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Glavni cilj istraživanja bio je proizvodnja bezalkoholnih pića na bazi jagodastog i koštičavog voća i lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja, sa visokim antioksidativnim kapacitetom i potencijalno fiziološki povoljnim delovanjem na ubrzanje metabolizma (što dovodi do smanjenja telesne težine), zaštitu kardiovaskularnog sistema i jačanje otpornosti organizma. Primenom tri različita tehnološka postupka proizvodnje proizvedeni su mutni voćni sokovi jagode, maline, kupine, višnje, borovnice, crvene i crne ribizle. Sadržaj različitih klasa polifenolnih jedinjenja, polifenolni profili i antioksidativni kapacitet ispitivanih uzoraka određeni su primenom različitih spektrofotometrijskih metoda i LC/MS analizom. Najviši antioksidativni kapacitet zabeležen je kod dobijenih sokova crne ribizle i borovnice. Postupak enzimiranja na povišenoj temperaturi uslovio je značajno povećanje antioksidativnosti voćnih sokova. Pasterizovani enzimirani sokovi pokazali su značajno višu antioksidativnost u odnosu na sokove od istog voća, dobijenih ceđenjem bez enzimskog tretmana. Mešanjem voćnih sokova i biljnih ekstrakata, sa ciljanim zdravstvenim efektima, dobijeni su finalni uzorci bezalkoholnih pića, koji su pokazali izuzetno visoke vrednosti antioksidativnog kapaciteta i ostalih ispitivanih parametara kvaliteta. Dobijene vrednosti pokazale su statistički značajan uticaj dodatih biljnih ekstrakata na sadržaj fenolnih jedinjenja i antioksidativnost u finalnim bezalkoholnim pićima, koji su bili bogati u sadržaju kvercetina, miricetina, rutina i hlorogenske kiseline. Senzornom analizom finalnih bezalkoholnih pića, uzorak sa potencijalno povoljnim dejstvom na ubrzanje metabolizma, koje dovodi do redukcije telesne težine, dobijen od enzimiranih sokova, najbolje je ocenjen, sa ukupnom ocenom 94% od maksimalno mogućeg kvaliteta., The main purpose of the research was the production of non-alcoholic beverages based on berry and drupe and medicinal and aromatic plants, with high antioxidant capacity and potentially favourable physiological effect on the boosting of metabolism (resulting in reduction of weight), protection of cardiovascular system and strenghtening the immunity of the body. Using three different technological methods, cloudy fruit juices of strawberry, raspberries, blackberries, cherries, blueberries, red and black currants were produced. The contents of various classes of polyphenol compounds, polyphenol profiles and antioxidant capacity of the examined samples were analyzed using different spectrophotometric methods and LC/MS analysis. The highest antioxidant capacity was found in the produced juices of black current and blueberry. The enzymatic treatment at elevated temperature resulted in the significant increase of antioxidativity of the fruit juices. Pasteurized and enzyme-treated juices showed significantly higher antioxidant capacity compared to the cold pressed juice samples of the same fruit. Mixing produced fruit juices and herbal extracts, with selected health effects, resulted in the final samples of non-alcoholic beverages which showed exceptionally high values of antioxidant capacity and other tested quality parameters. The obtained values showed statistically substantial impact of the added herbal extracts on contents of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant capacity in the produced non-alcoholic drinks, rich in quercetin, myricetin, rutin and chlorogenic acid. Using sensory evaluation of the final product, the sample with potentially favourable effect on the boosting of metabolism, resulting in the reduction of weight, made of enzyme-treated juices, was the best rated, with 94% overall score out of maximum possible quality.

