracts rich in phenolic compounds, i.e. with high antioxidant potential, and to identify their phytotoxicity to Setaria glauca (L.) P. Beauv. and Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. weed seedlings grown in vitro. The obtained plant extracts had remarkably high affinity for scavenging free radicals, having DPPH IC 50 values of 0. 127 mg/ml for common walnut leaf extract and 0.194 mg/ml for bitter dock leaf extract. Ferric reducing antioxidant power of the extracts was also high, FRAP value of the common walnut leaf extract was 384.4 ± 8. 1 mmol Fe 2+ /g dry mass, and of the bitter dock leaf extract 321.6 ± 2.5 mmol Fe 2+ /g dry mass. At the highest used concentration, common walnut leaf extract reduced germination of S. glauca by 67.3%, while bitter dock leaf extract reduced germination of that weed by 54.5%. Shoot length of S. glauca was inhibited 80.7% when subjected to common walnut leaf extract, and 78.2% under the influence of bitter dock leaf extract, and its root length was inhibited 96.4% and 93. 1% respectively. Germination of S. halepense was inhibited 100% under the influence of the obtained common walnut leaf extract at its highest test concentration, and 79.2% when subjected to bitter dock leaf extract at the same concentration. Shoot length of this weed was reduced 100% after treatment with common walnut leaf extract, and 93.7% when subjected to bitter dock leaf extract. Root length was reduced 100% and 99.3%, respectively. Overall, the extracts demonstrated pronounced antioxidant activity and remarkable allelopathic potential., Alelopatski potencijal i fitotoksičnost sekundarnih metabolita biljaka značajni su sa aspekta biotehnologije imajući u vidu da ove fitohemikalije u svojstvu alelohemikalija mogu značajno da doprinesu razvoju agroindustrijskog sektora. Cilj rada bio je da se dobiju ekstrakti lista oraha (Juglans regia L.) i štavelja (Rumex obtusifolius L.) bogati fenolnim jedinjenjima odnosno sa visokim antioksidativnim potencijalom i da se ispita njihova fitotoksičnost prema korovskim vrstama Setaria glauca i Sorghum halepense kroz inhibiciju klijanja i rasta klijanaca. Dobijeni biljni ekstrakti pokazali su izražen potencijal u neutralisanju DPPH radikala, sa IC 50 vrednostima od 0,127 mg/ml za ekstrakt lista oraha i 0,194 mg/ml za ekstrakt lista štavelja. Redukciona sposobnost jona metala dobijenih biljnih ekstrakata takođe je bila veoma visoka, FRAP vrednost za ekstrakt lista oraha iznosila je 384,4 ± 8.1 mmol Fe 2+ /g suvog ekstrakta, dok je za ekstrakt lista štavelje iznosila 321,6 ± 2.5 mmol Fe 2+ /g suvog ekstrakta. Pri najvećoj korištenoj koncentraciji ekstrakt lista oraha inhibirao je klijanje semena S. glauca za 67,3%, dok je ekstrakt lista štavelja inhibirao klijanje ovog korova za 54,5%. Porast stabaoceta S. glauca inhibiran je 80,7% nakon tretmana ekstraktom lista oraha, a 78,2% pod uticajem ekstrakta lista štavelja, dok je porast korenka inhibiran 96,4%, odnosno 93,1%. Klijanje semena S. halepense potpuno je inhibirano (100%) pod uticajem ekstrakta lista oraha, dok je ekstrakt lista štavelja pri najvećoj korišćenoj koncentraciji prouzrokovao 79,2% inhibicije. Porast stabaoceta ovog korova potpuno je redukovan (100%) nakon tretmana ekstraktom lista oraha, a ekstrakt lista štavelja prouzrokovao je 93,7% inhibicije ovog parametra. Porast korenka inhibiran je 100% odnosno 99.3% nakon tretmana ovim ekstraktima. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na postojanje značajne antioksidativne aktivnosti i izraženog alelopatskog potencijala dobijenih ekstrakata lista oraha i lista štavelja.