In this study, the polyphenol profile and antioxidant activity of the hydro-ethanolic extract of the fennel fruit were examined in order to investigate the possibility of its application as a potential functional food additive. Total phenols were analyzed by the method of Folin-Ciocalteu, while total flavonoids were determined by the aluminum chloride colorimetric method. The separation and quantification of phenolic compounds were performed by LC-MS/MS analysis, using a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The antioxidant capacity was determined by FRAP and DPPH assays. The high values of total phenolics and flavonoids were found, as well as high antioxidant activity which amounted to 9023.33 ± 38.19 µmol Fe(II)/l and 3.73 ± 0.04 mmol TE/l, tested by FRAP and DPPH assays, respectively. Among the identified phenolic compounds, p-hydroxybenzoic and chlorogenic acids were detected as predominant. The obtained results indicated that the hydro-ethanolic extract of the fennel fruit can be used in food industry as a potential natural antioxidant., U ovom radu određivan je sadržaj polifenola i antioksidativna aktivnost vodeno-etanolnog ekstrakta morača, sa ciljem ispitivanja mogućnosti njegove primene kao potencijalnog funkcionalnog aditiva. Ukupni fenoli su analizirani metodom po Folin-Ciocalteu, dok je ukupan sadržaj flavonoida određen kolorimetrijskom metodom primenom aluminijum hlorida. Razdvajanje i kvantifikacija fenolnih jedinjenja postignuti su upotrebom LC-MS/MS metode u režimu koji omogućava istovremeno praćenje više jonskih prelaza. Antioksidativni kapacitet je određivan primenom testova FRAP i DPPH. U testiranom ekstraktu dobijene su visoke vrednosti za ukupne fenole i flavonoide, a dobijena je i visoka vrednost antioksidativne aktivnosti, koja je iznosila 9023.33 ± 38,19 mmol Fe(II)/l i 3,73 ± 0,04 mmol TE/l, računato primenom testa FRAP odnosno testa DPPH. Među fenolnim jedinjenjima, phidroksibenzoeva i hlorogena kiselina su pronađene kao dominantne. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na to da se ekstrakt morača može primenjivati u prehrambenoj industriji kao potencijalni prirodni antioksidans.

This study examines the essential oil and the ethanol extract of Artemisia alba Turra herb, in terms of chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in order to select the active pharmacological isolate for making phytopreparation from the group of bitter aromatics and/or bitter liqueurs. Chemical composition of the essential oils and volatile fractions of the extract was determined by GC-FID/GC-MS and non-volatile fractions of the extract by HPLC. The content of total phenolics and flavonoids in the extracts was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and aluminum chloride, respectively. The antioxidant activity of isolates was tested by FRAP and DPPH tests and the antimicrobial by microdilution method. Major constituents in the essential oil were camphor, artemisia ketone and 1,8-cineole (23.7%, 15.2% and 14.1%, respectively), and in the volatile fraction of the extract, scopoletin (14.0%) and corymbolone (10.3%). The main components in non-volatile fraction of the extract were kaempferol 3-O-(6 ''-O-malonylglucoside)- 7-O-rhamnoside, chlorogenic acid and rutin (16.1%, 11.4% and 9.5% respectively). The content of total phenolics in the extract, expressed as gallic acid was 77.18 mg/g and flavonoids, expressed as rutin 53.80 mg/g of dry extract. Extract exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than essential oil and better antimicrobial activity on a larger number of tested microorganisms.

The present study describes investigation on chemical profile and pharmacological properties of hydromethanolic extracts of Carlina acaulis and C. acanthifolia roots and herbs. In order to investigate the antioxidant properties several methods were applied: FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) assay, TBA assay (Fe2+/ascorbic induced lipid peroxidation) and scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and OH radicals. In assessing anti-inflammatory activity the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema test was used, with indomethacin as a reference drug. Anti-ulcer activity of the extracts was investigated using ethanol-induced stress ulcer in rats and ranitidine as a reference drug. Antimicrobial activity was tested on five bacterial strains and one strain of fungi using the agar diffusion method. Investigated extracts exhibited considerable dose-dependent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer activities. Extracts of herbs were more active than the corresponding root extracts. All extracts exhibited moderate activity against all tested microorganisms. Herb extracts of C. acaulis and C. acanthifolia, as well as their root extracts exhibited similar bioactivity, which could be explained with their similar chemical composition revealed by HPLC analysis. The pharmacological activities of investigated Carlina extracts demonstrated here will serve as the basis for their further investigations in order to estimate their impact on human health and nutrition.

Upotreba lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja u lečenju stanovništva u Srbiji ima dugu tradiciju. Pored primene u zdravstvenoj zaštiti, lekovito i aromatično bilje se sve više koristi u raznim granama industrije: farmaceutskoj, kozmetičkoj, hemijskoj, prehrambenoj, i dr. Proizvodnja lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja podrazumeva dobijanje sirovina branjem samoniklog bilja iz prirode (sakupljanje) i gajenjem na njivi (kultivacija, plantažna proizvodnja). Sakupljanje samoniklog lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja je sastavni deo aktivnosti mnogih seoskih domaćinstava. Berači prodaju bilje direktno preduzećima ili su organizovani u beračke grupe gde je vođa grupe lice odgovorno za ubrane količine, kvalitet, i dr. Povećana tražnja za lekovitim i aromatičnim biljem dovela je do uvođenja velikog broja lekovitih vrsta u plantažnu proizvodnju. Gajenjem se dobija veća količina biljnih sirovina, postiže se ujednačen kvalitet, značajno se smanjuje pritisak na prirodne resurse. Danas je plantažna proizvodnja najvećim delom organizovana na porodičnim gazdinstvima, na parcelama veličine od nekoliko ari do nekoliko hektara, i najčešće se radi za poznatog kupca (kooperacija). Radi sigurnijeg snabdevanja mnoga preduzeća organizuju samostalno gajenje lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja za proizvodnju različitih biljnih proizvoda (medicinski čajevi, filter čajevi, kapi, ekstrakti, etarska ulja, itd.), ili za izvoz. Specifičnost tržišta lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja u Srbiji je prisustvo velikog broja aktera: berača (sakupljača), proizvođača gajenog bilja (poljoprivredna gazdinstva), privatnih preduzeća registrovanih za različite delatnosti, kao što su gajenje, otkup, prerada, promet lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja i šumskih plodova, proizvodnja dijetetskih suplemenata i medicinskih sredstava, proizvodnja farmaceutskih proizvoda, proizvodnja i promet lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja i etarskih ulja, proizvodnja čajeva, veleprodaja, maloprodaja, uvoz dijetetskih proizvoda, potrošnja i dr. Sektor lekovitog i aromati, The use of medicinal and aromatic plants in the treatment of population in Serbia has a long tradition. Besides application in health care, the medicinal and aromatic plants is increasingly used in various industries: pharmaceutical, cosmetic, chemical, food one etc. Production of medicinal and aromatic plants involves picking raw materials from nature (collection) and cultivating in a field (cultivation, plantation production). Collecting of wild medical and the aromatic plants is essential part of many rural households. The plant pickers sell the plants directly to the enterprises or they are organized in so-called “pickers’ groups”, where the leader of the group is responsible for the harvest quantity, quality, etc. Increased demand for medicinal and aromatic plants has led to the introduction of a large number of medicinal species in plantation production. By cultivating there are obtained the larger quantities of raw materials and uniform quality, but also it is significantly reduced the pressure on natural resources. Today the plantation production is mostly organized on family farms, on plots of several acres up to several hectares, and most often it is cultivated for known buyer (cooperation). In order to secure supply many companies organize by themselves the cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants for the production of various plant products (medicinal teas, filter teas, drops, extracts, essential oils, etc.), or for the export. Specific characteristic of the medicinal and aromatic plants’ market in Serbia is the presence of a large number of stakeholders: pickers (collectors), producers of cultivated plants (agricultural farms), the private companies registered for various activities such as growing, purchasing, processing, transport of medicinal and aromatic plants and wild berries, production of dietary supplements, medical agents, pharmaceuticals products, production and trade of medicinal and aromatic plants and essential oils, tea manufacturing