The purpose of this study was to examine in vitro the herbicidal effect of an essential oil of dill (Anethum graveolens) on germination and early seedling growth of two parasitic flowering plants in the genus Cuscuta (Cuscuta campestris and C. epithymum), as well as its phytotoxic impact on germination and early seedling growth of two host plants (alfalfa and red clover). Chemical analysis of the essential oil extracted from dill leaves and flowers showed that carvone (51.69%) and limonene (39.88%) predominated. The results of a seed bioassay showed inhibitory effects of different concentrations (1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, and 0.01% v v-1) of the essential oil of dill leaves on germination and early seedling growth of both tested species of the genus Cuscuta. Germination of C. campestris seeds was inhibited between 67% and 94%, while seed germination of C. epithymum was inhibited between 67% and 100%. A similar inhibitory effect was observed regarding the seedling length parameter. Moreover, the bioassay results indicated significant phytotoxic effects of dill essential oil on the seed germination and early seedling growth of host plants. Red clover proved more sensitive as even the lowest concentration inhibited germination by 35%, while higher concentrations caused 70-100% inhibition. On the other hand, lower concentations inhibited germination of alfalfa seeds by 5%, while higher concentrations caused greater inhibition (36-100%). Future research should include both pot experiments and field micro-trials to determine herbicidal, i.e. phytotoxic, effects of dill essential oil on parasitic flowering plants and cultivated species, Cilj ovog rada je bio da se in vitro ispita herbicidni uticaj etarskog ulja mirođije (Anethum graveolens) na klijanje i rani porast klijanaca dve parazitne cvetnice iz roda Cuscuta (Cuscuta campestris i Cuscuta epithymum), kao i fitotoksični uticaj na klijanje semena i rani porast klijanaca semena domaćina (lucerka i crvena detelina). Hemijskom analizom etarskog ulja izolovanog iz listova i cvetova mirođije je dobijeno da su karvon (51.69%) i limonen (39.88%) dominantne komponente. Rezultati biotesta sa semenima su pokazali inhibitorni uticaj etarskog ulja izolovanog iz listova mirođije pri različitim koncentracijama na klijavost i rani porast klijanaca obe vrste roda Cuscuta. Naime, inhibicija klijanja semena C. campestris se kretala od 67% do 94%, dok je kod semena C. epithymum inhibicija bila od 67% do 100%. Sličan inhibitorni uticaj je zabeležen i za parametar dužina klijanaca. Pored ovoga, u rezultatima biotesta su zabeleženi značajni fitotoksični efekti etarskog ulja mirođije na klijanje semena i rani porast klijanaca domaćina. Crvena detelina se pokazala kao osetljivija, jer je i pri najnižoj koncentarciji inhibicija klijanja bila 35%, a pri višim se kretala od 70% do 100%. Nasuprot ovome inhibicija klijanja semena lucerke pri nižim koncentracijama je bila 5%, dok je na višim koncentracijama zabeležena veća inhibicija (36-100%). Buduća istraživanja moraju obuhvatiti oglede u saksijama, kao i poljske mikrooglede da bi se utvrdili herbicidni, odnosno fitotoksični efekti etarskog ulja mirođije na testirane parazitne cvetnice i gajene vrste.