This paper presents growing possibilities of oily and medicinal plant - black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), and defines agro-technical standards for this. Use of seed and black cumin oil in the world is increasing. With regard to this, the goal of this study was to establish technical procedure for cultivation of this, less commonly cultivated species in Serbia. Investigation was carried out during 2013- 2015., at the experimental field of the Institute for Medicinal Plant Research 'Dr Josif Pančić', in Pančevo, Serbia. For the experimental purposes, domesticated population of black cumin was used. Following three planting dates- Early (half of March), Middle (half of April), and Late (half of May), and three row spacings - 25, 50 and 75 cm, has been tested. The obtained results document that the average length of the entire vegetation period was ca. 120 days, thought which the plants passes 13 different phenology phases (five vegetative and eight reproductive), for the first time described for agro-ecological conditions of Serbia. Influence of individual and combined effects of different sowing dates and row spacings on morphology and yields of dry and ripe black cumin seeds were recorded. Individually, the highest yields were obtained in the treatment with sowing date mid-April in combination with the row spacing of 50 cm, averagelly 752 kg*ha-1. Good achievments in cultivation are very important with regard to so precious properties of black cumin seeds. With defined appropiate growing technology, Serbian farmers will be able to continuously provide this raw materials with consistent quantity and quality, intended for application in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries., U radu je ispitivana mogućnost gajenja i definisanje agrotehničkih standarda pri gajenju uljanolekovite biljne vrste crni kim (Nigella sativa L.). Upotreba semena i ulja crnog kima u svetu je u stalnom porastu, s tim u vezi postavljen cilj rada se odnosio na moguće tehničko rešenje sistema gajenja za jednu kod nas malo poznatu vrstu. Istraživanja su provedena u periodu 2013.-2015. godine na kolekciji Instituta za proučavanje lekovitog bilja 'Dr Josif Pančić', Beograd, sa lokacijom u Pančevu. Za potrebe ispitivanja korišćena je odomaćena populacija crnog kima. U ispitivanjima korišćena su tri roka setve (rani - polovina marta, srednji - polovina aprila i kasni - polovina maja) i tri međuredna rastojanja (25, 50 i 75 cm). Istraživanjima je evidentirano da prosečna dužina vegetacionog perioda crnog kima oko 120 dana. U tom periodu biljka prođe 13 različitih feonoloških faza 5 vegetativnih i 8 reproduktivnih faza, koje su po prvi put opisane za agroekološke uslove naše zemlje. Pojedinačni i zajednički uticaj rokova setve i međurednog rastojanja evidentiran je na morfološke osobine i prinos osušenog zrelog semena crnog kima (Nigellae semen). Pojedinačno najveći prinos droge, ostvaren je u varijanti setva polovinom aprila na 50 cm između redova, gde je u proseku ostvareno 752 kg ha-1.

The root of Carlina acanthifolia All. (Asteraceae) has been traditionally used in the treatment of various disorders including stomach and skin diseases. We studied antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and antioxidant activities of Carlina acanthifolia root essential oil, in order to validate some of the ethnopharmacological claims. Antimicrobial activity was tested on 15 bacteria and three strains of fungi using the agar diffusion and broth microdilution methods. In assessing anti-inflammatory activity the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema test was used, while ethanol-induced stress gastric ulcer test in rats was used in testing anti-ulcer activity. Antioxidant properties were evaluated trough the effect of the essential oil on lipid peroxidation (TBA assay) and its capability of quenching 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and OH radicals. The oil expressed significant antimicrobial activity, being the most active against Gram (+) bacteria: Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis and against Candida albicans. In all applied concentrations, Carlina acanthifolia root essential oil reduced carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema in dose-dependent manner, achieving high degree of anti-inflammatory activity. The effect was comparable with that of indomethacin used as a reference drug. In the ethanol-induced stress gastric ulcer test in rats, it was shown that the tested essential oil produced significant dose-dependent gastroprotective activity. The results also pointed out substantial and dose-dependent antioxidant activity of the investigated essential oil, with carlina oxide as the main antioxidant component.

Intrahospital infections are great clinico-therapeutical problem because they are caused by strains of bacteria which are multiresistant. For the purpose of finding new natural raw materials with antimicrobial activity, in this study we tested antibacterial activity of essential oil from Carlina acaulis subsp. caulescens root on clinical isolates of bacteria which are the most common etiological agents of intrahospital infections. Investigation of antibacterial activity of 4% essential oil solution in absolute ethanol was performed by agar dilution technique and broth microdilution technique on different strains of bacteria: Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia colt, Klebsiella pneumoniue. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Slaphylococcus aurews and Acinetobacter spp., isolated from wound swabs and urine of hospitalised patients. Tested solution of essential oil showed high antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes, medium against Acinetobacler spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and moderate against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae., Intrahospitalne infekcije predstavljaju veliki kliničko-terapijski problem, jer su izazvane sojevima bakterija koji pokazuju izrazitu rezistenciju na veći broj antibiotika sa različitim mehanizmima delovanja (multirezistentni sojevi). U cilju iznalaženja potencijalno novih prirodnih sirovina sa antimikrobnim dejstvom, u radu je ispitivano antibakterijsko delovanje etarskog ulja izolovanog iz korena vilinog sita, Carlina acaulis subsp. caulescens, na kliničke izolate bakterija koje poslednjih godina često dovode do intrahospitalnih infekcija. Ispitivanje antibakterijskog delovanja 4% rastvora etarskog ulja u apsolutnom etanolu izvršeno je agar-difuzionom i bujon-dilucionom metodom na različite sojeve bakterija: Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus i Acinetobacter spp., koji su izolovani iz briseva rana i urina hospitalizovanih bolesnika. Ispitivani rastvor etarskog ulja ispoljio je visoku antibakterijsku aktivnost prema Streptococcus pyogenes, znatnu na Acinetohacter spp., Staphvlococcus aureus i Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a umerenu na Escherichia coli i Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Pursuant to Erg.-B. 6 (Appendix DAB 6 from 1941), biological source of a drug Carlinae radix represents the species Carlina acaulis L. The drug is mainly represented by a root of the subspecies caulescens (Lam.) Schübler & Martens (of an even more rare subspecies acaulis). However, it was observed that the commercial samples of a drug Carlinae radix are often (in our region almost always) represented by the root of the species C. acanthifolia All., which is at the moment considered to be a "commercial compromise", rather than a substitute or adulterant. The paper contains morpho-anatomic characteristics of C. acaulis subsp. caulescens and C. acanthifolia subsp. utzka (Hacq.) Meusel & Kästner, of their leaves and roots, with the aim to prevent confusion of these plants in the nature while collecting the drug, as well as to enable defining an accurate biological source of the drug Carlinae radix., Prema Erg.-B. 6 (dodatak DAB 6 iz 1941. god.), biološki izvor droge Carlinae radix predstavlja vrsta Carlina acaulis L. Drogu, uglavnom, čini koren podvrste caulescens (Lam.) Schübler & Martens (znatno ređe tipske podvrste acaulis). Uočeno je, međutim, da komercijalne uzorke droge Carlinae radix veoma često (kod nas gotovo isključivo) čini koren biljke C. acanthifolia All., koji se za sada smatra "komercijalnim kompromisom", pre nego zamenom ili falsifikatom. U radu su iznete morfo-anatomske karakteristike C. acaulis subsp. caulescens i C. acanthifolia subsp. utzka (Hacq.) Meusel & Kästner (prvenstveno lista i korena), što će sprečiti zamenu ovih biljaka u prirodi prilikom sakupljanja droge, kao i omogućiti pouzdano utvrđivanje biološkog izvora droge Carlinae radix.