Specifični uslovi sredine koji su zastupljeni u kanalizacionim sistemima, kao što su visoka temperatura (˃30 ⁰C) i vlažnost (˃90%), povoljno utiču na razvoj različitih vrsta mikroorganizama, odnosno kvarenje (buđanje) rodenticidnih mamaca. Razvoj mikroorganizama na klasičnim, komercijalno dostupnim parafiniziranim mamcima, izloženim nepovoljnim uslovima sredine vidljiv je već posle tri dana izlaganja. Razvojem mikroorganizama, glodari prestaju da ih konzumiraju te se i trajnost takvih mamaca smanjuje na svega nekoliko dana. Uspešno suzbijanje jedinki sivog pacova, redovnog i najznačajnijeg stanovnika kanalizacionih sistema zahteva upotrebu mamka, koji je posebno proizveden i namenjen za primenu u specifičnim uslovima sredine. Primenom standardne metode, ECHA (2018), utvrđena je mogućnost produžavanja upotrebne vrednosti i kvaliteta rodenticidnog mamka kroz dodavanje različitih vrsta konzervanasa. Pripremljena smesa na bazi mlevenog kukuruza, sa dodatkom konzervansa i parafina je u inkubatoru izlagana nepovoljnim uslovima sredine, vlažnosti (˃ 95%) i temperaturi od 33 ⁰C u trajanju od 5 ili više dana. Kao konzervansi korišćeni su sorbinska kiselina (E200), kalijum sorbat (E202) i natrijum benzoat (E211) u koncentracijama od 0,3% do 2%. Kao kontrola korišćen je mleveni kukuruz. Ispitivan je uticaj tipa i sadržaja konzervansa, način mešanja i dobijanja konačne smese (mamka) kao i uticaj i način mešanja mlevenog parafina na razvoj mikroorganizama, odnosno trajnost mamaka. Rezultati ukazuju da način dobijanja konačne smese za pripremu mamka, vrsta i sadržaj konzervansa utiču na trajnost mamka u nepovoljnim uslovima sredine. Istovremeno mešanje svih sastojaka pokazalo se kao neefikasno na produženo očuvanje njegove trajnosti. Vidljivi razvoj mikroorganizama u kontrolnim čašicama je zabeležen trećeg dana od početka testa. Produžena trajnost mamka (≥ 7 dana) utvrđena je za E202 za koncentracije ≥1%. Najbolji rezultati utvrđeni su za E200 koja je u koncentracijama od 0,375

Worldwide consumption of pesticide active ingredients reaches 2. 7 million tons per year [l]. After being released into the environment significant portion of applied pesticides ends up in surface water bodies affecting nontarget organisms. Due to high environmental pollution, improvement in technological practices for water treatment has been a demand, and advanced oxidation processes stand out as a prominent method. In this study, photocatalytic degradation of a fungicide difenoconazole was investigated and residual toxicity was assessed using zebrafish embr y os (Danio rerio ). Difenoconazole has been subjected to photocatalytic degradation in presence of the TiO2 Degussa P-25 catalyst and artificial illumination (Osram Ultra Vitalux 300 W). Influence of different anions ( carbonate, sulphate and nitrate), concentration of pesticide and mass of catalyst, on degradation process has been assessed. Decrease in absorbance (Shimadzu 1800 UV spectrophotometer) served as an indicator of the pesticide concentration in the reaction system. The environmental acceptability of the specified degradation process was assessed for optimal circumstances of total photodegradation. Residual toxicity of degradation product was assessed on the basis of toxicity comparison of initial, partly and completely degraded samples, according to OECD 210 [2]. Embr y otoxicity assays were performed in triplicate and were terminated 120 hours post fertilization (hpt). According to the results of assays engaged in assessment of the influence of the ions on photocatalytic processes, it was found that all ions have comparable catalytic effects on the kinetics of the difenoconazole degradation process. The presence of sulphates and carbonates had the greatest catalytic effect, while the nitrate ions showed the lowest catalytic capacity (Fig. 1) . The most suitable conditions for photodegradation were obtained by using 0.2 g/1 of TiO2 and 5 mg/1 of difenoconazole solution at atmospheric conditions. T

The potential allelopathic effect of a green walnut fruit extract on seed germination and early growth of three weed species (Chenopodium album, Amaranthus retroflexus, Daucus carota) was tested, as well as its phytotoxic effect on seed germination and early growth of maize (Zea mays). Another objective was to analyze the plant extract and assess its antioxidative activity. Antioxidative activity of the plant extract was evaluated based on its ability to neutralize DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical and capacity for iron reduction using the FRAP method. Inhibition of the evaluated parameters (total germination and seedling length) decreased proportionally with decreasing concentrations of extract solution of green walnut fruit. The parameters of seedling growth were also found to show greater susceptibility than total seed germination of all three of the tested weed species. Although the seed bioassay results indicated a high inhibitory effect on germination and early growth of the tested weeds, they also revealed phytotoxic activity during early growth of the cultivated Z. mays., Cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispita alelopatski potencijal ekstrakta zelenih nezrelih plodova oraha na klijanje i rani porast semena tri korovske vrste (Chenopodium album, Amaranthus retroflexus, Daucus carota), kao i fitotoksični efekat na klijanje i rani porast semena kukuruza Zea mays. Pored toga, cilj je bio i da se uradi analiza biljnog ekstrakta i procena njegove antioksidativne aktivnosti. Antioksidativna aktivnost biljnog ekstrakta određena je kroz sposobnost neutralizacije DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil) radikala i ispitivanjem sposobnosti redukcije gvožđa FRAP metodom. Inhibicija merenih parametara (ukupna klijavost i dužina klijanaca) se proporcionalno smanjivala sa smanjenjem koncentracije rastvora ekstrakta zelenih nezrelih plodova oraha. Takođe, parametri rasta klijanaca su ispoljili veću osetljivost u odnosu na parametar ukupne klijavosti semena kod sve tri korovske vrste. Iako dobijeni rezultati iz biotesta sa semenima pokazuju značajan inhibitorni efekat na klijanje i rani porast testiranih korovskih vrsta, ujedno ukazuju i na fitotoksične efekte kod ranog porasta semena gajene vrste Z. mays.

This study focused on characterizing chemically and evaluating in vitro allelopathic and bioherbicidal potential of secondary metabolites extracted from the stem of Cuscuta campestris in seed germination, early seedling growth and early plant growth of Amaranthus retroflexus and Portulaca oleracea. The combined effects of stem extract and a reduced dose of herbicide metribuzin were also examined. Plant extract contained 17 phenolic compounds and the most abundant phenols were flavonoids: quercetin, (+)-catechin, daidzin, luteolin, and rutin. The seeds of P. oleracea were less sensitive than the seeds of A. retroflexus. The seed bioassay confirmed the inhibitory effect of stem extract on germination and early growth of both weed seedlings at concentrations of 0.75 % and 1 %, and a minor inhibitory effect in the plant bioassay. On the other hand, a synergy of C. campestris stem extract and metribuzin was revealed, as their combination achieved better results in the control of both weed species. Based on obtained data C. campestris stem extract could be a potential source of natural-based weed control molecules.

The objective of this study focused on characterizing chemically and evaluating in vitro the allelopathic and bioherbicidal potential of secondary metabolites (phenolic compound) extracted from the stem of field dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunck.) in seed germination, early seedling growth (radical and shoot length) and early plant growth tests of Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Portulaca oleracea L. The combined effects of the stem extract and a reduced dose of the synthetic herbicide metribuzin on the two weed species were also examined. Plant extract contained 18 phenolic compounds and the most abundant phenols were flavonoids: quercetin, (+)-catechin, daidzin, luteolin, and rutin. The seeds of P. oleracea were less sensitive than the seeds of A. retroflexus. The data obtained in the seed bioassay confirmed the inhibitory effect of plant stem extract on the germination and early growth of P. oleracea and A. retroflexus seedlings at higher concentrations (0.75% and 1%), and a minor inhibitory effect was also observed in the plant bioassay with this extract. On the other hand, a synergy of C. campestris stem extract and the herbicide metribuzin was revealed, as their combination was found to achieve better results in the control of both weed species. Based on obtained data C. campestris stem extract could be a potential source of natural herbicide. Also, these findings could be useful in light of increasing practices of integrated weed management that have heightened the interest in reducing herbicide doses.

Kinetic studies are important for understanding the parameters and processes involved in the sorption of pesticides to soil. Considering the agricultural and environmental relevance of clomazone, its sorption kinetics was studied in four agricultural soils (Regosol, Planosol, Chernozem and Vertisol) at two concentrations (0.5 and 15 mg L−1). Different kinetic models were applied to the experimental data. The pseudo-second-order model described the data much better than the hyperbolic and pseudo-firstorder models, and the kinetic rate constants indicated concentration-dependent clomazone sorption kinetics. The application of the two-site nonequilibrium model (TSNE) revealed a more time-dependent sorption of the lower clomazone concentration than that of the higher clomazone concentration, and the greatest concentration impact occurred in Regosol. Elovich and intraparticle diffusion models predicted more intensive sorption during the slower second phase and that sorption kinetics is governed more by mass transfer across the boundary layer than by a intraparticle diffusion process at higher clomazone concentration. Intraparticle diffusion is the rate-controlling process in Regosol at lower concentration, while this process and the boundary layer control the sorption kinetics in other soils. Significant correlations between some kinetic parameters and soil properties indicate an impact of the soil texture on the clomazone sorption mechanism, which must be considered in assessing the clomazone leaching behavior.