The objective of this work are two very important medicinal plants: St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.; Hypericaceae and hawthorn (Crataegus spp.: C.monogyna Jacq. Crataegus oxyacantha L., Malaceae. and Crataegus summitates). These herbal drugs Hyperici herba and Crataegus summitates are used for various phytoformulations: Hyperici extractum siccum, Demak capsules, Crataegi extractum fluidum, siccum, Forticor solutio, Forticor capsules. The quality of mentioned commercial phytoformulations was studied on the basis of active components (hypericine and total flavonoides). Determination of active substances in row plant material and commercial phytoformulations was performed. Hypericine complex substances in a St. John’s wort are red coloured and thus the photometric determination make possible. Sample solutions obtained after the adequate few steps extraction procedure, previously optimized, were used for spctrophotometric determination. Absorbance of sample solutions was measured at l = 590 nm and obtained result calculated as hypericine content. European pharmcopoeia’s demand for minimum content is 0,08% of hypericine in Hyperici herba. In commercial products the content of hypericine in Hyperici herba ranging from 0,06 to 0,14% was recorded. For the determination of total flavonoides in hawthorn and its commercial formulations spectrophotometric method was applied (DAB 9). For preparing the sample solutions, appropriate techniques, such as destillation and extraction were used. All experimental conditions were carefully optimized. The principe of the method is the determination of the flavone derivates by forming the aluminium helate complex of their aglycones. Absorbance of the sample solutions was measured at l = 425 nm and obtained result calculated. Hypericine in Hyperici herba was in the range 0,06 - 0,14%. Pharmcopoeia’s demand for minimum content of total flavonoides in Crategi summitates is 0,7%, as hyperoside calculated. In commercial products the co, Predmet istraživanja u ovom radu su dve veoma važne, lekovite biljne vrste: kantarion Hypericum perforatum L.; Hypericaceae i glog Crataegus monogyna Jacq., Crataegus oxyacantha L., Malaceae. Ove dve biljne sirovine se koriste za pripremu različitih fitopreparata: Hyperici extractum siccum, (Demak kapsule), Crataegi extractum fluidum, extractum siccum, (Forticor solutio, Forticor kapsule). Ispitivan je kvalitet navedenih komercijalnih biljnih sirovina na osnovu određivanja sadržaja aktivnih materija hipericina i ukupnih flavonoida. Analize su obuhvatile određivanje sadržaja aktivne materije kako u biljnim sirovinama tako i u gotovim proizvodima. Supstance hipericinskog kompleksa u kantarionu odlikuju se crvenom obojenošću, što se koristi za direktno fotometrijsko određivanje. Za spektrofotometrijsko određivanje koriste se rastvori uzoraka dobijeni posle višefazne procedure ekstrakcije, u prethodno optimizovanim eksperimentalnim uslovima. Merenje apsorbancije se izvodi na l = 590 nm, a iz dobijenih rezultatat se izračunava sadržaj hipericina. Po propisu Evropske farmakopeje zahtev za minimum sadržaja u drogi Hyperici herba, za hipericin je 0,08%. U komercijalnim uzocima sadržaj se kretao od 0,06 do 0,14%. Određivanje ukupnih flavonoida u biljnoj sirovini gloga i preparatima gloga se vrši takođe spektrofotometrijskom metodom (DAB 9). Svi eksperimentalni uslovi su pažljivo optimizovani. Princip metode je fotometrijsko odeđivanje flavon derivata prevođenjem u Al helatni kompleks njegovih aglikona. Apsorbancija analiziranih rastvora se meri na l = 425 nm. Zahtev je da droga Crataegi summitates mora sadržavati minimum 0,7% ukupnih flavonoida, računatih kao hiperozid. U komercijalnim uzorcima sadržaj se kretao od 0,46 do 0,85%.

U okviru doktorske disertacije analizirani su ekstrakti i etarska ulja sedam odabranih lekovitih i aromatičnih biljaka, u cilju odabira kvalitetnijih izolata za moguću primenu iu izradi bezalkoholnih i alkoholnih pića (ledeni čaj, sirup, sok, liker)..., In the doctoral dissertation the extracts and essential oils of seven selected medicinal and aromatic herbs have been analyzed, in the aim of selecting high quality isolates for the possible use in the production of soft and alcoholic drinks (ice tea, syrup, juice, liqueur)...

Recently, research efforts have been directed toward medicinal plants and their extracts, as important sources of natural antioxidant. Lots of biologically active compounds are responsible for the antioxidant effects of yarrow - Achillea millefilium L. extracts. The aim of our study was to determine which of the process parameters of pressure enhanced solvent extraction of Millefolii herba is significant for its efficiency and weather there are interactions between the examined parameters. Compression time, decompression time and the number of cycles were identified as independent variables, while the content of total flavonoids, tannins and total polyphenols were selected as dependent variables. For obtaining the extract of M. herba, rich in antioxidative ingredients, compression time should be set on its higher level (2.0 min), decompression time on its lower level (1.30 min) and the number of cycles on its higher level (99)., Oksidativna degradacija sastojaka hrane dovodi do promene njenog mirisa i ukusa, čime se narušava njen nutritivni i senzorni kvalitet. Iz navedenog razloga je neophodno dodavati antioksidante tokom tehnološkog procesa izrade namirnica. Lekovito bilje i njihovi izolati predmet su istraživanja, pored ostalog i kao izvor antioksidantnih materija i alternativa sintetičkim antioksidansima za primenu u industriji hrane. Istraživanja velikog broja biljaka ukazala su da skoro sve poseduju određena antioksidativna svojstava. Hajdučka trava - Achillea millefilium L. (Asteraceae) i njeni ekstrakti, zahvaljujući prisustvu, pre svega, polifenola, flavonoida i tanina, ispoljavaju antioksidativni efekat. Sadržaj ovih materija u izolatima zavisi od njihove koncentracije u polaznom biljnom materijalu ali i od načina/uslova ekstrakcije. Cilj našeg ispitivanja bio je da utvrdimo optimalne vrednosti procesnih parametara za izvođenje pritiskom ubrzane ekstrakcije iz herbe hajdučke trave (Millefolii herba), radi dobijanja ekstrakata bogatih antioksidativnim materijama, kao i da utvrdimo zavisnost koja postoji između procesnih parametara. Ekstrakcija je obavljena u Timatic mikro ekstraktoru. Takozvano vreme kompresije, vreme dekompresije i broj ciklusa kruženja ekstrakcionog sredstva predstavljaju nezavisno promenljive veličine, dok su sadržaj ukupnih flavonoida, tanina, ukupnih polifenola kao i indeks refrakcije, suvi ostatak, relativna gustina, sadržaj etanola i pH vrednost zavisno promenljive veličine. Vreme kompresije bilo je 1 odnosno 2 minuta, vrednost vremena dekompresije 1,3 i 2 min, dok su ekstrakcije obavljene uz minimalno 20 odnosno maksimalno 99 ciklusa. Kao ekstragens korišćen je 70% (V/V) etanol. Droga: ekstrakt odnos iznosio je 1:3. Radni pritisak kretao se u opsegu od 1 do 99 bar. Primenjen je 23 faktorski dizajn, odnosno urađeno je osam ekstrakcija herbe hajdučke trave. Statistička analiza eksperimentalnih rezultata izvršena je upotrebom softvera Design Expert 7.0. U cilj

The way of drying the fresh herbal material influences the chemical content and the biological activities of their essential oils. The influence of the different drying methods of the herb Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson on the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the extracted essential oils has been analyzed in this study. Drying has been carried out in three ways: in the natural way, in the laboratory oven (45 degrees C) and in the absorptional low-temperature condensational drier (35 degrees C). The antioxidant activity of the essential oil has been estimated by FRAP and DPPH assays, while the antimicrobial activity has been estimated by the diffusible and micro-delusional method, testing on the nine types of bacteria and two types of fungi. The essential oil obtained from the herb dried in the natural way has shown the highest antioxidant activity and the lowest from the herb dried in the laboratory oven. Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus and Enterococcus faecalis have shown the highest sensitivity on the three samples. The oil obtained from the herb dried in the absorptional low-temperature drier has shown the strongest antimicrobial effect.

Sideritis scardica Griseb., Lamiaceae (ironwort, mountain tea), an endemic plant of the Balkan Peninsula, has been used in traditional medicine in the treatment of antimicrobial infections, gastrointestinal complaints, inflammation and rheumatic disorders. This study reports a comparison between conventional (hydrodistillation HD and solvent extraction SE) and alternative (supercritical carbon dioxide SC CO2) extraction methods regarding the qualitative and quantitative composition of the obtained extracts as analyzed by GC and GC-MS techniques and their anitimicrobial activity. Different types of extracts were tested, the essential oil EO obtained by HD, EO-CO2 and AO-CO2 obtained by SC CO2 at different preasures 10 and 30 MPa, at 40 degrees C, respectively, and the fractions A, B, C and D obtained by successive solvent extraction (SE) A: ethanol, B: diethyl ether, C: ethyl acetate and D: n-butanol). While EO was characterized by the presence of the high percentage of oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (30.01 and 25.54%, respectively), the rest of the investigated samples were the most abundant in fatty acids and their esters and diterpenes (from 16.72 to 71.07% for fatty acids and their esters, and from 23.30 to 72.76%, for diterpenes). Microbial susceptibility tests revealed the strong to moderate activity of all investigated extracts against the tested microorganisms (MIC from 40 to 2,560 mu g/mL). Although differences in the chemical compositions determined by GC and GC-MS analysis were established, the displayed antimicrobial activity was similar for the all investigated extracts.