Klomazon (IUPAC: 2-(2-hlorobenzil)-4,4-dimetil-1,2-oksazolidin-3-on) je selektivni herbicid iz grupe izoksazolidinona, koji se na osnovu svojih fizičko-hemijskih karakteristika može svrstati u grupu pesticida koji predstavljaju potencijalne kontaminante površinskih voda, dubljih slojeva zemljišta i podzemnih voda. Glina i organska materija, pre svega huminske kiseline (HA), su glavne sorbujuće komponente zemljišta. Literaturni podaci ukazuju da u sorpciji klomazona u zemljištu učestvuje ili organska materija [1-3]ili glina i organska materija [4,5]. S toga je cilj ovog radabio ispitati potencijal HA i glina izdvojenih iz različitih tipova poljoprivrednog zemljišta sa područja Republike Srbije (rendzina, černozem i smonica) u sorpciji klomazona, odnosno odrediti njihov remedijacioni potencijal. Za proučavanje sorpcionog ponašanja klomazona i određivanje njegovih sorpcionih konstanti (Kd) za pomenute supstrate je korišćen batch metod [6], zasnovan na ravnotežnoj raspodeli molekula klomazona u sistemu supstrat/vodena faza. U slučaju HA, sistem se sastojao od smeše 25 mg supstratai 2,5 mL rastvora određene koncentracije (0,5 – 25 g/mL)klomazona u 0,01 M CaCl2, dok je u slučaju glina sistem sadržao 250 mg gline i 2 mL pomenutih rastvora. Svaka smeša je homogenizovana 24 h radi dostizanja ravnotežne raspodele ovog jedinjenja između dve faze sistema. Nakon centrifugiranja, vodena faza je analizirana HPLC-om opremljenim sa PDA detektorom, pri čemu su Kd koeficijenti klomazona za proučavane supstrate računati kao odnos koncentracije pesticida koja je sorbovana za supstrat (Cs) i koncentracije jedinjenja koja je zaostala u vodenoj fazi (Ce), u uslovima ravnotežne raspodele. Adsorpcione izoterme su dobijene primenom Frojndlihove jednačine na eksperimentalno dobijene rezultate, pri čemu su Frojndlihovi koeficijenti Kf i n, dobijeni primenom linearne forme Frojdlihove jednačine. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da je sorpcija klomazona mnogo veća za HA nego za gline, i da opada u sle

Kinetic studies are important for understanding the parameters and processes involved in the sorption of pesticides to soil. Considering the agricultural and environmental relevance of clomazone, its sorption kinetics was studied in four agricultural soils (Regosol, Planosol, Chernozem and Vertisol) at two concentrations (0.5 and 15 mg L−1). Different kinetic models were applied to the experimental data. The pseudo-second-order model described the data much better than the hyperbolic and pseudo-first-order models, and the kinetic rate constants indicated concentration-dependent clomazone sorption kinetics. The application of the two-site nonequilibrium model (TSNE) revealed a more time-dependent sorption of the lower clomazone concentration than that of the higher clomazone concentration, and the greatest concentration impact occurred in Regosol. Elovich and intraparticle diffusion models predicted more intensive sorption during the slower second phase and that sorption kinetics is governed more by mass transfer across the boundary layer than by a intraparticle diffusion process at higher clomazone concentration. Intraparticle diffusion is the rate-controlling process in Regosol at lower concentration, while this process and the boundary layer control the sorption kinetics in other soils. Significant correlations between some kinetic parameters and soil properties indicate an impact of the soil texture on the clomazone sorption mechanism, which must be considered in assessing the clomazone leaching behavior.

Cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispita alelopatski potencijal biljnog ekstrakta izolovanog iz zelenih plodova oraha na klijanje i rani porast semena dve korovske vrste (Amaranthus retroflexus i Chenopodium album), kao i fitotoksični efekat na klijanje i rani porast semena kukuruza Zea mays. Pored toga, cilj je bio i da se uradi analiza biljnog ekstrakta i procena njegove antioksidativne aktivnosti. Antioksidativna aktivnost biljnog ekstrakta određivana je kroz sposobnost neutralizacije DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil) radikala i ispitivanjem sposobnosti redukcije gvožđa FRAP metodom. Inhibicija merenih parametara (ukupna klijavost i dužina klijanaca) se proporcionalno smanjivala sa smanjenjem koncentracije rastvora biljnog ekstrakta izolovanog iz zelenih plodova oraha. Takođe, parametar dužina klijanaca je ispoljio veću osetljivost u odnosu na parametar ukupne klijavosti semena kod obe korovske vrste. Iako, dobijeni rezultati iz biotesta sa semenima pokazuju visok inhibitorni efekat na klijanje i rani porast obe korovske vrste, ujedno ukazuju i na fitotoksične efekte kod ranog porasta semena gajene vrste Z. mays. Buduća istraživanja će se fokusirati na HPLC analizu biljnog ekstrakta izolovanog iz zelenih plodova oraha i njegovog alelopatskog svojstva na rani porast biljaka testiranih vrsta., The aim of this study was to test the allelopathic effects of the plant extracts isolated from immature walnut fruits on the germination and early seedling growth of two weed species (Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album), and its phytotoxic effects on the germination and early seed growth of maize, Zea mays. Additionally, the goals was to also conduct an analysis of the plant extracts and determine its antioxidant properties. Antioxidant activity of the plant extracts were determined via its ability to neutralize DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radicals and by testing their potential for iron reduction using the FRAP method. The inhibition of the measured parameters (total germination and seedling length) decreased proportionally, with the reduction of concentrations of plant extracts isolated from immature walnut fruits. Also, the seedling length parameter has shown greater sensitivity when compared with the parameters of total seed germination in both weed species. Even though the results of both biotests with seeds show a high inhibitory effect on the germination and early growth of the tested weed species, they also point to phytotoxicity in early growth of Z. mays seeds. Future research will be focused on the HPLC analysis of the plant extracts isolated from immature walnut fruits and their allelopathic effects on the early growth of plants of the tested species.

Novo tehničko rešenje „Preparat na bazi etarskog ulja timijana u zaštiti plodova voćaka od prouzrokovača mrke truleži plodova“ omogućava smanjenje gubitaka tokom procesa skladištenja jabučastog i koštičavog voća koji nastaju usled pojave mrke truleži, pruža ekološki prihvatljivo i zdravstveno bezbedno rešenje, a doprinosi 6 održavanju visokog kvaliteta plodova koje zahteva savremeno tržište. Za primenu posle berbe, u svetu je registrovan ograničen broj sintetičkih preparata, a u našoj zemlji nijedan. Dosadašnja praksa suzbijanja ovih patogena zasnivala se na upotrebi fungicida tokom perioda vegetacije. Međutim, zbog visokih zahteva tržišta proces zaštite plodova od prouzrokovača mrke truleži neophodno je unaprediti uvođenjem novih mera koje se ne zasnivaju na primeni sintetisanih pesticida. Ekološki prihvatljivi biološki preparati, kao što je preparat na bazi etarskog ulja timijana, koji bi bio upotrebljen nakon berbe predstavljaju perspektivno rešenje za unapređenje zaštite uskladištenih plodova jabučastih i koštičavih voćaka.

Cilj ovog rada je bio da se in vitro ispita bioherbicidni uticaj eteričnog ulja mirođije (Anethum graveolens) na klijanje i rani porast klijanaca dve parazitne cvetnice iz roda Cuscuta (Cuscuta campestris i C. epithymum), kao i fitotoksični uticaj na klijanje i rani porast klijanaca semena domaćina (lucerka i crvena detelina). Etarsko ulje iz suvih listova mirođije dobijeno je hidrodestilacijom u Klevendžer aparaturi. Identifikacija pojedinačnih komponenti testiranog etarskog ulja je urađena na gasno-masenom spektrometru (GC/MS, Varian CP-3800/Saturn 2200). Naklijavanje semena je rađeno u Petri šoljama sa po 25 dezinfikovanih semena u koje se nanosilo po 5 ml rastvora eteričnog ulja u različitim koncentracijama. Rastvori su pripremani sa 0,5 ml eteričnog ulja i Tween 20 u odnosu 1:1, rastvorenih u dejonizovanoj destilovanoj vodi da bi se dobio rastvor od 1%. Ostale koncentarcije (0,01%, 0,1% i 0,5% v v-1) su dobijene razblaživanjem. Dejonizovana voda sa rastvorom Tween 20 od 1,0% korišćena je kao kontrola. Petri šolje su potom odložene u uslove mraka u inkubatoru na temperaturu od 28±1°C. Prebrojavanje proklijalih semena rađeno je svakodnevno u trajanju od 6 dana, dok su poslednjeg dana ogleda izmerene i dužine klijanaca. Hemijskom analizom eteričnog ulja izolovanog iz listova mirođije je dobijeno da su karvon (56,4 %), p-cimen (22,8 %) i -felandren (14 %) dominantne komponente. Rezultati biotesta sa semenima su pokazali inhibitorni uticaj eteričnog ulja izolovanog iz listova mirođije pri različitim koncentracijama na klijavost i rani porast klijanca obe vrste roda Cuscuta. Naime, inhibicija klijanja semena C. campestris se kretala od 67% (rastvor konc. 0,01%) do 93,75% (rastvor konc. 0,5% i 1%), dok je kod semena C. epithymum inhibicija na dve najviše koncentracije (0,5% i 1%) bila 100%, a na nižim 80%, odnosno 67% (0,1% i 0,01%). Sličan inhibitorni uticaj je zabeležen i za parametar dužina klijanaca. Pored ovoga, u rezultatima biotesta su zabeleženi značajni fito

We studied the main phenolic components of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) and common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) aqueous extracts and evaluated their phytotoxicity to germinating seeds and seedling growth of lettuce and tomato. A total of 13 phenolic compounds were identified in aqueous extracts. The highest total phenolic content was found in velvetleaf leaves, followed by common ragweed leaves and common cocklebur stems. Caffeoyl quinic acids were the most abundant phenolics in these three weeds, while common ragweed and velvetleaf leaves were also rich in p-coumaric acid and rutin, respectively. Other phenolic compounds were present in moderate quantities in the stems and leaves of the tested weeds. The weed extracts at 50 % concentration or higher significantly inhibited the seed germination and early seedling growth of lettuce and tomato. The leaf aqueous extracts were more phytotoxic to lettuce and tomato than stem aqueous extracts. The leaf aqueous extract of common ragweed had the strongest inhibitory effects on lettuce, while the leaf aqueous extract of velvetleaf was most inhibitory to tomato. The aqueous extracts of common cocklebur were less inhibitory to lettuce and tomato.

In-depth knowledge about land-use/land-cover changes, drivers and the driver's importance is nec- essary both for understanding change processes in the environment, economy and society as a whole and further research, modelling and decision-makin g related to land-use/land-cover changes. The study assesses the importance of two biophysical and five socio-economic drivers of land-use/land-cover changes for six land-use/land cover change pro- cesses during the 2000–2018 period in Serbia using mixed methods, GIS and machine learning. The re- sults indicate that socio-economic drivers, especially the distance from roads, water and protected areas , are more important for national land-use/land cover change processes than biophysical drivers. The study gives insights into the drivers' usefulness for model- ling future land-use/land-cover change processes on the national level in Serbia. Furthermore, it could be observed as one of the initial steps in the future anal- ysis of the effects of land-use/land-cover changes on landscape diversity, further development of the land- use/land-cover changes research and related deci- sion-making processes.

Total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) content, individual phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of methanol extracts of wheat and corn straw were determined. Germination bioassay was conducted with Abutilon theophrasti Medik., Asclepias syriaca L., and Chenopodium album L. seed. Samples were fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum and changes in TPC, TFC, antioxidant, and biological activity were investigated. TPC and TFC were significant in both samples and after fermentation their recovery was improved. All samples contain mainly quercetin, cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid. Fermentation changed the content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, differently in each case. All tested extracts showed high DPPH activity with IC50 being significantly lower for fermented samples. FRAP activity was also high. Crude straw extracts were overall more effective than fermented ones concerning inhibition of germination and seedlings growth, mainly without statistically significant differences between wheat and corn. Compared with mesotrione, extracts were more effective in germination and seedling growth inhibition of C. album and in seedling growth inhibition of A. theophrasti.