The number of cases of fatal infections in humans and animals caused by multiresistant and panresistant bacterial strains has been dramatically increased over the past 10 years on almost every continent. Therefore, implementation of newer technologies in order to develop processes for isolation of substances with strong antibacterial activities from natural sources is of increasing interest. In this study, advantage of high pressure processing and supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide in isolation of active principles from lichen Usnea barbata L was presented. Supercritical extraction showed extremely higher selectivity toward usnic acid compared to the conventional techniques tested. In order to simulate the process and estimate mass transfer coefficients, the new mathematical model of Sovova (2011) was applied. Supercritical extract obtained at 40 C and 30 MPa showed stronger antibacterial activity against the most of tested strains compared to pure usnic acid and extracts obtained using ethanol as a solvent. Further, supercritical extract with lower usnic acid content expressed stronger antibacterial activity against the majority of tested strains including MRSA strains compared to the pure usnic acid and the supercritical extract with the higher usnic acid content. The same extract was far more effective than ampicillin against Streptococcus uberis, all tested Enterococcus faecalis, MRSA and MRSA ATCC 33591. Against few tested strains, the supercritical extract was superior to erythromycin and penicillin as well. These findings justified possible benefits of inclusion of supercritical extracts into pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations. Applied mathematical model described the SFE process with high accuracy.

Sideritis scardica Griseb., Lamiaceae (ironwort, mountain tea), an endemic plant of the Balkan Peninsula, has been used in traditional medicine in the treatment of antimicrobial infections, gastrointestinal complaints, inflammation and rheumatic disorders. This study reports a comparison between conventional (hydrodistillation HD and solvent extraction SE) and alternative (supercritical carbon dioxide SC CO2) extraction methods regarding the qualitative and quantitative composition of the obtained extracts as analyzed by GC and GC-MS techniques and their anitimicrobial activity. Different types of extracts were tested, the essential oil EO obtained by HD, EO-CO2 and AO-CO2 obtained by SC CO2 at different preasures 10 and 30 MPa, at 40 degrees C, respectively, and the fractions A, B, C and D obtained by successive solvent extraction (SE) A: ethanol, B: diethyl ether, C: ethyl acetate and D: n-butanol). While EO was characterized by the presence of the high percentage of oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (30.01 and 25.54%, respectively), the rest of the investigated samples were the most abundant in fatty acids and their esters and diterpenes (from 16.72 to 71.07% for fatty acids and their esters, and from 23.30 to 72.76%, for diterpenes). Microbial susceptibility tests revealed the strong to moderate activity of all investigated extracts against the tested microorganisms (MIC from 40 to 2,560 mu g/mL). Although differences in the chemical compositions determined by GC and GC-MS analysis were established, the displayed antimicrobial activity was similar for the all investigated extracts.

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of sesquiterpenes from valerian root was investigated. Extractions from cultivar Arterner zuctung and two wild grown valerian subspecies were performed. The influence of extraction conditions on extraction yield and chemical composition of obtained extracts was investigated at temperatures from 40 degrees C to 50 degrees C and pressures from 10 MPa to 20 MPa. Chemical composition of obtained extracts was analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS methods. The influence of particle size on extraction process was investigated at 40 degrees C and 10 MPa. The major constituents of supercritical extracts were valerianol, valerenal, bornyl acetate and kessanyl acetate. Optimal extraction conditions for the cyclopentanoid sesquiterepenes isolation, referred to the content of cyclopentanoid sesquiterpenes in extract, were found to be 50 degrees C and 15 MPa. Extract obtained from the cultivar was characterized by the higher content of cyclopentanoid sesquiterpenes, as well as valerenal comparing to extracts from wild grown species. At 40 degrees C and 20 MPa 19.6% of cyclopentanoid sequiterpenes isolated with methanol can be extracted. At 40 degrees C and 10 MPa, 17.4% of cyclopentanoid sequiterpenes isolated with methanol can be extracted. However, the extract obtained with methanol was characterized by the high content (42.51 %) of unwanted isovaleric as well as by the lower content of cyclopentanoid sequiterpenes than the extracts obtained with supercritical carbon dioxide. The process of supercritical extraction was influenced by particle size. In order to simulate the process, mathematical model on the secretory structure scale was derived. Results of the model showed good agreement with the experimental data.