Acetamiprid je sistemični insekticid širokog spektra delovanja koji pripada hemijskoj grupi neonikotinoida. Zbog dokazanog štetnog delovanja na medonosne pčele i druge oprašivače, neke aktivne supstance iz ove grupe insekticida povučene su iz primene na nivou Evropske unije.. Za razliku od njih, acetamiprid je, na reevaluaciji dobio produženje odobrenja od 15 godina, tako da je u našoj zemlji i Evropskoj Uniji odobren za primenu do 28.02.2033. godine. Usled toksičnosti za akvatične beskičmenjake acetamiprid je deklarisan kao štetan za vodene organizme sa dugotrajnim posledicama. Prema dostupnim rezultatima ispitivanjima nije registrovano njegovo toksično delovanje za ribe . Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitivanje toksičnosti preparata na bazi aktivne supstance acetamiprid (sadržaj a.s. 20%, vodorastvorljivo prašivo – SP) za embrionalni razvojni stadijum slatkovodne ribe zebra vrste Danio rerio. Embrioni starosti do 5 h nakon oplodnje su izlagani u statičnom testu seriji koncentracija preparata na bazi acetamiprida. Tretmani su postavljeni u tri, dok je kontrolna grupa imala šest ponavljanja. Ispitivanje je trajalo 120 h, a izvedeno je prema smernicama metode OECD 210 (2013). Nakon izlaganja embriona u definisanim vremenskim intervalima praćeni su smrtnost, poremećaj motoneuralnog i kardijalnog sistema, kao i pojave razvojnih deformacija: edema, kraniofacijalnih deformacija i izostanak mehura. Izračunavani su sledeći toksikološki parametri: srednja smrtna koncentracija (LC-50, mg as/L); srednje efektivne koncentracie za razvojne deformacije (EC- 50, mg as/L), indeks teratogenosti (TI). Izlaganje embriona D. rerio preparatu na bazi acetamprida dovelo je do statistički značajne smrtnosti u svim, izuzev tretmana sa najnižom ispitivanom koncentracijom. Takođe, registrovan je negativan uticaj na motoneuralni razvoj, srčani ritam i porast embriona, a od razvojnih poremećaja značajan je udeo jedinki kod kojih je izostalo obrazovanje ili nije bio ispunjen mehur. Iz odnosa toksično

One active ingredient can be a component of different types of formulations of pesticides, while the toxicity of its formulations may vary depending on various constituents used in the mixture. The present study focuses on evaluating the effects of the active ingredient clomazone and its formulations (Rampa (R) EC and GAT Cenit 36 CS, both containing 360 g a.i./l of clomazone) on non-target aquatic macrophytes. The two formulation types differ in their active ingredient release and presumed environmental impact. In order to cover different ecological traits, two species of aquatic macrophytes - the floating monocot Lemna minor and the rooted dicot Myriophyllum aquaticum, were used as test models. The results of this study revealed differences in the sensitivity of tested plants to clomazone. Based on the most sensitive parameters, M. aquaticum proved to be more sensitive than L. minor to the technical ingredient and both formulations. The species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach that was tried out in an attempt to create a higher tier step of risk assessment of clomazone for primary producers indicates that tests on rooted macrophytes can add value in risk assessment of plant protection products. The capsule formulation of clomazone was less toxic than the emulsion for L. minor, but more toxic for M. aquaticum. The most toxic for L. minor was the emulsifiable concentrate formulation Rampa (R) EC, followed by technical clomazone (EC50 33.3 and 54.0 mg a.i./l, respectively), while the aqueous capsule suspension formulation GAT Cenit 36 CS did not cause adverse effects. On the other hand, the most toxic for M. aquaticum was the formulation GAT Cenit 36 CS, followed by technical clomazone and the formulation Rampa (R) EC, demonstrating a greater effect of the capsule formulation. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.